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Bobsleigh

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Historic bobteam from Davos around 1910
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Bobsleigh is a winter sport invented by Englishmen in the late 1860s in which teams make timed runs down narrow, twisting, banked, iced tracks in a gravity-powered sled. The various types of sleds came several years before the first tracks was built in St Moritz, where the original bobsleds were adapted upsized Luge/Skeleton sleds designed by the adventurously wealthy to carry passengers. All three types were adapted from boys delivery sleds and toboggans Competition naturally followed, and to protect the working class and rich visitors in the streets and byways of St Moritz, hotel owner Caspar Badrutt, owner of the historic Krup Hotel and the later Palace Hotel built the first familiarly configured 'half-pipe' track circa 1870. It has hosted the sports during two Olympics and is still in use today. In the United States and Canada the sport is known as bobsled; in Brazil it is bobsledge. [citation needed]

International bobsleigh competitions are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT). National competitions are often governed by bodies such as the United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation and Bobsleigh Canada Skeleton.

History

Although sledding on snow or ice had been popular in many northern countries, bobsleighing is a relatively modern sport. It originates from two crestas being attached together with a board and a steering mechanism being attached to the front of a sled. English tourists crossed with the successful marketing and vision of hotelman Caspar Badrutt in the mineral spa town of St Moritz, Switzerland. Badrutt had recently successfully 'sold' the idea of 'winter resorting' to some of his English regulars using a wager as bait; he was annoyed with a four month long season for the rooms, food, booze and activities he sold; when a year or two later some of his more adventuresome English guests began adapting boys delivery sleds for recreation, they also began colliding with pedestrians whilst speeding down the village's lanes and alleys. [citation needed]

This had both short- and long-term outcomes: in the short term the guests began to scheme about and invent 'steering means' into the sleds, which became the head-first skeleton, luge, and bobsleighs (Bobsleds). As for the longterm effects, after a couple more years of happy pedestrian peril, Badrutt built them a special track for their activities—the world's first natural ice half-pipe in about 1870. It is still in operation today and has served as a host track during two winter olympics. The track is one of the few natural weather tracks in the world independent upon extra refrigeration. The satisfied guests eventually enabled him to build the Palace Hotel, whilst holding onto the popular Krup Hotel, which catered to different clientelle, and brought in competition as winter tourism in alpine locales caught fire.[citation needed]

The first informal races were run on snow-covered roads, with the opening of formal competition in 1884 at St. Moritz. It's not known how much the original track evolved in the early years as the three sports matured and stabilized. The first club was formed in 1897, and the first purpose-built track solely for bobsleds was opened in 1902 outside of St Moritz.[citation needed]

The Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT) was founded in 1923. Men's four-crew bobsleigh appeared in the first ever Winter Olympic Games in 1924, and men's two-crew bobsleigh (two man bobsled) event was added in 1932. Bobsleigh was not included in the 1960 Winter Olympics, but has been in every Winter Olympics since. Women's bobsleigh started in competition in the early 1990s, and women's two-crew bobsleigh made its Olympic debut at the 2002 Winter Olympic Games. Bobsleigh is also contested at American, European, and World Cup championships.

Over the years, bobsleigh tracks evolved from straight runs to twisting and turning. The original wooden sleds were replaced by streamlined fibreglass and metal ones. Switzerland and Germany have been the most successful bobsleighing nations measuring using over all successes in European, World, World Cup, and Olympic championships. The Swiss have won more medals than any other nation, and since the 1990s Germans have been dominant in international competition. Italy, Austria, USA and Canada also have strong bobsleigh traditions.

Tracks

A modern bobsleigh team, the 2006 United States two-woman team

Modern tracks are made from concrete and artificial ice. They are required to have at least one straight and labyrinth. Ideally, a modern track should be 1200 to 1300 metres long and have at least fifteen curves. Speeds may exceed 130 km/h, and some curves can subject the crews to as much as 5 g.

There are thirteen top-level competition tracks in the world:

Country City Length (m) Vertical
Drop (m)		 Maximum
Grade (%)		 Curves
Austria Igls 1 220 98.10 14 14
Canada Calgary 1 475 121.2 15 14
France La Plagne 1 507.5 124.5 14.5 19
Germany Altenberg 1 413 122.22 15 17
Königssee 1 250 117 ? 12
Winterberg 1 325 110 14.5 14
Italy Cesana 1 435 117 9.2† 19
Cortina d'Ampezzo 1 350 120.45 16 11
Japan Nagano 1 762.3 112.5 15 13
Norway Lillehammer 1 365 114.3 15 16
Switzerland St. Moritz 1 722 129 15 13
United States Lake Placid 1 455 107 9.8%† 20
Salt Lake City 1 340 103.9 ? 15
Latvia Sigulda 1 420 - - -
† Average grade

Some bobsled tracks are also used for luge and skeleton competition.

Sleighs and crews

Modern sleighs combine light metals, steel runners, and an aerodynamic composite body. Competition sleighs must be a maximum of 3.80 m long (4-crew) or 2.70 m long (2-crew). The runners on both are set at 0.67 m gauge. Until the weight-limit rule was added in 1952, bobsleigh crews tended to be very heavy. Now, the maximum weight, including crew, is 630 kg (4-crew), 390 kg (men's 2-crew), or 340 kg (women's 2-crew). Metal weights may be added to reach these limits, as greater weight makes for a faster run.

Bobsleigh crews once consisted of five or six people; they were reduced to two- and four-person sleighs in the 1930s. A crew is made up of a pilot, a brakeman, and, in 4-crew only, two pushers. Athletes are selected based on speed and strength, necessary to push the sleigh to a competitive initial speed at the start of the race. Pilots must have the skill, timing and finesse to drive the sleigh along the best possible line to achieve the greatest possible speed. In the early 1950s weighting was introduced to compensate for the natural advantage of having a heavier team.

Women compete in two-crew events, and men in both two- and four-crew competition.

In Sigulda, Latvia it is possible for tourists to do rides with bob. For more information Taxibob.lv.

Visitors to Lake Placid, New York, USA, may also be able to ride in the bobsled with an experienced driver and brakeman for a fee. Sleds used for visitor rides at Lake Placid are vintage sleds of a style originally used for the 1932 Winter Olympics. Three passengers sit between the driver and brakeman. Public rides are initially limited to the 1/2 mile start just below the Shady curve. Upon successful completion of a 1/2 mile ride, those who want more thrills may be able to ride from the 1 mile start (proof that you successfully made the 1/2 mile run is required).

Races

Runs (lauf) begin from a standing start, with the crew pushing the sled for up to fifty metres before boarding. The runners of the sled follow grooves in the ice for this distance, so steering is unnecessary until after the sleigh exits the starting area. Races can be lost in the initial push but are rarely won there. Over the rest of the course, the sleigh's speed depends on its weight, aerodynamics, and runners; the condition of the ice; and the skill of the driver.

Race times are measured in hundredths of seconds, so any error can have a significant impact on the final race standings. Even small errors make for small decreases in speed and commensurate increases in time. Because any decrease in speed affects the sleigh for the remainder of the course, errors made high on the track will have a greater effect than those made closer to the finish.

Each run down the course in competition is referred to as a heat. The men's and women's standing for normal races are calculated over the aggregate of two runs or heats. At the Olympic Winter Games and World Championships, all competitions (for either men or women) consist of 4 heats.

See also

Governing bodies

National sites

Other sites

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