Evangelical Catholic

The term Evangelical Catholic is used by Christian believers who consider themselves both "catholic" and "evangelical." Evangelical Catholic (catholic is the noun with evangelical modifying) can refer to: evangelical Protestant Christians who consider themselves catholic Christians identifed with the historic Christian Church, who believe that the early ecumenical councils and the Protestant Reformation were both part of the progressive illumination of the Holy Spirit; Roman Catholics who want to identify themselves more closely with evangelical Protestants with similar ecumenical ideals and "progressive illumination"; Catholics who simply want to define themselves according to a penchant for evangelism. Evangelical Catholics may include Eastern Rite Catholic Churches or other churches that are not Roman Catholic, such as Anglican, Reformed, Baptist, or Pentecostal. Similarly but more specifically, Catholic Evangelical (evangelical is the noun with catholic modifying) refers to those evangelical Protestant Christians who desire to be understood as identifying themselves with the historic Christian Church. It is also often used to describe individuals, groups, congregations, or denominations that specifically wish to express an ecumenical perspective on Christians worldwide, the historic Church, or liturgical preferences.

Lutheran Evangelical Catholicity

In Lutheranism, the term evangelical catholic has special meaning. Lutheranism can be regarded as Protestant, but never Reformed ^[1]. Lutheran protestantism differs historically from all other kind of protestantism in that Lutheranism is the only historical Protestant denomination that confesses belief in the efficacy of sacraments: regeneration in Holy Baptism, Confession as the sacrament of Absolution, and The Real Presence of Christ in Holy Eucharist.^[2] The Augsburg Confession stresses that "in doctrine and ceremonies nothing has been received on our part against Scripture or the Catholic Church." ^[3] In early Lutheranism, the Gnesio-Lutherans like Joachim Westphal and Andreas Musculus had a strong understanding of the sacraments but were strongly opposed to any compromise with Calvinism and Zwingli as with the Roman Catholic Church. In the era of Lutheran orthodoxy, theologians Martin Chemnitz and Johann Gerhard (the latter's Confessio Catholica) were deeply rooted in patristic theology) saw the continuity of Catholicism in Lutheranism, which they understood not as a re-formation of the Church, but rather a renewal movement within and for the Catholic Church, from which they had been involuntarily and only temporarily separated. The only real evangelical feature of Lutheranism is characterized by justification by faith, as defined by Law and Gospel and simul iustus et peccator. The term evangelical has a very different origin and meaning in Lutheranism than in Evangelicalism. Thus it can be also in the names of church bodies like Evangelical Lutheran Church in America without any specific meaning. After Enlightenment Schleiermacher created in his theological system a contradiction of Protestantism and Catholicism, which changed radically traditional Lutheran understanding and deepened gap to orthodox Lutheran evangelical catholicity ^[4].

The term Evangelical Catholic is often used instead of High Church Lutheranism (as are the terms Anglo-Catholic and Old Catholic in their respective traditions) because it is a theological term and genuinely Lutheran. Evangelical Catholic Lutheranism is not strictly defined, and can mean, for example, the theologically, biblically, and socially conservative ultra-high church Lutheranism of the strongly Roman Catholic-oriented Evangelical Community Church-Lutheran and the more Eastern Orthodox-oriented Evangelical Catholic Church, the relative high church Confessional Lutheranism found in the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod and Arthur Carl Piepkorn, the Evangelical Catholic Orthodoxy of Gunnar Rosendal, the more theologically-liberal high ecclesiology of Carl Braaten, the very liberal Evangelical Catholicism of Nathan Söderblom, even more liberal Catholicism of Friedrich Heiler, or ecumenical vision of Hans Asmussen and Max Lackmann. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada defines its doctrinal basis as such: "We derive our teachings from the Holy Scriptures and confess the three ecumenical creeds of the Christian church. We hold to orthodox catholic theology as enunciated in the ecumenical councils of the first five centuries of Christianity."^[5]

Some small, specifically Evangelical Catholic Lutheran, church bodies include the Evangelical Catholic Church, Anglo-Lutheran Catholic Church, Lutheran Orthodox Church, Evangelical Marian Catholic Church, International Lutheran Fellowship, and Association of Independent Evangelical Lutheran Churches.

Among other church bodies

In recent years, the term Evangelical Catholic, has been adopted by high church elements of the Methodist and Reformed Churches. This is especially apt among the Reformed, given that one of the older documented uses of the term is by John Williamson Nevin and Philip Schaff, during their efforts (from roughly 1841 forward) to repristinate the theology of the German Reformed Church in the United States. Beginning in 1851, Episcopal William Augustus Muhlenberg also published a periodical called "The Evangelical Catholic."

References

^ A comparison to Anglicanism here is interesting, because Anglicanism often regards itself as Reformed but not Protestant
^ Also inside of Anglican Church there has been similar sacramentalism than in orthodox Lutheranism, but historically eucharistic doctrine has been there more towards calvinism, which can be seen e.g. from Black Rubric. On the other hand those who today have strong belief of Real Presence like in historical Lutheranism, usually do not want to call themselves protestants.
^ Conclusion of the Augsburg Confession
^ The Catholicity of the Augsburg Confession by Avery Dulles
^ ELCIC — Who

The Catholicity of the Augsburg Confession by Avery Dulles, S.J. (JSTOR, The Journal of Religion, Vol. 63, No. 4, Martin Luther, 1483-1983. (Oct., 1983), pp. 337-354.)
Evangelical and Catholic — A Slogan in Search of a Definition by David P. Scaer, Concordia Theological Quarterly 65:4, October 2001.
Evangelical Catholicity: A Lutheran Faction (PDF) by Walter Sundberg. Word & World 9/3 (1989)
The Ecumenical Vanguard — The History of the Una Sancta Movement by Leonard J. Swidler

External links

[http://www.EVMCC.org/ Evangelical Marian Catholic Church Inc.

[1] A comparison to Anglicanism here is interesting, because Anglicanism often regards itself as Reformed but not Protestant

[2] Also inside of Anglican Church there has been similar sacramentalism than in orthodox Lutheranism, but historically eucharistic doctrine has been there more towards calvinism, which can be seen e.g. from Black Rubric. On the other hand those who today have strong belief of Real Presence like in historical Lutheranism, usually do not want to call themselves protestants.

[3] Conclusion of the Augsburg Confession

[4] The Catholicity of the Augsburg Confession by Avery Dulles

[5] ELCIC — Who

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Evangelical Catholic

Lutheran Evangelical Catholicity

Among other church bodies

See also

Further reading

References

External links