Jump to content

Thai language

Edit links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Ivirivi00 (talk | contribs) at 15:19, 20 October 2007 (→Languages and dialects). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Thai
ภาษาไทย phasa thai
Pronunciationpʰaːsaːtʰaj
Native toThailand
Native speakers
60-65 million
Official status
Official language in
Thailand
Regulated byThe Royal Institute
Language codes
ISO 639-1th
ISO 639-2tha
ISO 639-3tha

Thai (ภาษาไทย, transcription: phasa thai, transliteration: [th] Error: {{Transliteration}}: unrecognized language / script code: p̣hās̄ʹāthịy (help); Template:IPA2), is the national and official language of Thailand and the mother tongue of the Thai people, Thailand's dominant ethnic group. Thai is a member of the Tai group of the Tai-Kadai language family. The Tai-Kadai languages are thought to have originated in what is now southern China, and some linguists have proposed links to the Austroasiatic, Austronesian, or Sino-Tibetan language families. It is a tonal and analytic language. The combination of tonality, a complex orthography, relational markers and a distinctive phonology can make Thai difficult to learn for those who do not already speak a related language.

Languages and dialects

Standard Thai, also known as Central Thai or Siamese, is the official language of Thailand, spoken by about 65 million people (1990) including speakers of Bangkok Thai (although the latter is sometimes considered as a separate dialect). Khorat Thai is spoken by about 400,000 (1984) in Nakhon Ratchasima; it occupies a linguistic position somewhere between Central Thai and Isan on a dialect continuum, and may be considered a variant or dialect of either.

In addition to Standard Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages, including:

Statistics are from Ethnologue 2003-10-4.

Many of these languages are spoken by larger numbers outside of Thailand. Most speakers of dialects and minority languages speak Central Thai as well, since it is the language used in schools and universities all across the kingdom.

Numerous languages not related to Thai are spoken within Thailand by ethnic minority hill tribespeople. These languages include Hmong-Mien (Yao), Karen, Lisu, and others.

Standard Thai is composed of several distinct registers, forms for different social contexts:

  • Street Thai (ภาษาพูด, spoken Thai): informal, without polite terms of address, as used between close relatives and friends.
  • Elegant Thai (ภาษาเขียน, written Thai): official and written version, includes respectful terms of address; used in simplified form in newspapers.
  • Rhetorical Thai: used for public speaking.
  • Religious Thai: (heavily influenced by Sanskrit and Pāli) used when discussing Buddhism or addressing monks.
  • Royal Thai (ราชาศัพท์): (influenced by Khmer) used when addressing members of the royal family or describing their activities.

Many Thais can speak at only the first and second levels, though they will understand the others.

Script

Main article: Thai alphabet

The Thai alphabet is derived from the Khmer alphabet (อักขระเขมร), which is modeled after the Brahmic script from the Indic family. However, the language itself and its alphabet is considered by some to be also heavily related and derived from the Lao alphabet. Most Laotians are able to read Thai writing as well as speak it as more than half of the Thai language, its grammar, intonation, vowels and so forth are all common with the Lao language. Much like the Burmese adopted the Mon script (which also has Indic origins), the Thais adopted and modified Khmer script to create their own writing system. While the oldest known inscription in the Khmer language dates from 611 CE, inscriptions in Thai writing began to appear around 1292 CE. Notable features include:

  1. It is an abugida script, in which the implicit vowel is a short /a/ for consonants standing alone and a short /o/ if the initial consonant or cluster is followed by another consonant.
  2. Tone markers are placed above the initial consonant of a syllable or on the last consonant of an initial consonant cluster.
  3. Vowels associated with consonants are nonsequential: they can be located before, after, above or below their associated consonant, or in a combination of these positions.

The latter in particular causes problems for computer encoding and text rendering.

Transcription

There is no universal standard for transcribing Thai into the Latin alphabet. For example, the name of King Rama IX, the present monarch, is transcribed variously as Bhumibol, Phumiphon, or many other versions. Guide books, text books and dictionaries may each follow different systems. For this reason, most language courses recommend that learners master the Thai alphabet.

What comes closest to a standard is the Royal Thai General System of Transcription (RTGS), published by the Thai Royal Institute only in Thai at [1]. This system is increasingly used in Thailand by central and local governments, especially for road signs. Main drawbacks are that it does not indicate tone or vowel length. It is not possible to reconstruct the Thai spelling from the RTGS transcriptions.

From Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, an online tool is available that romanizes Thai texts according to the RTGS system at [2].

Transliteration

The ISO published an international standard for the transliteration of Thai into Roman script in September 2003 (ISO 11940) [3]. By adding diacritics to the Latin letters, it makes the transcription reversible, making it a true transliteration. This system is intended for academic use and is hardly ever used in Thailand for the common public.

Grammar

From the perspective of linguistic typology, Thai can be considered to be an analytic language. The word order is Subject Verb Object, although the subject is often omitted. The Thai pronominal system varies according to the sex and relative status of speaker and audience.

Adjectives and adverbs

There is no morphological distinction between adverbs and adjectives. Many words can be used in either function. They follow the word they modify, which may be a noun, verb, or another adjective or adverb. Intensity can be expressed by a duplicated word, which is used to mean "very" (with the first occurrence at a higher pitch) or "rather" (with both at the same pitch) (Higbie 187-188). Usually, only one word is duplicated per clause.

  • คนอ้วน (khon uan, Template:IPA2) a fat person
  • คนอ้วนๆ (khon uan uan, Template:IPA2) a very/rather fat person
  • คนอ้วนไว (khon uan wai) a person who becomes/became fat quickly
  • คนอ้วนไวๆ (khon uan wai wai) a person who becomes/became fat very/rather quickly

Comparatives take the form "A X กว่า B" (kwa, Template:IPA2), A is more X than B. The superlative is expressed as "A X ที่สุด" (thi sut, Template:IPA2), A is most X.

  • เขาอ้วนกว่าฉัน (kao uan kwa chan) S/he is fatter than I.
  • เขาอ้วนที่สุด (kao uan thi sut) S/he is the fattest (of all).

Because adjectives can be used as complete predicates, many words used to indicate tense in verbs (see Verbs:Tense below) may be used to describe adjectives.

  • ฉันหิว (chan hiw) I am hungry.
  • ฉันจะหิว (chan ja hiw) I will be hungry.
  • ฉันกำลังหิว (chan kamlang hiw) I am becoming hungry. or I am hungry right now.
  • ฉันหิวแล้ว (chan hiw laeo) I am already hungry.

Verbs

Verbs do not inflect (i.e. do not change with person, tense, voice, mood, or number) nor are there any participles. Duplication conveys the idea of doing the verb intensively.

The passive voice is indicated by the insertion of ถูก (thuk, Template:IPA2)) before the verb. For example:

  • เขาถูกตี (khao thuk ti, Template:IPA2), He is hit. This describes an action that is out of the receiver's control and, thus, conveys suffering.

To convey the opposite sense, a sense of having an opportunity arrive, ได้ (dai, Template:IPA2, can) is used. For example:

  • เขาจะได้ไปเที่ยวเมืองลาว (khao cha dai pai thiao mueang lao, Template:IPA2), He gets to visit Laos.

Note, dai (Template:IPA2 and Template:IPA2), though both spelled ได้ , convey two separate meanings. The short vowel dai (Template:IPA2) conveys an opportunity has arisen and is placed before the verb. The long vowel dai (Template:IPA2) is placed after the verb and conveys the idea that one has been given permission or one has the ability to do something. Also see the past tense below.

  • เขาตีได้ (khao ti dai, Template:IPA2), He is/was allowed to hit or He is/was able to hit

Negation is indicated by placing ไม่ (mai, not) before the verb.

  • เขาไม่้ตี, (khao mai ti) He is not hitting. or He doesn't hit.

Tense is conveyed by tense markers before or after the verb.

Present can be indicated by กำลัง (kamlang, Template:IPA2, currently) before the verb for ongoing action (like English -ing form), by อยู่ (yu, Template:IPA2) after the verb, or by both. For example:
  • เขากำลังวิ่ง (khao kamlang wing, Template:IPA2), or
  • เขาวิ่งอยู่ (khao wing yu, Template:IPA2), or
  • เขากำลังวิ่งอยู่ (khao kamlang wing yu, Template:IPA2), He is running.
Future can be indicated by จะ (cha, Template:IPA2, will) before the verb or by a time expression indicating the future. For example:
  • เขาจะวิ่ง (khao cha wing, Template:IPA2), He will run or He is going to run
Past can be indicated by ได้ (dai, Template:IPA2) before the verb or by a time expression indicating the past. However, แล้ว (laeo, :Template:IPA2, already) is more often used to indicate the past tense by being placed behind the verb. Or, both ได้ and แล้ว are put together to form the past tense expression, i.e. Subject + ได้ + Verb + แล้ว. For example:
  • เขาได้กิน (khao dai kin, Template:IPA2), He ate
  • เขากินแล้ว (khao kin laeo, Template:IPA2, He (already) ate or He's already eaten
  • เขาได้กินแล้ว (khao dai kin laeo, Template:IPA2), He (already) ate or He's already eaten

Nouns and pronouns

Nouns are uninflected and have no gender; there are no articles.

Only some specific nouns have plural forms: เด็ก (dek, child) is often repeated as เด็กๆ (dek dek, children) to refer to a group of children. The word พวก (phuak, [pʰûak]) may be used as a prefix of a noun or pronoun to pluralize or emphasise the following word. (พวกผม, phuak phom, [pʰûak pʰǒm], we, masculine; พวกเรา phuak rao, [pʰûak raw], emphasised we; พวกหมา phuak ma, (the) dogs). Plurals are expressed by adding "nouns of multitude" (ลักษณนาม) or classifiers in the form of noun-number-classifier (ครูห้าคน, "teacher five person" for "five teachers"). While in English, such classifiers are usually absent ("four chairs") or optional ("two bottles of beer" or "two beers"), a classifier is almost always used in Thai (hence "chair four item" and "beer two bottle").

Subject pronouns are often omitted, while nicknames are often used where English would use a pronoun. There are specialised pronouns in the royal and sacred Thai languages. The following are appropriate for conversational use:

word RTGS IPA meaning
ผม phom [pʰǒm] I/me (masculine; formal)
ดิฉัน dichan [dìːtɕʰán]) I/me (feminine; formal)
ฉัน chan [tɕʰǎn] I/me (masculine or feminine; informal)
คุณ khun [kʰun] you (polite)
เธอ thoe [tʰɤː] you (informal), she/her (informal)
เรา rao [raw] we/us, I/me (casual)
เขา khao [kʰǎw] he/him, she/her
มัน man [mɑn] it
พวกเขา phuak khao [pʰûak kʰǎw] they/them
พี่ phi [pʰîː] older brother, sister (also often used loosely for older cousins and non-relatives)
น้อง nong [nɔːŋ] younger brother, sister (also often used loosely for younger cousins and non-relatives)
ลูกพี่ ลูกน้อง luk phi luk nong [luːk pʰiː luːk noːng] cousin (male or female)

Particles

The particles are often untranslatable words added to the end of a sentence to indicate respect, a request, encouragement or other moods (similar to the use of intonation in English), as well as varying the level of formality. They are not used in elegant (written) Thai. The most common particles indicating respect are ครับ (khrap, IPA [kʰrap] with a high tone) for a man, and ค่ะ (kha, IPA [kʰa]with a falling tone) for a woman; these can also be used to indicate an affirmative.

Other common particles are:

word RTGS IPA meaning
จ๊ะ cha [tɕaʔ] indicating a request
จ้ะ, จ้า or จ๋า cha [tɕaː] indicating emphasis
ละ or ล่ะ la [laʔ] indicating emphasis
สิ si [siʔ] indicating emphasis or an imperative
นะ na [naʔ] softening; indicating a request

Phonology

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Tones

There are five phonemic tones: middle, low, high, rising and falling. The table shows an example of both the phonemic tones and their phonetic realization, in the IPA.

Tone Thai Phonemic Phonetic English
high น้า /náː/ [naː˧˥] aunt/uncle(younger than your parents)
mid นา /nāː/ [naː˥˧] a paddy
low หน่า /nàː/ [naː˧˩] (a nickname)
rising หนา /nǎː/ [naː˨˩˧] thick
falling หน้า /nâː/ [naː˥˩] face

Tones are indicated in the written script by a combination of the class of the initial consonant (high, mid or low), vowel length (long or short), closing consonant (unvoiced/plosive or voiced/sonorant) and sometimes one of four tone marks. The tonal rules are shown in the following chart:

tone of syllable initial consonant
Mark Thai RTGS syllable composition high class mid class low class
(เปล่า) (none) long vowel or vowel plus sonorant rising mid mid
(เปล่า) (none) long vowel plus plosive low low falling
(เปล่า) (none) short vowel at end or plus plosive low low high
–่  ไม้เอก mai ek any low low falling
–้  ไม้โท mai tho any falling falling high
–๊  ไม้ตรี mai tri any high high high
–๋  ไม้จัตวา mai chattawa any rising rising rising

The letters ห (high class) and sometimes อ (mid class) are used as silent letters before another consonant to produce the correct tone. In polysyllabic words, an initial high class consonant with an implicit vowel renders the following syllable also high class.

There are a few exceptions to this system, notably the pronouns chan and khao, which are both pronounced with a high tone rather than the rising tone indicated by the script (in an informal conversation; generally when these words are recited or read in public, they are pronounced in rising tone).

Consonants

Thai distinguishes among three voice/aspiration patterns for plosive consonants:

  • unvoiced, unaspirated
  • unvoiced, aspirated
  • voiced, unaspirated

Where English has only a distinction between the voiced, unaspirated /b/ and the unvoiced, aspirated /p/, Thai distinguishes a third sound which is neither voiced nor aspirated, which occurs in English only as an allophone of /p/, approximately the sound of the p in "spin." There is similarly an alveolar /t/, /tʰ/, /d/ triplet. In the velar series there is a /k/, /kʰ/ pair and in the postalveolar series the /tɕ/, /tɕʰ/ pair.

In each cell below, the first line indicates International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), the second indicates the Thai characters in initial position (more letters appearing in the same box have identical pronunciation).

  Bilabial Labio-
dental 		Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive [ p ]
ป 		[ pʰ ]
ผ,พ,ภ 		[ b ]
บ 		  [ t ]
ฏ,ต 		[ tʰ ]
ฐ,ฑ*,ฒ,ถ,ท,ธ 		[ d ]
ฎ,ฑ*,ด 		    [ k ]
ก 		[ kʰ ]
ข,ฃ,ค,ฅ,ฆ 		  [ ʔ ]
อ**
Nasal   [ m ]
ม 		    [ n ]
ณ,น 		      [ ŋ ]
ง 		 
Fricative   [ f ]
ฝ,ฟ 		[ s ]
ซ,ศ,ษ,ส 		        [ h ]
ห,ฮ
Affricate       [ tɕ ]
จ 		[ tɕʰ ]
ฉ, ช, ฌ 		     
Trill       [ r ]
ร 		       
Approximant         [ j ]
ญ,ย 		  [ w ]
ว 		 
Lateral
approximant 		      [ l ]
ล,ฬ 		       
* ฑ can be pronounced as [tʰ] or [d] depended on Thai words.
** The glottal plosive is implied after a short vowel without final, or the silent อ before a vowel.

Vowels

The basic vowels of the Thai language, from front to back and close to open, are given in the following table. The top entry in every cell is the symbol from the International phonetic alphabet, the second entry gives the spelling in the Thai alphabet, where a dash (–) indicates the position of the initial consonant after which the vowel is pronounced. A second dash indicates that a final consonant must follow.

  Front Back
unrounded unrounded rounded
short long short long short long
Close [i]
 -ิ  		[iː]
 -ี  		[ɯ]
 -ึ  		[ɯː]
 -ื  		[u]
 -ุ  		[uː]
 -ู 
Close-mid [e]
เ-ะ 		[eː]
เ- 		[ɤ]
เ-อะ 		[ɤː]
เ-อ 		[o]
โ-ะ 		[oː]
โ-
Open-mid [ɛ]
แ-ะ 		[ɛː]
แ- 		    [ɔ]
เ-าะ 		[ɔː]
-อ
Open [a]
-ะ, -ั 		[aː]
-า 		       

The vowels each exist in long-short pairs: these are distinct phonemes forming unrelated words in Thai, but usually transliterated the same: เขา (khao) means he or she, while ขาว (khao) means white.

The long-short pairs are as follows:

Long Short
Thai IPA Explanation Thai IPA Explanation
–า aː a in "father" –ะ a u in "nut"
–ี  iː ee in "see" –ิ  i y in "greedy"
–ู  uː ue in "blue" –ุ  u oo in "look"
เ– eː a in "lame" เ–ะ e e in "set"
แ– ɛːa in "ham" แ–ะ ɛ a in "at"
–ื  ɯː u in French "dur" (long) –ึ  ɯ u in French "du" (short)
เ–อ ɤː u in "burn" (long) เ–อะ ɤ u in "burn" (short)
โ– oː ow in "bowl" โ–ะ o oa in "boat"
–อ ɔː aw in "raw" เ–าะ ɔ o in "for"

The basic vowels can be combined into diphthongs as follows:

Long Short
Thai IPA Explanation Thai IPA Explanation
–าย aːj eye in "eye" ไ–*, ใ–*, ไ–ย aj I in "I"
–าว aːw ao in "Lao" เ–า* aw ow in "cow"
เ–ีย iːa ea in "ear" (long) เ–ียะ ia ea in "ear"
– – – –ิว iw ew in "new" (short)
–ัว uːa ewe in "newer" –ัวะ ua ure in "pure" (short)
–ูย uːj uoy in "buoy" (but not "boy") –ุย uj uey in "bluey"
เ–ว eːw a in "lame" + o in "poke" เ–็ว ew e in "set" + o in "poke"
แ–ว ɛːw a in "ham" + o in "poke" – – –
เ–ือ ɯːa u in French "dur" + a in "father" – – –
เ–ย ɤːj u in "burn" + y in "yes" – – –
–อย ɔːj oy in "boy" (long) – – –
โ–ย oːj oe in "Chloe" – – –
* For purposes of determining tone, these vowels are classified as long vowels in Thai.

Additionally, there are three triphthongs, all of which are long:

Long
Thai IPA Explanation
เ–ียว iow ee + aow
–วย uɛj oo + I in "I"
เ–ือย ɯɛj u in French "dur" + I in "I"

For a guide to written vowels, see the Thai alphabet page.

Vocabulary

Other than compound words and words of foreign origin, most words are monosyllabic. Historically, words have most often been borrowed from Sanskrit and Pāli; Buddhist terminology is particularly indebted to these. Old Khmer has also contributed its share, especially in regard to royal court terminology. Since the beginning of the 20th century, however, the English language has had the greatest influence. Also, many Teochew Chinese words are used, some replacing existing Thai words.

Thailand also uses the distinctive Thai six hour clock in addition to the 24 hour clock.

References

  • Higbie, James and Thinsan, Snea. Thai Reference Grammar: The Structure of Spoken Thai. Bangkok: Orchid Press, 2003. ISBN 974-8304-96-5.
  • Segaller, Denis. Thai Without Tears: A Guide to Simple Thai Speaking. Bangkok: BMD Book Mags, 1999. ISBN 974-87115-2-8.
  • Smyth, David. Thai: An Essential Grammar. London: Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-415-22614-7.
  • Nanthana Ronnakiat, Dr. (นันทนา รณเกียรติ, ดร.) Phonetics in Principle and Practical. (สัทศาสตร์ภาคทฤษฎีและภาคปฏิบัติ) Bangkok: Thammasat University, 2005. ISBN 974-571-929-3.

See also

Thai edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
French wiktionary has a page about a term in this article:
Wikiquote has quotations related to Thai proverbs.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thai_language&oldid=165850062"