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Maher Arar

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Maher Arar (born 1970 in Syria), but living in Canada with dual Canadian/Syrian citizenship, is a software engineer who was deported to Syria and claims to have been tortured in what some people claim is an example of the United States policy of rendition.

He was detained during a layover at John F. Kennedy International Airport in September 2002 on his way home to his family in Canada. He was held in solitary confinement in the U.S. for nearly two weeks, questioned, and denied meaningful access to a lawyer. The Bush administration labelled him a member of Al Qaeda due to his association with Al Qaeda suspects Abdullah Almalki and Ahmad El Maati.[1] Based on erroneous information provided by the Canadian Government, they deported him, not to Canada, his current home, but to his native Syria, even though the nation is known to use torture on suspects.[2] He was detained in Syria for almost a year, during which time he claims to have been tortured until his release to Canada.

The Canadian government has publicly cleared Arar of any links to terrorism, and gave him a $10.5 million Canadian dollar settlement.[3] The Syrian government reports it knows of no links of Arar to terrorism. The United States government, however, refuses to clear Arar’s name and continues to have both him and his family on a watchlist.

His U.S. attorneys at the Center for Constitutional Rights are currently pursuing his case, Arar v. Ashcroft, which seeks compensatory damages on Arar’s behalf and also a declaration that the actions of the U.S. government were illegal and violated his constitutional, civil, and international human rights. He has not filed any legal actions against Syria.

Biography

Early life

Maher Arar was born in Syria and moved to Canada with his parents at the age of 17 in 1988 to avoid mandatory military service. In 1991, Arar became a Canadian citizen.[4]

Arar earned a bachelor's degree in computer engineering from McGill University and a master's degree in telecommunications from the Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (a branch of the Université du Québec) in Montreal. While studying at McGill University, Arar met Monia Mazigh. Arar and Mazigh married in 1994. Ms. Mazigh has a Ph.D. in finance from McGill. They have two young children: Barâa and Houd.[5]

In December 1997, Arar moved with his family to Ottawa from Montreal. In 1999, he moved again to Boston to work for The MathWorks Inc., a job that required a considerable amount of travel within the United States.[6] In 2001, Arar returned to Ottawa to start his own consulting company, Simcomms Inc. At the time of his rendition, Arar was employed in Ottawa as a telecommunications engineer.

Project A-O Canada and the events leading up to Arar's rendition

After he had moved back to Ottawa, Arar had a meeting with Abdullah Almalki on October 12, 2001. Almalki, an Ottawa engineer, was also born in Syria and had moved to Canada in the same year as Arar. They met at the Mango Café, a popular shawarma restaurant in a strip mall and talked about doctors and bought a print cartridge together.[7]

At the time their movements were under close scrutiny by at least three police surveillance teams.[7] The surveillance was prompted by Project A-O Canada, a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)-led terrorism investigation team based in Ottawa and a subdivision of Project O Canada which was based in Toronto. Project O Canada was created by the RCMP when the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) delegated responsibility for its national security investigation concerning Abdullah Almalki to the RCMP. CSIS had been monitoring Almalki at least since 1998 with respect to his relationship with Ahmed Said Khadr, an Egyptian-born Canadian and alleged senior associate of Osama bin Laden. CSIS was also concerned with Mr. Almalki's electronic components export business that he operated with his wife. Mr. Almalki, however, was purely a person of interest and was not, in fact, the target of the investigation. Nonetheless, Mr. Almalki's meeting with Arar appears to have prompted a wider investigation, with Arar also becoming a "person of interest."[7]

Arar's rendition

On September 26, 2002, during a stopover in New York City en route from a family vacation in Tunisia to Montreal, Arar was detained by the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service. The INS was acting upon information supplied by the RCMP.[8] Arar was deported to Syria, the country where he was born and raised and remains a citizen. Although he was also a citizen of Canada and was travelling on a Canadian passport, Canadian officials erroneously informed the United States that he was no longer a resident of their nation. Canadian (initially) and American officials have labeled his transfer to Syria as a deportation, but critics have called the removal an example of rendition for torture by proxy, as Syria's government is somewhat infamous for its torture of detainees.

U.S. interrogation

U.S. officials repeatedly questioned Arar about his connection to certain members of Al Qaeda. He repeatedly denied that he had any connections whatsoever to the named individuals.[citation needed] His interrogators also claimed that Arar was an associate of Abdullah Almalki, the Syrian-born Ottawa man whom they suspected of having links to Al Qaeda, and they therefore suspected Arar of being an Al Qaeda member himself. When Arar protested that he only had a casual relationship with Almalki, having once worked with Almalki's brother at an Ottawa high-tech firm, the officials produced a copy of Arar's 1997 rental lease which Almalki had co-signed. The fact that U.S. officials had a Canadian document in their possession was later widely interpreted as evidence of the participation by Canadian authorities in Arar's detention.

Mr. Arar's requests for a lawyer were dismissed on the basis that he was not a U.S. citizen, therefore he did not have the right to receive counsel. Despite his denials, he remained in U.S. custody for two weeks and eventually was put on a small jet which first landed in Washington, D.C. and then in Amman, Jordan. The Canadian government was notified of his rendition on October 10, 2002, and Arar was later discovered to be in the Far'Falastin detention center, near Damascus, Syria.

Arar's imprisonment in Syria

Once in Amman, Arar was blindfolded, shackled and put in a van. “They made me bend my head down in the back seat,” Mr. Arar recalled. “Then these men started beating me. Every time I tried to talk, they beat me."

Arar was imprisoned in Syria for more than 10 months and states that during this time he was tortured and forced to sign a false confession which said that he had trained in Al Qaeda camps in Afghanistan.

Upon reaching Syria, Arar was transferred to a prison, where he was beaten for several hours and forced to falsely confess that he had attended an Al Qaeda training camp in Afghanistan. “I was willing to do anything to stop the torture,” he says.

Arar describes his cell as a three-foot by six-foot “grave” with no light and plenty of rats. During the more than 10 months he was imprisoned, he was beaten regularly with shredded cables. Through the walls of his cell, Mr. Arar could hear the screams of other prisoners who were also being tortured. The Syrian government shared the results of its investigation with the United States[9] . Arar believes that his torturers were given a dossier of specific questions by United States interrogators, noting that he was asked identical questions both in the United States and in Syria[10].

Arar was held in solitary confinement in a Syrian prison where he was regularly tortured for almost a year, until his eventual release and return to Canada in October 2003.[11] While he had been imprisoned, Arar's wife Monia Mazigh had been conducting an active campaign in Canada to secure his release. Upon his release, Syria announced they could find no terrorist links.[12] Syrian official Imad Moustapha stated that "We tried to find anything. We couldn’t".

Arar's return to Canada

Arar was released on October 5, 2003, 374 days after his removal to Syria. He returned to Canada, reuniting with his wife and children.

The couple moved to Kamloops, in British Columbia, where his wife Monia accepted a job as professor at Thompson Rivers University [13]. Recently the couple has moved back to Ottawa.

Back in Canada, Arar claimed that he had been tortured in Syria and sought to clear his name, embarking on legal challenges both in Canada and in the United States as well as a public education campaign.

United States lawsuit

In January 2004, Arar announced that he would be suing then-American Attorney-General John Ashcroft over his treatment.[14]

The Center for Constitutional Rights brought the suit Arar v. Ashcroft against former Attorney General John Ashcroft, FBI Director Robert Mueller, and then-Secretary of Homeland Security Tom Ridge, as well as numerous U.S. immigration officials. It charges the defendants violated Arar's constitutional right to due process; his right to choose a country of removal other than one in which he would be tortured, as guaranteed under the Torture Victims Protection Act; and his rights under international law.

The suit charges that Arar's Fifth Amendment due process rights were violated when he was confined without access to an attorney or the court system, both domestically before being rendered, and while detained by the Syrian government, whose actions were complicit with the U.S. Additionally, the Attorney General and INS officials who carried out his deportation also likely violated his right to due process by recklessly subjecting him to torture at the hands of a foreign government that they had every reason to believe would carry out abusive interrogation.

Further, Arar filed a claim under the Torture Victims Protection Act, adopted by the U.S. Congress in 1992, which allows a victim of torture by an individual of a foreign government to bring suit against that actor in U.S. Court. Arar's claim under the Act against Ashcroft and the INS directors is based upon their complicity in bringing about the torture he suffered. The case was filed in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.

In the case, Arar is seeking compensatory and punitive damages and a declaration that the actions of the U.S. government were illegal and violated his constitutional, civil, and international human rights.

A year after the case was filed, the U.S. government invoked the rarely-used “State Secrets Privilege” in a motion to dismiss the suit. The government claimed that to go forward in an open court would jeopardize the United States' intelligence, foreign policy, and national security interests. Specifically, the government's invocation of the state secrets privilege asserted that disclosure of “the basis for the rejection of plaintiff’s designation of Canada as the country to which plaintiff wished to be removed”, “the basis for the decision to exclude plaintiff from this country”, and “the considerations involved in the decision to remove him to Syria” would damage national security interests[15].

On February 16, 2006, Brooklyn District Court Judge David Trager dismissed Arar's lawsuit against members of the Bush administration,[16] basing his decision on national security grounds.

CCR attorneys have appealed the case to the Second Circuit Court of Appeals.

Canadian government response

The rendition of Maher Arar has received much attention and scrutiny in Canada, both in the media and in the government.

Initial media controversy

Arar's case reached new heights of controversy after reporter Juliet O'Neill wrote an article in the Ottawa Citizen on November 8, 2003, containing information leaked to her from an unknown security source, possibly within the RCMP. The secret documents provided by her source suggested Arar was a trained member of an Al Qaeda terrorist cell. The RCMP later raided O'Neill's house pursuant to search warrants it had obtained to investigate the leak.[17] The raid was widely denounced in the media.

Garvie Report

On September 25, 2004, the results of an internal RCMP investigation by RCMP Chief Superintendent Brian Garvie were published. Though the version released to the public was censored, the Garvie Report documented several instances of impropriety by the RCMP in the Arar case. Among its revelations were that the RCMP was responsible for giving American authorities sensitive information on Arar with no attached provisos about how this information might be used. Also, Richard Roy, the RCMP liaison officer with the Department of Foreign Affairs, may have known of the plan of removing Arar to Syria but did not contact his supervisors. Additionally, Deputy RCMP Commissioner Garry Loeppky lobbied hard, in the spring of 2003, to convince his government (then led by Liberal Prime Minister Jean Chrétien) not to claim in a letter to Syria, that it "had no evidence Arar was involved in any terrorist activities" because Arar "remained a person of great interest."

In response to the Garvie Report, Arar said that the report was "just the starting point to find out the truth about what happened to me" and that it "exposes the fact that the government was misleading the public when they said Canada had nothing to do with sending me to Syria."

Canadian Commission of Inquiry

On February 5, 2004, the Canadian government established the "Canadian Commission Of Inquiry Into The Actions of Canadian Officials In Relation to Maher Arar" to investigate and report on the actions of Canadian officials. The United States refused to participate in the inquiry and, until January 2007, refused to share its own evidence with Canadian officials.

On June 14, 2005, Franco Pillarella, Canadian ambassador to Syria at the time of Arar's removal, said that at the time he had no reason to believe Arar had been badly treated, and in general had no reason to conclusively believe that Syria engaged in routine torture. These statements prompted widespread incredulity in the Canadian media, and a former Canadian UN ambassador responded to Pillarella asserting that Syria's human rights abuses were well known and well documented by many sources.

On September 14, 2005, the O'Connor commission concluded public hearings after testimony from 85 witnesses. The U.S. ambassador at the time of the incident, Paul Cellucci, refused to testify.

On October 27, 2005, Professor Stephen Toope, a fact-finder appointed by the Arar inquiry released a report saying that he believed Arar was tortured in Syria. He said that Arar had recovered well physically but was still suffering from psychological problems caused by his mistreatment, as well as anxiety caused by the Commission of Inquiry process itself.[1]

On September 18, 2006, the Canadian Commission of Inquiry, led by Dennis O'Connor, Associate Chief Justice of Ontario, issued its report. The final report exonerates Arar and categorically states that there is no evidence linking Arar to terrorist activity, stating “there is no evidence to indicate that Mr. Arar has committed any offence or that his activities constitute a threat to the security of Canada.” The Commission also found no evidence that Canadian officials acquiesced in the U.S. decision to detain and remove Mr. Arar to Syria, but that it is very likely that the U.S. relied on inaccurate and unfair information about Mr. Arar that was provided by Canadian officials. The report also confirms that he was tortured while in Syria.[1][18][19]

On August 9, 2007, an addendum to the final report containing previously undisclosed portions was released. The final report was released with certain portions blacked out for reasons of national security by the Canadian government. Under the rules for the Inquiry, the decision to release the remaining portions of the final report were to be decided within the Canadian courts. In July 2007, the Federal Court ruled that portions of the previously removed text could be released.[20]

RCMP apology

On September 28, 2006, RCMP Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli issued a carefully worded public apology to Arar and his family during the House of Commons committee on public safety and national security:

Mr. Arar, I wish to take this opportunity to express publicly to you and to your wife and to your children how truly sorry I am for whatever part the actions of the RCMP may have contributed to the terrible injustices that you experienced and the pain that you and your family endured.[21]

Arar thanked Commissioner Zaccardelli for his apology but lamented the lack of concrete disciplinary action against those individuals whose actions led to his detention and subsequent torture.[22] Zaccardelli later resigned as RCMP commissioner because of this case.

Canadian government apology and settlement

On January 26, 2007, after months of negotiations between the Canadian government and Arar's Canadian legal counsel, Prime Minister Stephen Harper issued a formal apology to Arar on behalf of the Canadian government and announced that Arar would receive $10.5 million settlement for his ordeal and an additional $1 million for legal costs.[3]

On January 26, 2007, Harper released a copy of a letter sent to Arar, apologizing "for any role Canadian officials may have played in what happened to Mr. Arar, Monia Mazigh and their family in 2002 and 2003."[23]

Aftermath

In Canada, Arar's ordeal has raised numerous questions that have yet to be answered. Canadian authorities have been unable to discover who leaked sensitive government documents to O'Neill. Those who were involved in the case in the RCMP have not been reprimanded by the government for their mistakes. In fact, several have received promotions.[24]

As of December 2006, the only person held accountable in Canada has been RCMP Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli, who actually resigned over contradictions in his testimony to the House of Commons Committee on Public Safety and National Security. The contradictions were with respect to what he knew at the time and what he told government ministers.[25]

Many commentators and Liberal MPs also dog Harper's government with statements made by its members while they were the official opposition in the House of Commons. Several Conservative party members, including Canadian Public Safety Minister Stockwell Day, apparently assumed Arar's guilt, labeling him a terrorist.[26][27]

U.S. government response

The Bush administration continues to maintain that Arar's rendition to Syria was legal and well within its right.[28] The government has not publicly acknowledged that Arar was tortured in Syria – the United States Attorney General Alberto Gonzales has stated that he has seen no evidence other than Arar's own account that he was tortured.

Former U.S. Attorney General Gonzales's response to the Arar inquiry

On September 19, 2006, then-U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales denied any wrongdoing on the part of the U.S. in Arar's rendition to Syria.[29] During a press conference Gonzales said:[30]

"Well, we were not responsible for his removal to Syria, I'm not aware that he was tortured, and I haven't read the Commission report. Mr. Arar was deported under our immigration laws. He was initially detained because his name appeared on terrorist lists, and he was deported according to our laws. "Some people have characterized his removal as a rendition. That is not what happened here. It was a deportation. And even if it were a rendition, we understand as a government what our obligations are with respect to anyone who is rendered by this government to another country, and that is that we seek to satisfy ourselves that they will not be tortured. And we do that in every case. And if in fact he had been rendered to Syria, we would have sought those same kind of assurances, as we do in every case."

On September 20, 2006, Charles Miller, a DoJ spokesman, said Gonzales had merely been trying to clarify that deportations were no longer the responsibility of the Department of Justice, but were now the responsibility of the Department of Homeland Security.[31]

Watchlist issue

Despite the inquiry's exoneration of Arar, the United States has also refused to remove Arar from its watchlist. Stockwell Day was invited to look at the evidence in the United States' possession in January 2007. In his opinion, the administration is unjustified in continuing to bar Arar from entering the United States. Reportedly, the United States continues to refuse to remove Arar from the watchlist because of "his personal associations and travel history".[32]

Following Day's efforts to remove Arar from the watchlist, U.S. Ambassador to Canada David Wilkins chided Canada for questioning whom the United States can and cannot allow into their country.[33] Notwithstanding, Prime Minister Stephen Harper has vowed to continue to press the United States on this matter. On January 26, 2007, Harper rebuked Wilkins with respect to the Canadian government's efforts to remove him from the U.S. watch list, stating, "Canada has every right to go to bat for one of its citizens when the government believes a Canadian is being unfairly treated."[34]

On October 20, 2007, The Globe and Mail reported that it had seen classified American documents revealing evidence on which the United States acted: "Maher Arar's denials that he ever went to Afghanistan are contradicted by a man convicted of immigration fraud and a self-confessed mujahedeen instructor who says he spotted him there in the early 1990s...." [35] The newspaper stated that the informant, Mohamed Kamal Elzahabi, also faced charges of lying to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and that "his credibility is very much at issue." It added that, even crediting his description of his acquaintance with Arar, "the encounter appears to have been, at most, fleeting."

Dissent in U.S. Congress

Meanwhile, in the United States, Senator Patrick Leahy, chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, has threatened to hold extensive hearings into Arar's case. Leahy has lambasted the US's removal of Arar to Syria as absurd and outrageous, noting that instead of sending Arar a "couple of hundred miles to Canada and turned over to the Canadian authorities... he was sent thousands of miles away to Syria." Senator Leahy spoke at length on the matter, calling the case "a black mark" on the United States: "We knew damn well, if he went to Canada, he wouldn't be tortured. He'd be held. He'd be investigated. We also knew damn well, if he went to Syria, he'd be tortured. And it's beneath the dignity of this country, a country that has always been a beacon of human rights, to send somebody to another country to be tortured."[36]

Former Attorney General Alberto Gonzales noted that the United States had assurances from Syria that Arar would not be tortured. This was dismissed by Leahy, remarking that the United States got "assurances from a country that we also say, now, we can't talk to them because we can't take their word for anything?" The Senator was alluding to the Bush administration's labeling of Syria as a member of the "axis of evil" and its policy of refraining from talking to Iran and Syria. Syria is also on the U.S. State Department's list of states that sponsor terrorism.

On October 18, 2007, Arar testified via video-link before the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on International Organizations, Human Rights and Oversight, and the House Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Civil Liberties at a hearing that is examining his case and the practice of rendition. In his statement to the committee, he detailed his experiences and expressed his hope that his case will not be repeated. “I now understand how fragile our human rights and freedoms are, and how easily they can be taken from us by the very same governments and institutions that have sworn to protect us. I also know that the only way I will ever be able to move on in my life and have a future is if I can find out why this happened to me, and help prevent it from happening to others.[37]

Members of Congress took the opportunity to personally apologize to Arar. Bill Delahunt, a Massachusetts Democrat, commented on the United States government’s inaction, saying, “Let me personally give you what our government has not: an apology”. “Let me apologize to you and the Canadian people”, he continued, “for our government's role in a mistake.”[38] Dana Rohrabacher, a California Republican, agreed that lawmakers “should be ashamed” of the case, but defended the practice of rendition, claiming that it has “protected the lives of hundreds of thousands if not millions of American lives.”[39]Michigan Democrat John Conyers took the opportunity to challenge rendition, and stated that his “intention” is “for high level administration officials responsible for the Arar decision to come before these panels and tell the American people the truth about what happened.” “This government is sending people to other countries to be tortured,” Conyers said.[40]

Dispute over Canadian involvement in his rendition

After Arar's release, the controversy continued over his treatment by the U.S. and over the role that Canadian police and government officials may have played in his removal and interrogation. The United States claimed that the RCMP had provided them with a list of suspicious persons that included Arar.[41] It was also discovered that Canadian consular officials knew that Arar was in custody in the United States but did not believe that he would be removed. The Canadian government maintains that the decision to remove Arar to Syria was made by American officials alone.

Canadian officials apparently told U.S. officials Arar was no longer a resident of Canada. The New York Times reported, "In July 2002, the Mounted Police learned that Mr. Arar and his family were in Tunisia, and incorrectly concluded that they had left Canada permanently." [42]

At a summit meeting in Monterrey, Mexico, on January 13, 2004, former Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin and U.S. President George W. Bush reached an agreement, sometimes referred to as the Monterrey Accord, which obliged the United States to notify Canada before deporting a Canadian citizen to a third country. However, according to a news story in the Toronto Globe and Mail, Stephen Yale-Loehr, lawyer and adjunct professor of immigration and asylum law at Cornell University told the Arar inquiry "the Canada-U.S. agreement struck... to prevent a recurrence of the Arar affair is ineffective and legally unenforceable."[43]

In 2007, as part of the investigation into government foreknowledge, it was revealed that CSIS chief Jack Hooper had sent a memo on October 10, 2002 that included the reference "I think the United States would like to get Arar to Jordan where they can have their way with him", which was the first conclusive evidence that CSIS, and not just the RCMP, knew that a Canadian was going to be tortured at the request of the United States.[44] A year later, Hooper contacted the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade to tell them that it was not in Canada's interests to demand that the United States return Maher Arar.[45]

Canada's formal protest to the U.S. government

During a telephone conversation on October 6, 2006, Harper notified President Bush that Canada intended to lodge a formal protest over U.S. treatment of Arar. The notification was later followed by a letter of protest sent from Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Peter MacKay to U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice.[46] Harper told reporters that Canada wants "the United States government [to] come clean with its version of events, to acknowledge... the deficiencies and inappropriate conduct that occurred in this case, particularly vis-à-vis its relationship with the Canadian government." In particular, Canada wants United States assurances, said Harper, that "these kinds of incidents will not be repeated in the future."[47]

U.S. embassy statements

Robert H. Tuttle, the US ambassador to Britain told the BBC on December 22, 2005:

"I don't think there is any evidence that there have been any renditions carried out in the country of Syria. There is no evidence of that. And I think we have to take what the secretary Condoleezza Rice says at face value. It is something very important, it is done very carefully and she has said we do not authorise, condone torture in any way, shape or form."

This statement was amended the very next day by a U.S. embassy spokeswoman who stated that the embassy

"recognised that there had been a media report of a rendition to Syria but reiterated that the United States is not in a position to comment on specific allegations of intelligence activities that appear in the press". [48]

Miscellaneous facts

  • Jimmy Carter, former President of the United States, discusses Arar sympathetically in his bestselling 2005 book Our Endangered Values: America's Moral Crisis.
  • In April of 2007, TIME magazine named Arar to the TIME 100, its annual listing of 100 influential people in the world.[50] Arar's entry, at No. 58 in the Heroes & Pioneers category, was written by US Senator Leahy and says his case "stands as a sad example of how we have been too willing to sacrifice our core principles to overarching government power in the name of security, when doing so only undermines the principles we stand for and makes us less safe." The US would not allow him entry to attend Time's recognition event.[51]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Report of the Events Relating to Maher Arar: Analysis and Recommendations (PDF). 2006. ISBN 0-660-19648-4.
  2. ^ "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2001 (Syria)". United States Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. 2001.
  3. ^ a b "Harper announces $11.5M compensation for Arar". Canoe News. 26 January 2007. Retrieved 2007-01-26.
  4. ^ Report of the Events Relating to Maher Arar: Factual Background, Volume 1 (PDF). 2006. ISBN ISBN 0-660-19648-4. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help) see page 218, note 282
  5. ^ Arar, Maher (2003-11-04). "Maher Arar: statement". CBC.
  6. ^ Butler, Don (2006-12-08). "The Arar Chronicles: From Success to Suspect (Part 1)". Ottawa Citizen. p. A1.
  7. ^ a b c Butler, Don (2006-12-08). "The Arar Chronicles: Person of Interest (Part 1)". Ottawa Citizen. p. A4.
  8. ^ Report of the Events Relating to Maher Arar: Analysis and Recommendations (PDF). 2006. ISBN 0-660-19648-4. See page 30 in "Analysis and Recommendations".
  9. ^ "His Year in Hell". CBS News. 2004-01-21.
  10. ^ "Arar Dismissal" (PDF). 2006-02-16.
  11. ^ Report of the Events Relating to Maher Arar: Analysis and Recommendations (PDF). 2006. ISBN 0-660-19648-4. See page 362 in "Analysis and Recommendations".
  12. ^ Mayer, Jane (2005-02-07). "Outsourcing Torture". The New Yorker.
  13. ^ [1]
  14. ^ "Arar launches lawsuit against U.S. government". CBC News. 2004-01-22.
  15. ^ "U.S. Asserts State Secrets Privilege in Arar v. Ashcroft". 2005-01-18. Retrieved 2007-10-17.
  16. ^ Harper, Tim (2006-02-17). "U.S. ruling dismisses Arar lawsuit". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2006-09-19.
  17. ^ "RCMP raids reporter's offices over Arar case". CTV.ca. 2004-01-22.
  18. ^ Report of the Events Relating to Maher Arar: Factual Background Volume I (PDF). 2006. ISBN 0-660-19648-4.
  19. ^ Report of the Events Relating to Maher Arar: Factual Background Volume II (PDF). 2006. ISBN 0-660-19648-4.
  20. ^ Addendum to Report of the Events Relating to Maher Arar: Volume I, II, and Analysis and Recommendations (PDF). 2006. ISBN 0-660-19648-4.
  21. ^ "RCMP chief apologizes to Arar for 'terrible injustices'". CBC News. 2006-09-28.
  22. ^ "Arar thanks RCMP chief for apology". CBC News. 2006-09-29.
  23. ^ "Prime Minister Releases Letter of Apology to Maher Arar and his Family and Announces Completion of Mediation Process". Office of the Prime Minister. 2007-01-26.
  24. ^ Fernandez, Philip. ""Lack of Accountability Unacceptable". maherarar.ca. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
  25. ^ "RCMP's embattled chief quits over Arar testimony". CBC News. 6 December 2006. Retrieved 2006-12-06.
  26. ^ Travers, James (2007-01-27). "Lingering suspicion about Arar troubling". Toronto Star.
  27. ^ Canadian Press (2007-01-26). "Opposition quotes on Arar from November 2002". CTV.ca.
  28. ^ Canadian Press (2006-12-11). "Extraordinary rendition may be legal: documents". CTV.ca.
  29. ^ Pantesco, Joshua (2006-09-20). "Gonzales defends Arar deportation after Canadian inquiry report". The Jurist.
  30. ^ "Transcript of Attorney General Alberto R. Gonzales and Federal Trade Commission Chairman Deborah Platt Majoras at Press Conference Announcing Identity Theft Task Force Interim Recommendations". Department of Justice. 2006-09-19.
  31. ^ Manges Jones, Holly (2006-09-21). "DOJ retreats from Gonzales disavowal of responsibility for Arar deportation". The Jurist.
  32. ^ "U.S. refuses to take Arar off watch list". CBC News. 2007-01-26.
  33. ^ "Harper's apology 'means the world': Arar". CBC News. 2007-01-26.
  34. ^ "U.S. refuses to take Arar off watch list". CBC News. 2007-01-26.
  35. ^ Freeze, Colin (October 20, 2007), "Why U.S. won't remove Arar from no-fly list", The Globe and Mail {{citation}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  36. ^ "Transcript of Gonzales-Leahy exchange on Arar". Toronto Star. 2007-01-18.
  37. ^ |url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/Politics/story?id=3746371&page=1}}
  38. ^ |url=http://http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/1153AP_Torture_Rendition.html}}
  39. ^ |url=http://http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/national/1153AP_Torture_Rendition.html}}
  40. ^ "Transcript of Gonzales-Leahy exchange on Arar". ABC News. 2007-10-18.
  41. ^ Jeff Sallot, Colin Freeze (2003-11-08). "RCMP passed along Arar's name, U.S. says". Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 2003-12-07.
  42. ^ Austen, Ian (2006-09-19). "Canadians Fault U.S. for Its Role in Torture Case". New York Times. p. A1.
  43. ^ Tandt, Michael Den (2005-06-08). "Deportation pact useless, inquiry told". The Globe and Mail: A10. Retrieved 2006-09-19.
  44. ^ Canadian Press (2007-08-18). "CSIS Suspected Arar Could Face Torture: Documents". metronews.ca.
  45. ^ Doyle, Simon (2006-10-02). "CSIS didn't want Arar returned to Canada". The Hill Times. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
  46. ^ Price, Caitlin (2006-10-07). "Canada makes formal protest of US Arar treatment". The Jurist.
  47. ^ "'Come clean' on Arar, Harper asks U.S." CBC. 2006-10-05.
  48. ^ MacAskill, Ewen (2006-12-27). "US embassy close to admitting Syria rendition flight". The Guardian.
  49. ^ "International Award: Maher Arar and the Center for Constitutional Rights". 30th Annual Letelier-Moffitt Human Rights Awards. 2006-10-18.
  50. ^ Leahy, Patrick (2007). "The TIME 100:Maher Arar". TIME. Retrieved 2007-05-07. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  51. ^ Duffy, Andrew (2007-05-04). "Arar on Time's '100 most influential' list, but he's still not welcome in U.S." National Post.

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