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Arad, Israel

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For other uses, see Arad.
For the archaeological site, see Tel Arad.

Template:Infobox Israel muni

Arad (Template:Lang-he-n; Template:Lang-ar) is a modern city in the South District of Israel, on the border of the Negev and Judean Deserts. Located 25 km west of the Dead Sea and 45 km east of the city Beersheba, the city is home to a diverse population of 23,300,[1] including Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews, both secular and religious, Bedouins and Black Hebrews, as well as native-born Israelis and new immigrants. The city was founded in November 1962 as the last-established development town and the first pre-planned city in Israel. The city is notable for its clean, dry air and serves as a major attraction to asthmatics worldwide.[2][3]

History and name

Ruins of ancient Tel Arad
Stone structure marking Arad's place in the desert, according to Bedouin tradition, designed by Yona Pitelson

Arad is named after the biblical Canaanite town located at Tel Arad (see Biblical archaeology regarding famous ostraca found here) which is located approximately 8 km from modern Arad.

The first attempt by the Yishuv to settle the area of Arad was made on February 23, 1921, when the British Mandate government was convinced to allow released soldiers from the Jewish Brigade to settle in the area. 9 men and 2 women attempted the task, but after four months were forced to leave because water was not found in the area.[4]

It wasn't until November 15, 1960, when a planning unit (and a full committee on December 29) were appointed by the government to examine the possibilities of settlement in the northeastern Negev desert and the Arad area, with an initial budget of 50,000 Israeli liras, under the leadership of Aryeh Eliav. On January 31, 1961, the new city's location was decided (3-4 km southwest of Mount Kidod), as well as details about road and water connections. During March 1961, a full city plan for 10,000 and then 20,000 residents was conceived, along with a corresponding map. Yona Pitelson served as the chief architect of the city and was instrumental in its design.[5]

The foundations of modern Arad were laid when the oil company Nefta built a work camp in the area in July 1961, consisting 6 temporary sheds,[5] when oil was found there in commercial quantities.[6][7] However, the town was officially founded in 1962 by a group of young Israelis, most of them ex-kibbutz and ex-moshav members, who were seeking an environment free of the urban ills of overcrowding, traffic, noise, and pollution. The founding ceremony was held on November 21, and attended by then-Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion. It was one of the last development towns to be founded.

According to the city website, Arad was the first pre-planned city in Israel. The late Prime Minister, Yitzhak Rabin, declared Arad a city on June 29, 1995.

Flag

The emblem of Arad is a perfect square with a hill and a flame. The hill represents Mount Kidod, a hill in the northeastern part of the city, and the flame represents natural gas, which was extracted in the area in Arad's early days and spurred the city's growth. The emblem was adopted on May 19, 1966.[8] The coloring of the emblem may vary, but it is generally accepted to have the outline colored light blue, and the inside - orange.

The flag of Arad is a state flag (Small vexillological symbol or pictogram in black and white showing the different uses of the flag), a rectangle with a 2:3 ratio, which has a light blue background and shows the emblem in the center with the Hebrew text for "Municipality of Arad" at the top and the English text "City of ARAD Israel" and the bottom. This is the de facto flag, and there is no law or edict making it official.[8]

Geography

File:AradMap streets.png
Full street map of Arad
Map showing the neighbourhoods of Arad
Gevim neighborhood, as seen from the southeast
Rotem neighborhood, as seen from the east

Arad is located around 32°5′N 34°48′E / 32.083°N 34.800°E / 32.083; 34.800, mostly on the Arad Plain, which marks the southwestern end of the Judean Desert in southern Israel. It is located 30 km west of the southern end of the Dead Sea, and is by road, 45km east of Beer Sheva, 111 km south of Jerusalem, and 138 km south east of Tel Aviv. The city is 219 km north of the southern-most city of Eilat.[9]

The city spans an area of 93,140 dunams[1] (~93.1 km²), one of the largest municipal areas in Israel, even though its urban area is much smaller. In 1993, the city's jurisdiction was 73,934.3 dunams, still many times larger than the urban area.[10] The historical site of Tel Arad and the Arad Park (also known as Ran Grove) can also be found within its municipal area, west of the urban core. Arad also has a commercial landing strip located slightly to the south of its urban core. Arad's municipality nearly borders Kuseife to the west, although the urban cores of the towns are not nearly as close.

Neighborhoods

Each neighborhood in Arad contains streets named in a thematic manner, for example, a neighborhood where all streets are named after jewels. The exception is the four central quarters. The neighborhoods are as follows:


Name Meaning Theme
Avishur Abishur
Tlalim dew (plural)
Leva'ot lionesses
Ye'elim ibexes
Gevim cisterns Fluvial bodies
Halamish flint Fruits
Yehoshafat (under construction) Jehoshaphat Kings of Israel and Judea
Rishonim originals
Ne'urim youth Desert
Renanim (under construction) joys Music
Ayanot springs Springs
Ma'of flight Birds
Hatzavim squills Military
Harduf oleander Heights (figurative)
Shaked almond Plants
Rotem broom Jewels

These make up the entire city north of Highway 31. South of the highway is Arad's industrial zone (the northern area being the light industry zone).

Geology and topography

Kidod Stream (Wadi Kadada)
Pra'im Stream

The western part of Arad is made up of Loess land, while the eastern part is made up of sedimentary rock, including chalk, flint and dolomite.[11]

Arad's elevation ranges between approximately 361.5 m and 631.1 m above sea level,[1] a notable peak being Mount Kidod (600 m), located at the northeastern point of the city and named after Ras al-Kadadeh, the Arabic name for the hill.[4][12] Other peaks within the municipal borders include Mount Kina (635 m) and Mount Brir (537 m).

There are several wadis that pass through Arad, notably the Ye'elim Stream (which runs along Highway 31) and Tze'elim Stream. Others include the Hesed, Keisan, Kidod, Kina, Malhata, Pra'im, Tavya, and other streams.[13] They are completely dried-up all year round.

Climate

Between 1964 and 1974, Arad's average temperature in January was 11°C, and 27°C in July. The average yearly precipitation between 1960 and 1990 was 150 mm,[1] and 158 mm between 1962 and 1978.[11] Arad is thus situated in an arid area, where most precipitation falls in the winter months of December, January and February. It does however, on rare occasions snows. Two examples are the massive snowstorm during the 1991/92 winter that swept through entire mountainous of the Negev and January's snowstorm of 2008.

Demographics

Distribution of population by age

According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, of Arad's 23,300 2005 population, 82% were Jews, and another 17.2% were other non-Arabs. 11,100 (~47.6%) were men and 12,200 were women. 42.9% (the second highest in the country) were immigrants since 1990.[1]

Arad's population has peaked in 2002 at 24,500[14] Since then, it has been undergoing a steady decline, with a 23,300 low in 2006. However, CBS estimates that the population has risen to 23,400 in 2007.[15] In light of the dwindling population in Negev towns (Arad, Dimona, Yeruham and Mitzpe Ramon), the Ministry for the Development of the Negev and Galilee initiated multiple projects to advance settlement in these towns. However, most projects were never materialized.

The IDF's City of Training Bases, which is located near Beersheba and under construction, hopes to bring thousands of soldiers (mostly officers, senior NCOs and other staff) to live in the Negev, including Arad. Orli Yehezkel, the CEO of the ministry, told in her visit to Arad that NIS 4.5 million will be invested in Arad, including a subsidy of NIS 1,000 per family per month for two years for families of soldiers wishing to move to Arad.[16]

Economy

Arad Mall
Arad Market, on a closed day

In 2004, Arad had 9,797 (~41.7%) salaried workers and 462 (~2%) self-employed. 10,511 were receiving children's benefits, 292 were receiving unemployment benefits, and 2,855 were receiving income guarantee. The average monthly income was 5,165 NIS, with salaried employees earning an average of 5,549 NIS (7,344 NIS for men and 3,818 NIS for women).[1]

Arad's yearly budget is over 100 million NIS and over $30 million USD. On December 27, 2007, the 2008 budget was unanimously passed at 123 million NIS by the city council. The city's total income for the year is estimated at approx. 119 million NIS.[17]

Other than tourist venues, Arad's commerce is mostly concentrated in the central commerce area, as envisioned in the original plan. There is one shopping mall in the city, the Arad Mall, in the northern block of the commerce sector.[18] In addition to the main area, there are small shop clustern in most neighborhoods in the city, notably a building called The Star (HaKokhav) in the Tlalim quarter. A lone supermarket outside the center, Mega in the City, is located in the industrial zone, near the entrance to the city. Another important commercial center in Arad is the Arad Market, open only on Mondays, located in the light industry zone.

Among the companies with manufacturing plants in Arad are Arad Textile Industries, one of Israel's largest producers of towels, Motorola Israel - South Ltd. plant, A.M.S. Electronics Ltd. printed circuit board and electronic product manufacturing plant, El-Ran Timber Industries Ltd., Jordael Ltd. cosmetic factory, Unilever Shefa Israel Ltd. cereal plant Since 1971, Arad has been producing phosphoric acid, made from brine collected from the Dead Sea, and phosphates from the nearby Tzefa.[6]

Culture and recreation

Culture and entertainment

The Oron Theater

Arad's main cultural center is the Center for Culture, Youth and Sports (Template:Lang-he Matnas), named after Samuel Rubin and located on Ben Yair St. 28 (corner of Hebron St.),[18][19] near the city's only mall. It was built in 1983[20] and contains the Arad Museum, Arad's public library, a concert hall, a tourist information center (called Arad Visitor Center), and various related offices.

The Oron Theater (formerly also a cinema), planned by the archtect Menachem Cohen, is another important culture and entertainment venue in the city.

Arad's main cinema, formerly located in the mall, was closed down during the tenure of mayor Moty Brill, due to lack of demand.

  • Public library
    Public library
  • Culture, youth and sports center
    Culture, youth and sports center
  • Arad Visitor Center
    Arad Visitor Center

Parks, recreation and sports

Arad's football stadium
Tennis courts in Arad's recreation area

The main public park and picnic area in Arad is the Arad Park, also called the Ran Grove, which is located about 8 km west of the city center. Other notable parks include:

  • Gan HaPsalim, the park at the entrance to the city,[21] with monuments of various desert animals
  • Park HaHamisha (Park of the Five) - a memorial park for the five residents of Arad who were killed in action in the Six-Day War
  • Northern Park, to the north of the Halamish neighborhood[22]
  • Gan Harpatka'ot (Adventure Park) - a large playground and open grass area in the Rishonim neighborhood[23]

The main cluster of recreational facilities in the city is located in a small neighborhood known as Ayanot, also called the Sports Town (Kiryat HaSport). The area contains a swimming pool, tennis courts, a country club and various playgrounds.

The city's main football stadium is located outside of this cluster, on the corner of Yehuda and Palmach Streets. The stadium is home to Hapoel Arad, who currently play in Liga Bet, the fifth tier of Israeli football.

Numerous junior chess tournaments have also been conducted in Arad, both rated and unrated, although few of them were organized with the help of municipal organs. Two such tournaments, both unrated, were conducted in 1995 and 1997.

Arad has also hosted a mountain biking tournament annually since 2000, called Riding Arad, in honor of Itamar Ilya, who was killed in action in Lebanon in 1997. In March 2008, the tournament became part of an international UCI competition, which is co-hosted by Misgav and Ma'alot. Arad's professional course is 37 km long, and the expert course is 22.5 km.[24][25]

Music and festival

Arad has been widely known for its Hebrew Music Festival, held annually around summertime since 1982. The festival was a great opportunity for new artists to become known, but also attracted Israel's best musicians and bands as it grew. On July 18 1995, three teenagers were crushed to death by a falling gate, which was torn down by the pressure of a large crowd whilst trying to watch the farewell concert held by the then popular band Mashina. Since then the festival has become a minor event. Due to this catastrophe, five of the festival's organizers received prison sentences of up to one year.[26]

The city also has a conservatory, which mostly teaches school children and teenagers.

Eshet Lot Artists Quarter

The Eshet Lot Artists Quarter is a section of Arad's industrial center, according to its initiators, with "its own brand of desert atmosphere, combining creativity and artistry... in the heart of the industrial zone, on the road leading down to the Dead Sea". The artists, who are all inhabitants of Arad, aim to create a productive community with an enhanced sensitivity towards the environment.

Some of the galleries can be found at:

Planned museum

In accordance with the March 7, 2007 decision taken by the Ministry for the Development of the Negev and Galilee to move the national archive of Israel from Jerusalem to Arad,[27] a museum is planned, which will display various gifts given to Israeli politicians over the years.[28]

Tourism

Other than the annual music festival, Arad has two main tourist venues - its clean air, which brings asthmatics from all over the world to the city,[6] and its proximity to the Dead Sea, which allows tourists to pay much less for accommodation as well as having municipal services nearby, and still be able to easily reach the sea. To that end, there are three hotels in the city - Inbar, Yefe Nof Arad and Margoa Arad. However, Arad's municipality is trying to encourage other tourist venues, such as hiking and ecological tourism. Additionally, travellers to Masada may also prefer to stay in Arad, which is the closest (22 km by road) urban settlement to this popular site, and the only way to reach its western side.[29]

The Israel National Trail passes through Arad, between Mount Kina and Tel Arad, a major archeological dig and tourist attraction. Although not located within Arad's jurisdiction, the Zohar Peak (552 m) and Zohar Lookout (Mitzpe Zohar) are common hiking and biking destinations on the national trail. The trails codenamed 11335 and 11240 run along the national trail in this area.[30]

Mitzpe Mo'av

On the outskirts of Arad, near the hotel area, there is a large white monument by Yigal Tumarkin, called Mitzpe Mo'av (Mo'av Lookout), which also offers a view of the Judean Desert. Nearby is a hikers' trail, called the Sculptural Walk (tayelet pisulit) and two hotels: Margo'a Arad and Yafe Nof Arad.

  • Inbar Hotel
    Inbar Hotel
  • Margoa Arad Hotel
    Margoa Arad Hotel
  • Yefe Nof Arad Hotel
    Yefe Nof Arad Hotel
  • Yigal Tumarkin's monument
    Yigal Tumarkin's monument

Services

Healthcare

Schaller Medical Centre

Arad does not have a hospital, but there are numerous medical clinics (Kupot Holim), including Klalit, Leumit and Maccabi. Emergencies are handled by the single Magen David Adom station, located in the municipal compound. The station has 6 ambulances.

A medical center was also built in the compoud, called Schaller Medical Centre. It is planned to expand it into a full-fledged emergency ward.

Law enforcement

Arad's police station

Arad is served by a local Israel Police station, located next to the municipal compound, and the Magen David Adom station. It is commanded by Superintendent Tomer Badash and has 58 members.[31] Arad's station also serves the Sodom area.

Arad's police force was chosen as the exceptional force for 2007, and awarded an award of excellence on March 5, 2008. Among others, a severe reduction in property crime was cited. Arad's force was able to reduce the amount of such crimes from 1092 in 2003 to just 168 in 2007.[31][32]

Education

Arad has an elementary public school in every central neighborhood (Halamish, Tlalim, Avishur, Leva'ot and Ye'elim (called Ye'elim-Ofarim)), Tlalim is a religious school.[33] There is one public middle school, Re'ut, located near the junction of the Yoshiyahu and HaKana'im streets. The second middle school, Allon, was closed in 2007[34] and merged into ORT Arad. There is also one public secondary school, ORT Arad, sharing a building with the Re'ut middle school and the former Yigal Allon school.

In addition, there are several private and/or Haredi schools in Arad, such as the religious grades 1-8 school by the Shuvu movement, and the Gur Haredi school.[33] Other Haredi schools include the boys' Beit Ya'akov and girls' Kol Ya'akov in the Halamish neighborhood, the Lev Simcha Yeshiva, and the Beit Ya'akov High School. The Bnei Akiva Ulpana provides young women from Eilat to Bnei Brak with religious and general education along with the guidance to perform volunteer activities in the community.

The WUJS Institute, founded in 1968 by the World Union of Jewish Students, is a post-university institute offering an Ulpan and courses in Israel and Jewish learning to Jewish college graduates and professionals from around the world. The Institute is located on Yeshaiyahu Street.

SOS Children's Village Arad (known as Kfar Neradim) was built in the southern outskirts of Arad. The Village was founded on October 27, 1981 and consists of twelve family houses, to accommodate up to 120 children. There is also an SOS Youth Facility to accommodate 12 to 14 youths from the SOS Children's Village. In January 2005, an SOS Social Centre was opened at Arad. It runs a day-care centre and various community outreach programmes to support socially weak families.[35]

  • ORT Arad HS, formerly Yigal Allon Junior High
    ORT Arad HS, formerly Yigal Allon Junior High
  • Original building of ORT Arad
    Original building of ORT Arad
  • Secondary building of the Avishur elementary school
    Secondary building of the Avishur elementary school
  • Ofarim building of the Ye'elim-Ofarim elementary school
    Ofarim building of the Ye'elim-Ofarim elementary school

Religion

Arad has a number of synagogues, and religious education instititutions. The central synagogue is located in the Ye'elim neighborhood, next to the Ye'elim elementary school. A predominantly Sephardi synagogue is in the Leva'ot quarter, and the main Ashkenazi synagogue is the Gur building in Avishur. Other synagogues are located in Halamish and Shaked.

Religious schools in Arad range between state-run schools with a religious slant (Tlalim School), religion-oriented schools for immigrants (Shuvu School), and Haredi education. See also: education (above).

There are two mikvahs in Arad: Mikvah Tlalim and Mikvah Ayanot, named after the neighborhoods they are located in.

Government

Democratic elections in Arad have been held since 1966, and only Avraham Shochat, Betzalel Tabib and Moty Brill were ever elected or re-elected. Due to Brill's inability to pass a yearly budget, he was dismissed by the Minister of the Interior Meir Sheetrit in August 2007, and a government-appointed clerk, Gideon Bar-Lev, took his place.[36]

Avraham "Beiga" Shochat, the first elected leader of Arad
Name Term Position Party
Arye "Lyova" Eliav 1960 - June 1962 Head of Arad Regional Council Mapai
Yitzhak Pundak June 1962 - 1965 Head of Arad Regional Council
Yitzhak Pundak 1965 - 1966 Head of local council
Ze'ev Haimoni 1966 - 1967 Head of local council Mapam
Avraham Shochat 1967 - 1986 Head of local council Labor
Betzalel Tabib 1986 - June 29, 1995 Head of local council Labor
Betzalel Tabib June 29, 1995 - October 2003 Mayor Labor
Mordechai "Moty" Brill October 2003 - August 2007 Mayor
Gideon Bar-Lev October 2007 - date Mayor

Auxiliary laws

While it isn't customary for Israeli cities to have major unique/auxiliary laws, many cities have minor laws. In Arad, it is illegal to feed animals in public places.[37] It is also illegal to sell or consume sunflower seeds, peanuts, etc. in public places, due to an anti-littering law enacted in 1965.[38] There are in all 27 auxiliary laws in Arad, enacted between 1965 and 2000.[39][40]

Transportation

Metropoline mini-bus on the internal Line 1

Arad does not have any railways and therefore there are only two ways to get to Arad: by air or road. The only highway connecting Arad with the rest of the country is Highway 31, which connects it with Beersheba to the west, and the Dead Sea to the east. It has two junctions within Arad's municipal area - the Arad Junction (within the city itself, with Road 3199), and the Tel Arad Junction (with Highway 80).[41] The local Road 3199 connects Arad with Masada, but does not connect to the road next to the dead sea (Highway 90). It is therefore the only way to get to Masada's western side.[29]

Arad's airfield, which was first used during the music festival of 1994,[42] is located to the south of the city, and serves domestic flights according to demand.

The main bus station of Arad, Arad Central Bus Station, was located on the corner of Jerusalem (Yerushalayim) Street and Jeuda (Yehuda) Street. It has however been closed due to a legal battle between Arad's municipality and the Egged Bus Cooperative, and its bus stops are now located nearby on Jerusalem St. Construction of the central station is expected to resume in 2008, and will be finished by August.[43] The new station will include 7 platforms and a large parking lot for park and ride. The planned cost of the project is NIS 4.5 million.[44]

Buses in Arad are served by the Egged Bus Cooperative and, since June 1 2007, also the Metropoline company.[43] A multitude of inter-city bus routes are served by the main station, two more inter-city Haredi routes which leave from the north, as well as two inner routes (1 and 2), with two alternatives (1a and 2a). The inter-city routes are as follows:[45][46]

Arad's central bus station, now dismantled. The bus stops are all that remain, although buses no longer stop there.
Line Route Company
384 Beersheba CBS - Ein Gedi Egged
385 Beersheba CBS - Ein Bokek Egged
386 Arad (center) - Beersheba CBS Metropoline
388 Arad (center) - Beersheba CBS Metropoline
388a Arad (center) - Lehavim Railway Station[47] Metropoline
389 Arad (center) - Tel Aviv CBS Egged
441 Arad (center) - Jerusalem CBS (Sundays only) Egged
550 Arad (north) - Bnei Brak Egged
554 Arad (north) - Jerusalem Har Hotzvim Egged

Famous residents

Sister cities

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Local Authorities in Israel 2005, Publication #1295 - Municipality Profiles - Arad" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
  2. ^ Kantor SZ, Frank M, Hoch-Kantor D; et al. (1966). "Airborne allergens and clinical response of asthmatics in Arad, a new town in a desert area in Israel". The Journal of allergy. 37 (2): 65–74. PMID 5217164. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Frank M, de Vries A (1967). "Further observation on the clinical response of asthmatic settlers in Arad, Israel". The Journal of allergy. 40 (3): 182–3. PMID 5231431.
  4. ^ a b Vilnai, Ze'ev. "Arad". Ariel Encyclopedia (in Hebrew). Vol. Volume 7. Israel: Am Oved. pp. 6002–6003. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  5. ^ a b "Arad - First Days - Preface". Museum of Arad. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
  6. ^ a b c Ben Yosef, Safi (general); Menahem Marcus (volume), ed. (2001). "Arad". The New Israel Guide. Vol. Volume 14. Jerusalem, Israel: Keter Publishing House. pp. 196–197. ISBN 965-07-0902-9. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |volume= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  7. ^ HaReuveni, Immanuem (1999). Lexicon of the Land of Israel (in Hebrew). Miskal - Yedioth Ahronoth Books and Chemed Books. p. 781. ISBN 965-448-413-7.
  8. ^ a b Gutterman, Dov. "Arad (Israel)". Flags of the World. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
  9. ^ http://www.israel-travel-tips.com/en/132/Israel%20Travel/Driving%20Distances Israel Driving Distances
  10. ^ Esther Levinson, ed. (1994). Statistical Yearbook for the Negev, #1 1993 (in Hebrew). Beersheba, Israel: Mi UMa Tikshoret Mekomit. p. 40. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ^ a b Shmueli, Avshalom, ed. (1978–79). Eretz HaNegev - Adam UMidbar (in Hebrew). Vol. Vol. 2. Tel Aviv, Israel: Ministry of Defense. p. 573. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: date format (link)
  12. ^ Mapa Lexicon (in Hebrew). Tel Aviv, Israel: Mapa. 2003. p. 434. ISBN 965-7184-34-7.
  13. ^ Topographic Maps and Hiking Routes (Map) (in Hebrew). Amud Anan. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  14. ^ "Population and Density per Km² in Localities Numbering Above 5,000 Residents" (PDF). 55th Statistical Yearbook. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2003. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference cbs populations was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Bar Sade, Eliezer (2008-02-14). "Arad Will Be a Focused City". 439th Edition (in Hebrew). HaTzvi Arad. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
  17. ^ Bar Sade, Eliezer (2008-01-03). "The Municipal Budget of Arad for 2008 was Passed" (in Hebrew). HaTzvi Arad. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
  18. ^ a b Tourist Map of Arad (Map). Arad Municipality. § Hei3. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  19. ^ "Matnas Index". Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  20. ^ "About the Library - Some History". Arad Municipality. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
  21. ^ Tourist Map of Arad (Map). Arad Municipality. § Het4. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  22. ^ Tourist Map of Arad (Map). Arad Municipality. § Vav4. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  23. ^ Tourist Map of Arad (Map). Arad Municipality. § Hei4. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  24. ^ "International Biking Race in Arad". 443rd Edition (in Hebrew). HaTzvi Arad. 2008-03-13. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  25. ^ "Riding Arad 2008 - Details" (in Hebrew).
  26. ^ Kaplan, Reuven (2001-12-26). "Got Away Easily" (in Hebrew). NRG Maariv. Retrieved 2007-11-27.
  27. ^ Grinberg, Mijal (2007-03-07). "State to move archives to Arad as part of Negev development plan". Retrieved 2007-11-30. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)
  28. ^ "National Archive Moves to Arad" (in Hebrew). 2007-03-11. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
  29. ^ a b Gold Atlas (Map) (2007 ed.). 1:100,000. Mapa. p. 42. § Vav23. ISBN 965-521-057-7. {{cite map}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  30. ^ 11240 Trail Map (image)
  31. ^ a b Riskin, Anat (2008-03-13). "Award for Excellence to Arad Police". 443rd Edition (in Hebrew). HaTzvi Arad. Retrieved 2008-03-13.
  32. ^ "Property Crime in Arad Station's Jurisdition, Including Sodom, over the Years". Arad Municipality.
  33. ^ a b "Elementary schools in Arad" (in Hebrew). HaTzvi Arad. Retrieved 2008-02-16.
  34. ^ Bar Sade, Eliezer (2007-12-27). "2007 Summary" (PDF). 432nd Edition. HaTzvi Arad. p. 12. Retrieved 2007-12-27.
  35. ^ SOS Children's Village Arad
  36. ^ Grinberg, Mijal (2007-10-15). "Collapse of the Southern Municipalities - The Dismissed Mayor: The One Who Hampered (Arad's) Recovery Program was Appointed in My Stead" (in Hebrew). Retrieved 2007-11-30. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |publication= ignored (help)
  37. ^ Aisbitt, Shawn. "Weirdest Laws in the World!". Retrieved 2008-03-10.
  38. ^ "Auxiliary Law for Arad (Cleanliness and Smoking Prohibition), 1965" (RTF) (in Hebrew). Israel Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
  39. ^ "Auxiliary Laws in Local Authorities - List of Auxiliary Laws for Local Authority - Arad" (in Hebrew). Israel Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
  40. ^ "Auxiliary Laws of Arad". Arad Municipality.
  41. ^ Gold Atlas (Map) (2007 ed.). 1:100,000. Mapa. p. 44. § Het24. ISBN 965-521-057-7. {{cite map}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  42. ^ Esther Levinson, ed. (1994). Statistical Yearbook for the Negev, #1 1993 (in Hebrew). Beersheba, Israel: Mi UMa Tikshoret Mekomit. p. 73. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  43. ^ a b Bar Sade, Eliezer (2007-05-31). "Arad - Metropoline" (in Hebrew). HaTzvi Arad. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  44. ^ Riskin, Anat. "The Arad Central Bus Station" (in Hebrew). HaTzvi Arad. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
  45. ^ Egged Official Website
  46. ^ Metropoline Official Website
  47. ^ Duak, Sharon (2007-06-28). "Arad - Israel Railways Stops at Lehavim". HaTzvi Arad. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
  48. ^ Professor Ervin Y. Kedar
  49. ^ The City Diplomacy of Burlington, Vermont
  50. ^ Sister Cities of Wilmington, Inc.

Maps and satellite images

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