Diaspora

Since the late twentieth century, the term diaspora (Greek διασπορα, a scattering or sowing of seeds), has been used (without capitalization) to refer to any people or ethnic population) forced or induced to leave their traditional ethnic homelands, being dispersed throughout other parts of the world, and the ensuing developments in their dispersal and culture.

Originally, the term Diaspora (capitalized) was used to refer specifically to the populations of Jews exiled from Judea in 586 BC by the Babylonians, and 135 A.D. by the Romans. This term is used interchangeably to refer to the historical movements of the dispersed ethnic population, the cultural development of that population, or the population itself. The probable origin of the word is the Septuagint Deut. XXVIII 25, "thou shalt be a diaspora (Greek for dispersion) in all kingdoms of the earth".

The academic field of diaspora studies was established in the late twentieth century in regard to the expanded meaning of diaspora.

• The African diaspora refers to the movements and culture of Africans taken into slavery and their descendants throughout the world.
• The Irish diaspora refers to the millions of Irish refugees from Ireland due to the Irish Potato Famine and political oppression. (The term first came widely into use in Ireland in the 1990s when the then President of Ireland, Mary Robinson began using it to describe all those of Irish descent.)
• The Southeast Asian diaspora refers to the refugees from the numerous wars that took place in Southeast Asia, such as World War II, Korean War and the Vietnam War.
• The Jewish diaspora in modern use, refers to Jews living outside of the Jewish state of Israel. There is a Ministry of Diaspora Affairs in the Israeli government.
• In modern Greek the word diaspora refers to the large populations of Greek descent living in the United States, Australia and other countries. There is a Department of Diaspora Affairs in the Greek government.

Modern diasporas

The twentieth century has seen massive ethnic refugee crises due to war and the rise of nationalism and racism. The first half of the twentieth century saw the creation of hundreds of millions of ethnic refugees across Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. Many of these refugees who did not die from starvation or war came to the Americas.

Such populations included:

• Jews, Gypsies, and other ethnic minorities from areas under Axis control during World War II; see also Holocaust
• Various ethnic minorities from areas under Russian and Soviet control following the Russian Revolution, continuing through the mass forced resettlements under Stalin
• the Heimatvertriebene, ethnic German refugees from the former German Empire during and following World War II
• millions of Polish people forced by the Soviet Union to leave their homelands eastwards of the Curzon Line. Their were offered no compensation for land and all property left behind
• Overseas Chinese
• Palestinians
• Chechens
• Afghanistan

The above list is not comprehensive or definitive. Only a few have been given much historical attention.

During the Cold War era huge populations of refugees continued to form from areas of war, especially from Third World nations, all over Africa, South and Central America, the Middle East, and east Asia.