Haplogroup K-M9

Haplogroup K
Haplogroup K
Possible time of origin	40,000 years BP
Possible place of origin	Iran or southern Central Asia
Ancestor	F
Descendants	L (M20), M (M4), NO (M214) (N and O), P (M45) (Q and R), S (M230) and T (M70)
Defining mutations	M9

In human genetics, Haplogroup K (M9) is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

It first appeared approximately 40,000 years ago in Iran or southern Central Asia. Today, haplogroup K and its descendant haplogroups are the patrilineal ancestors of most of the people living in the Northern Hemisphere, including most Europeans, Asians, and Native Americans. Other lineages derived from Haplogroup K are found among Melanesian populations, indicating an ancient link between most Eurasians and some populations of Oceania.

This haplogroup is a descendant of Haplogroup F (M89). Its major descendant haplogroups are L (M20), M (M4), NO (M214) (plus NO's descendants N and O), P (M45) (plus P's descendants Q and R), S (M230), T (M70),. Haplogroups K1, K2, K3 and K4 are found only at low frequency among various populations of Eurasia, Oceania, and northern Africa.

Subgroups

The subclades of Haplogroup K with their defining mutation, according to Karafet et al (2008) [1] (abbreviated for clarity to a maximum of five steps away from the root of Haplogroup K):

Note The 2008 paper instituted a number of renamings, compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. The former subgroups K5 and K2 were renamed Haplogroups S and T; former subgroups K1 and K7 were re-assigned as M2 and M3; leaving former subgroups K3, K4 and K6 to be renamed K1, K2 and K3.

K (M9) Typical of populations of northern Eurasia, eastern Eurasia, Melanesia, and the Americas, with a moderate distribution throughout Southwest Asia, northern Africa, and Oceania
- K*
- K1 (M147)
- K2 (P60)
- K3 (P79) Found in Melanesia
- K4 (P261, P263)
- L (M11, M20, M22, M61, M185, M295) Typical of populations of Pakistan
  - L*
  - L1 (M27, M76) Typical of Dravidian castes of India and Sri Lanka, with a moderate distribution among Indo-Iranian populations of South Asia
  - L2 (M317) Found at low frequency in Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and Southern Europe
    - L2*
    - L2a (M274)
    - L2b (M349)
  - L3 (M357) Found frequently among Burusho and Pashtuns, with a moderate distribution among the general Pakistani population
    - L3*
    - L3a (PK3) Found among Kalash
- M (P256)
  - M1 (M4, M5, M106, M186, M189, P35) Typical of Papuan peoples
    - M1*
    - M1a (P34)
      - M1a*
      - M1a1 (P51)
    - M1b (P87)
      - M1b*
      - M1b1 (M104 (P22)) Typical of populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island^[1]
        M1b1*
        
        M1b1a (M16)
        
        M1b1b (M83)
  - M2 (M353, M387) Found at a low frequency in the Solomon Islands and Fiji
    - M2*
    - M2a (SRY9138 (M177))
  - M3 (P117) Found in Melanesia
- NO (M214)
  - NO*
  - N (LLY22g, M231)
    - N*
    - N1 (M128) Found at a low frequency among Manchu, Sibe, Manchurian Evenks, Koreans, northern Han Chinese, Buyei, and some Turkic peoples of Central Asia
    - N2 (P43) Typical of Northern Samoyedic peoples; also found at low to moderate frequency among some other Uralic peoples, Turkic peoples, Mongolic peoples, Tungusic peoples, and Eskimos
      - N2*
      - N2a (P63)
    - N3 (Tat (M46)) Typical of the Sakha and Uralic peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout North Eurasia
      - N3*
      - N3a (M178)
        N3a*
        
        N3a1 (P21)
  - O (M175)
    - O*
    - O1 (MSY2.2) Typical of Austronesians, southern Han Chinese, and Tai-Kadai peoples
      - O1*
      - O1a (M119)
        O1a*
        
        O1a1 (M101)
        
        O1a2 (M50, M103, M110)
    - O2 (P31, M268)
      - O2*
      - O2a (M95) Typical of Austro-Asiatic peoples, Tai-Kadai peoples, Malays, Indonesians, and Malagasy, with a moderate distribution throughout South Asia, Southeast Asia, East Asia, and Central Asia
        O2a*
        
        O2a1 (M88, M111)
        
        O2a2 (M297)
      - O2b (SRY465 (M176)) Typical of Koreans, Japanese, and Ryukyuans, with a moderate distribution in Indonesia, Manchuria, Micronesia, Thailand, and Vietnam
        O2b*
        
        O2b1 (P49)
    - O3 (M122) Typical of populations of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Austronesian populations of Oceania, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia
      - O3*
      - O3a (M324)
        O3a*
        
        O3a1 (M121, DYS257)
        
        O3a2 (M164)
        
        O3a3 (LINE1, M159) Typical of Hmong-Mien peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia
        
        O3a4 (M7)
        
        O3a5 (M134) Typical of Sino-Tibetan peoples, with a moderate distribution throughout East Asia and Southeast Asia
        
        O3a6 (M300)
        
        O3a7 (M333)
- P (92R7, M45, M74, (N12), P27)
  - P*
  - Q (M242, MEH2, P36)
    - Q*
    - Q1 (M120, N14 (M265)) Found at low frequency among Chinese, Koreans, Dungans, and Hazara^[2]^[3]
      - Q1*
      - Q1a (M378) Found at low frequency among samples of Hazara and Sindhis
    - Q2 (M25, M143) Found at low to moderate frequency among some populations of Southwest Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia
    - Q3 (M3) Typical of indigenous peoples of the Americas
      - Q3*
      - Q3a (M19) Found among some indigenous peoples of South America, such as the Ticuna and the Wayuu^[4]
      - Q3b (M194)
      - Q3c (M199)
    - Q4 (P48)
    - Q5 (M323) Found in a significant minority of Yemeni Jews
    - Q6 (M346) Found at low frequency in Pakistan and India
  - R (M207 (UTY2), M306 (S1), S4, S8, S9)
    - R*
    - R1 (M173)
      - R1*
      - R1a (SRY10831.2 (SRY1532))
        R1a*
        
        R1a1 (M17, M198) Typical of populations of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia, with a moderate distribution throughout Western Europe, Southwest Asia, and southern Siberia
      - R1b (M343) Typical of populations of Western Europe, with a moderate distribution throughout Eurasia and in parts of northern Africa
        R1b*
        
        R1b1 (P25)
    - R2 (M124) Typical of populations of South Asia, with a moderate distribution in Central Asia and the Caucasus
- S (M230) Typical of populations of the highlands of New Guinea; also found at lower frequencies in adjacent parts of Indonesia and Melanesia
  - S*
  - S1 (M254)
    - S1*
    - S1a (M226)
- T (M70, M184, M193, M272) Found in a significant minority of Arabs, Ethiopians, Somalians, and Fulbe; also found at low frequency throughout Southwest Asia, Northern Africa, Southern Europe, and parts of India
  - T*
  - T1 (M320)

References

^ Laura Scheinfeldt, Françoise Friedlaender, Jonathan Friedlaender, Krista Latham, George Koki, Tatyana Karafet, Michael Hammer and Joseph Lorenz, "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2006 23(8):1628-1641
^ Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations, from the online supplementary material for the article by Bo Wen et al., "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture," Nature 431, 302-305 (16 September 2004)
^ Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region, from the article by R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (August 28, 2001)
^ "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas," Maria-Catira Bortolini et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 73:524-539, 2003

External links

Spread of Haplogroup K, from National Geographic

[1] Laura Scheinfeldt, Françoise Friedlaender, Jonathan Friedlaender, Krista Latham, George Koki, Tatyana Karafet, Michael Hammer and Joseph Lorenz, "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2006 23(8):1628-1641

[2] Supplementary Table 2: NRY haplogroup distribution in Han populations, from the online supplementary material for the article by Bo Wen et al., "Genetic evidence supports demic diffusion of Han culture," Nature 431, 302-305 (16 September 2004)

[3] Table 1: Y-chromosome haplotype frequencies in 49 Eurasian populations, listed according to geographic region, from the article by R. Spencer Wells et al., "The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (August 28, 2001)

[4] "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas," Maria-Catira Bortolini et al., American Journal of Human Genetics 73:524-539, 2003

[vanOven2014-5] Van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau HD (2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–91. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID 24166809. S2CID 23291764.

[ISOGG2015-6] International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG; 2015), Y-DNA Haplogroup Tree 2015. (Access date: 1 February 2015.)

[A0-T-7] Haplogroup A0-T is also known as A-L1085 (and previously as A0'1'2'3'4).

[A1-8] Haplogroup A1 is also known as A1'2'3'4.

[F-Y27277-9] F-Y27277, sometimes known as F2'4, is both the parent clade of F2 and F4 and a child of F-M89.

[LT-10] Haplogroup LT (L298/P326) is also known as Haplogroup K1.

[K2-11] Between 2002 and 2008, Haplogroup T-M184 was known as "Haplogroup K2". That name has since been re-assigned to K-M526, the sibling of Haplogroup LT.

[K2b-12] Haplogroup K2b (M1221/P331/PF5911) is also known as Haplogroup MPS.

[K2b1-13] Haplogroup K2b1 (P397/P399) is also known as Haplogroup MS, but has a broader and more complex internal structure.

[P-14] Haplogroup P (P295) is also klnown as K2b2.

[K-M2313-15] K-M2313*, which as yet has no phylogenetic name, has been documented in two living individuals, who have ethnic ties to India and South East Asia. In addition, K-Y28299, which appears to be a primary branch of K-M2313, has been found in three living individuals from India. See: Poznik op. cit.; YFull YTree v5.08, 2017, "K-M2335", and; PhyloTree, 2017, "Details of the Y-SNP markers included in the minimal Y tree" (Access date of these pages: 9 December 2017)

[S-16] Haplogroup S, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1a. (Previously the name Haplogroup S was assigned to K2b1a4.)

[M-17] Haplogroup M, as of 2017, is also known as K2b1b. (Previously the name Haplogroup M was assigned to K2b1d.)

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