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War crimes in occupied Poland during World War II

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Main articles: Occupation of Poland (1939–1945) and Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland
See also: German war crimes and Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles

Approximately six million Polish citizens[1][2], divided nearly equally between non-Jewish and Jewish, perished during World War II. Most were civilians killed by the actions of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union and their allies. At Nuremberg Tribunal three categories were established. These categories were waging war, war crimes and crimes against humanity[3][4]. This article details war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in occupied Poland during WWII or the origin of the crime started in occupied Poland.

The German and Soviet Occupation (September 1939 to June 1941)

See also: Administrative division of Polish territories during World War II

Following the invasion of Poland on 1st September 1939[5][6] by Germany and their Soviet ally on 17th September 1939[5][7], Poland was divided between them. Germany annexed 91,902 square kilometres with 10 million citizens and controlled the so-called General government which consisted of a further 95,742 kilometres with 12 million citizens. The Soviet Union occupied 202,069 square kilometres with over 13 million citizens[8][9]. There were many similarities between the two zones of occupations[10].

The Soviet Occupation

Main articles: Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union and Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939-1946)
See also: Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union (after 1939)

The Soviets looked to destroy Polish self-rule using deportation of hundred of thousands of Polish citizens and forcing their system of government upon them[11].

Affect on Polish Culture

Main article: Polish culture during World War II
See also: Education in Poland during World War II

The Soviets set out to remove a thousand years of Polish cultural influences. Polish was replaced in official usage. Schools spread Soviet indoctrination and religious education forbidden. Monuments were destroyed, street names changed, bookshops closed, libraries burned and publishers shutdown. Soviet censorship was strictly enforced. Even the ranging of church bells was banned[4].

Affect on Economy

Taxation was raised forcing religious institutions to close[4]. The Soviets replaced the Zloty with rubble but gave them equal value. Businesses were mandated to stay open and sell at pre-war prices hence allowing Soviet soldiers to buy goods with the worthless rubbles. Entire hospitals, schools and factories were moved to the USSR[4].

List of internment sites for Polish Citizens (GULAG)

Main article: List of Soviet Union prison sites that detained Poles
See also: Polish minority in Soviet Union and List of Gulag camps

Deportations

The Soviet used the same process of subjugation used against their own citizens especially deportation [12]. In 1940 and the first half of 1941, the Soviets deported more than 1,500,000 Poles[13][2], most in four mass deportations. The first deportation took place February 10, 1940[14][15], with more than 220,000[16]. sent to northern European Russia; the second on April 13, 1940, sending 330,000[17] primarily to Kazakhstan; a third wave in June-July 1940 totaled more than 240,000; the fourth occurred in June, 1941, deporting 200,000[18]. The fourth wave contained a large number of children[19]. Upon resumption of Polish-Soviet diplomatic relations in 1941, it was determined based on Soviet information that more than 760,000 of the deportees had died—a large part of those dead being children, who had comprised about a third of deportees[citation needed].

As well as deporting Polish citizens, Polish men were drafted into the Soviet army[2].

Katyn Massacre

Main article: Katyn massacre
See also: List of POW camps in USSR and Mass graves in the Soviet Union

Katyn is one notorious massacre by the NKVD[20][21]. The Katyn Forest is the site where 4,443[22][23] where murdered by the Soviets. Most were reserve Polish officers[citation needed], including political leaders, government officials, and intellectuals. The name Katyn is now associated with the systematically executed of up to 21,768 Polish citizens[20][24].

The German Occupation

From the start, the war against Poland was intended as a fulfilment of the plan described by Adolf Hitler in his book Mein Kampf. The main axis of the plan was that all of Eastern Europe should become part of the greater Germany, the so-called German Lebensraum ("living space")[25][26]. The German Army was sent, as stated by Adolf Hitler in his Armenian quote: "with orders to kill without mercy and reprieve all men, women and children of the Polish race"[27][28].

Atrocities during the invasion of Poland (1939)

Main article: War crimes of the Wehrmacht
See also: Defense of the Polish Post Office in Danzig

The Germans carried out massacres and executions from the start[29]. Typically the executions were in a public place such as the town square[30].

Location, date and numbers of Polish citizens murdered

The Luftwaffe also took part by strafing refugees on the road[7][41]. The number of civilians wounded or killed by aerial bombing is put at over 100,000[42]. The Luftwaffe dropped their bombs on open cities against the civilians in them[43]. Amongst the Polish cities and towns to be bombed were

The Bydgoszcz Incidents

Main article: Bloody Sunday (1939)

The Germans as part of their anti-Polish campaign [44] [45][46] used the Bydgoszcz incidents. Germans living in the town took anti-Polish actions including shooting at Polish soldiers [47][48]. Polish soldiers shot a number of Germans for various reasons including possession of weapons. The Nazi German government claimed wholesale slaughter of Germans [49]. Norman Davies estimated that 20,000 Poles were murdered in reprisal [50].

Terror and crimes against intelligentsia and clergy

Main article: Einsatzgruppen
See also: Operation Tannenberg, German AB-Aktion operation in Poland, and 108 Martyrs of World War Two

During the German invasion of Poland (1939)[5], special action squads of SS and police (the Einsatzgruppen)[7][51] were deployed in the rear, and arrested or killed civilians caught offering resistance against the Germans or considered capable of doing so, as determined by their position and social status. Tens of thousands of government officials, landowners, clergy, and members of the intelligentsia — teachers, doctors, journalists, and others (both Poles and Jews) — were either murdered in mass executions or sent to prisons and concentration camps[52]. German army units and "self-defense" forces composed of Volksdeutsche also participated in executions of civilians. In many cases, these executions were reprisal actions that held entire communities collectively responsible for attacks on German forces or the murder of ethnic Germans. The German occupiers launched AB-Aktion in May 1940 a plan to eliminate the Polish intelligentsia and leadership class[53]. More than 16,000 members of the intelligentsia were murdered in Operation Tannenberg alone[51].

The Roman Catholic Church was suppressed in Wartheland more harshly than elsewhere[54]: churches were systematically closed[55]; most priests were either killed, imprisoned, or deported to the General Government[55]. In the General Government, Hans Frank’s diary shows he planned a “war on the clergy” [56].The Germans also closed seminaries and convents and persecuted monks and nuns. Between 1939 and 1945, an estimated 2,801 members of the Polish clergy were murdered (in all of Poland)[57]; of these, 1,926 died in concentration camps (798 of them at Dachau)[57]. One hundred and eight of them are regarded as blessed martyrs, Maximilian Kolbe as a saint[58].

Cultural genocide and the preparations for the final solution

Main article: final solution
See also: Cultural genocide and Education in Poland during World War II

As part of a wider effort to destroy Polish culture, the Germans closed or destroyed universities, schools, museums, libraries, and scientific laboratories[59][2]. Polish academic institutions were turned into German establishments. Polish children were forced to attend and obey with strict punishment used. [60]. They demolished hundreds of monuments to national heroes[61][62]. To prevent the birth of a new generation of educated Poles, German officials decreed that the schooling of Polish children should end after a few years of elementary education.

"The sole goal of this schooling is to teach them simple arithmetic, nothing above the number 500; writing one's name; and the doctrine that it is divine law to obey the Germans. I do not think that reading is desirable,"[63]

It was the German plan to move Poles to Siberia[64][65]. Himmler wrote a memorandum in May 1940[52]. In it he promised to deport all Poles to the east [Russia]. In other statements, he mentioned the future killing fields for all Poles in the Pripet Marshes[citation needed]. Plans for mass transportation and slave labor camps for up to 20 million Poles were made. All were intended to die during the cultivation of the swamps. A bitter note is Hitler's remark that the Poles should be exterminated where they originated in the early medieval age[citation needed].

During the war, Himmler in his capacity as Reich Commissioner oversaw the kidnapping of Polish children to be Germanized[66]. The German also took approximately 50,000, some estimate are as high as 200,000[67], Polish children from their families. They were sent to the Reich to be subject to "Germanisation"[53][68].

German Massacres

Main article: Pacification operations in German-occupied Poland
See also: Wawer Massacre

Other sites include: Rawicz, Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Nowy Tomyśl, Międzychód, Żnin, Września, Chełmno, Chojnice, Kalisz and Włocławek [72].

Germanisation of Polish Land

Main article: Germanisation

Germanisation of Annexed Polish Land

In the Wartheland, the Nazis' goal was complete Germanization: to assimilate the territories politically, culturally, socially, and economically into the German Reich. Germans closed elementary schools where Polish was the language taught. Streets and cities were renamed so that Łódź became Litzmannstadt, for example. Tens of thousands of Polish enterprises, from large industrial firms to small shops, were seized without payment to the owners[74]. Signs posted in public places warned: "Entrance forbidden for Poles, Jews, and dogs."

The Germans planned to change ownership of all property in the land incorporated into the Third Reich. In a speech to German colonist, Arthur Greiser said ‘’In ten years there will not even be a peasant smallholding which will not be in German hands’’. This force resettlement affected 2 million Poles. Family were made in the severe winter of 1939-40 to leave behind almost everything without any recompense [59]. As part of Operation Tannenburg alone, 750,000 Polish peasants were forced and their property given to Germans[75].

Jews were treated slightly differently as they were gather together into ghettos in the cities. Heinrich Himmler ordered all Jews in the annexed lands to be deported to central Poland. In winter 1939-40, about 100,000 Jews were thus deported[76].

Extermination of psychiatric patients

Main article: Nazi eugenics

In July 1939, a Nazi secret program called T-4 Euthanasia Program was developed with the intention of exterminating psychiatric patients[77]. During the German invasion of Poland, the programme was put into practice in the occupied Polish territories. Initially, it was implemented according to the following plan: a German director took control over the psychiatric hospital; under the threat of execution, no patient could be released from the hospital; and all patients were counted and transported by trucks to an unknown destination. Each truck was accompanied by armed soldiers from special SS detachments who returned without the patients after a few hours. The patients were said to be transferred to another hospital, but evidence showed that they had been killed. The first action of this type took place in Kocborowo[77], at a large psychiatric hospital in the Gdańsk region on September 22, 1939. Along with their patients, six hospital employees, including a deputy director, were murdered by a firing squad. By December 1,800 patients from Kocborowo had been murder and buried in the forest of Szpegawski. In total 7,000 were buried in the forest of Szpegawski[78]. Similar exterminations took place in October 1939 in a hospital in Owińska, near Poznań, where 1,000 patients (children and adults) were killed[citation needed].

In addition to the executions by firing squad, other methods of mass murder were also used. Patients at a psychiatric hospital in Owińska were transported to a military fortress in Poznań where, in Fort VII bunkers, they were gassed by carbon monoxide[79] , approximately 50 persons at a time[citation needed]. Other Owińska hospital patients were gassed in sealed trucks by the carbon monoxide of the exhaust fumes. The same method was performed in Kochanówek Hospital near Łódź where, between March-August 1940, 2,200 persons were killed. This was the first "successful" test of mass murder using gas poisoning and this "technique" was later used and perfected on many other psychiatric patients in occupied Poland and Germany and, starting in 1941, on inmates of the extermination camps. The total number of psychiatric patients murdered by the Nazis in occupied Poland between 1939-1945 is estimated to be more than 16,000, with an additional 10,000 patients who died of malnutrition. Additionally, approximately 100 out of 243 members of the pre-war Polish Psychiatric Association, met the same fate as their patients. Nazi terror was aimed at the complete reconstruction of society. Jews were to disappear; Poles were to become slaves of Greater Germany. Therefore the leadership of Poles: political, economic and religious, were to be murdered, while the bulk of the population were stripped of any rights and given no education or health care. To explain the policy of terror for German society at home and abroad, some pretext was necessary. Some of the alleged causes were revenge for Bloody Sunday, reaction to Polish resistance activities and the political agenda of the fanatical Nazi leadership[citation needed].

Forced labour

Main article: Forced labor in Nazi Germany
See also: Forced prostitution in German armed forces and Poles in the Wehrmacht

All Polish males were required to perform forced labor[53]. Between 1939 and 1945, at least 1.5 million Polish citizens[80] were transported to the Reich for forced labour, against their will. One estimate has 1 million (including POWs) from annexed lands and 1.28 million from the General Government [81][82]. Many were teenage boys and girls. Although Germany also used forced labourers from Western Europe, Poles, along with other Eastern Europeans viewed as inferior[53], were subject to especially harsh discriminatory measures. They were forced to wear identifying purple P's sewn to their clothing, subjected to a curfew, and banned from public transport. While the treatment of factory workers or farm hands often varied depending on the individual employer, Polish laborers as a rule were compelled to work longer hours for lower wages[83] than Western Europeans and, in many cities, they were forced to live in segregated barracks behind barbed wire. Social relations with Germans outside work were forbidden and sexual relations with them were considered "racial defilement", punishable by death. During the war, hundreds of Polish men were executed for their relations with German women.

Concentration camps

Main article: Nazi concentration camps
See also: Janowska concentration camp, Trawniki concentration camp, Sobibor extermination camp, Belzec extermination camp, Trawniki concentration camp, Majdanek, Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp, Chelmno extermination camp, Potulice concentration camp, Zgoda labour camp, Kurów, and Zaslaw concentration camp

Polish citizens, especially Ethnic Poles and Polish Jews, were prisoners in nearly every camp of the extensive concentration camp system in German-occupied Poland and the Reich. A major labour camp complex at Stutthof, east of Gdańsk/Danzig, existed from September, 1939[84] to the end of the war, where an estimated 20,000 Poles died as a result of executions, hard labour, and harsh conditions. Some 100,000 Poles were deported to Majdanek, and tens of thousands of them died there. An estimated 20,000 Poles died at Sachsenhausen, 20,000 at Gross-Rosen, 30,000 at Mauthausen, 17,000 at Neuengamme, 10,000 at Dachau, and 17,000 at Ravensbrück[52]. In addition, tens of thousands of Polish people were executed or died in their thousands in other camps, including special children's camps such as in Łódź and its subcamp at Dzierżan, in prisons and other places of detention inside and outside Poland.

Auschwitz concentration camp

Main article: Auschwitz concentration camp

The Auschwitz concentration camp went into operation on June14, 1940. The first transport of 728 Polish prisoners consisted mostly of schoolchildren, students and soldiers from an overcrowded prison at Tarnów. Within a week another 313 arrived. There were major transports in August of 1,666 and September of 1,705. This so called “Polish” phase lasted until the middle of 1942[85]. By March 1941, 10,900 prisoners were registered at the camp, most of them Poles[86].

The treatment of Polish Jews

Main article: History of the Jews in Poland

Polish Jews over the age of 12 were forced to wear the Star of David[87].

The German Reign of Terror (July 1941 to December 1944)

Soviet executions of their prisoners June/July 1941

Main article: NKVD prisoner massacres
See also: Lviv Civilian Massacre (1941)

Following the German attack against Soviet forces in eastern Poland, the Soviet panicked and executed their prisoners[19]. One estimate put the death toll in the prisons up to 30,000 [88]. There maybe as many as 100,000 victims at the Soviets hands as they retreated [88]. The following is a partial list of prisons were executions took place.

It was not only prisoners who were murdered by NKVD as the Soviets retreated. Other Soviet crimes included:

  • Brzeżany – Soviet soldiers threw hand grenades into homes [91].
  • Czortków – Four priests, three brothers and a tertiary murdered[91]

German Massacres

See also: Massacre of Lwów professors

Józefów Massacre – 1500 Jews (elderly, women and children only)[92]

By 1943 it was common for the population to be subject to mass murder [69].

Polish Collaboration

Jedwabne pogrom

Main article: Jedwabne pogrom

The Jedwabne pogrom (or Jedwabne massacre) was a massacre of Jewish people living in and near the town of Jedwabne in Poland that took place in July 1941 during World War II[93]. The Polish Institute of National Remembrance say that the crime was "committed directly by Poles, but inspired by the Germans."

Ukrainian Collaboration

Main article: Massacres of Poles in Volhynia
See also: Huta Pieniacka massacre

The Holocaust in occupied Poland

Main article: Holocaust in Nazi-occupied Poland
See also: Holocaust and Holocaust victims

The first German death camps in occupied Poland were started in late 1941. The Chelmno extermination camp used mobile gas vans to murder mostly Jews and Roma. The Germans then set-up killing centres at Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka[94].

Auschwitz concentration camp

Main article: Auschwitz concentration camp

In September 1941, 200 ill prisoners, most of them Poles, along with 600 Soviet POWs[95], were killed in the first gassing experiments at Auschwitz. Beginning in 1942, Auschwitz's prisoner population became much more diverse, as Jews and other "enemies of the state" from all over German-occupied Europe were deported to the camp.

About 960,000 Jews died at Auschwitz including 438,000 from Hungary and 300,000 Polish Jews[96][97]. The Polish scholar Franciszek Piper, the chief historian of Auschwitz, estimates that 140,000 to 150,000 Poles were brought to that camp between 1940 and 1945, and that 70,000 to 75,000 died there as victims of executions, of cruel medical experiments, and of starvation and disease[97].

Warsaw Ghetto

Main article: Warsaw Ghetto
See also: Warsaw Ghetto Uprising and Ghettos in German-occupied Europe (1939-1944)

The Warsaw Ghetto was the largest of the Jewish ghettos located in the territory of General Government during World War II[98], established by Nazi Germany in Warsaw, the prewar capital of Poland. Between 1941 and 1943, starvation, disease and mass deportations to concentration camps and extermination camps such as during the Gross-aktion Warschau, reduced the population of the ghetto from an estimated 445,000[99][100] to approximately 71,000[101]. In 1943 the Warsaw Ghetto was the scene of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising[102][103].

Warsaw concentration camp

Main article: Warsaw concentration camp

From 1943 until 1944, the Warsaw concentration camp (Konzentrationslager Warschau) worked as a death camp to exterminate the Polish population of Warsaw. The Gentile population of Poland was a target of the łapanka policy, in which the forces of SS, Wehrmacht and police rounded up civilians on the street; between 1942 and 1944, there were approximately 400 victims of the łapanka in Warsaw daily. During the existence of the KL Warschau, it is estimated that tens of thousands (IPN [1]) of people were killed there, most of them Polish citizens of the city. Some estimates put the total at 200,000[104]. Most of them were shot in publicised reprisal executions of hostages[104] or died due to bad health conditions in the camp and a typhus epidemic; some were also gassed[104]. Some historians, such as Maria Trzcińska, also postulate the existence of an enormous gas chamber in a railway tunnel at Bem Street[citation needed]; however, this claim is highly controversial. The very existence of the death camp part of the compound, had been a public secret during the era of Communist rule in Poland. The reason was to inflate numbers of victims of the Warsaw Uprising, initiated by the patriotic Polish Home Army against the Germans in 1944, which was followed by massive civilian casualties inflicted by the Nazis upon the city's population (see below).

The End of German Rule and the start of Soviet Domination (January 1944 on)

The End of the Nazi Crimes

Warsaw Uprising atrocities

Main article: Warsaw Uprising
See also: Wola massacre and Ochota massacre

During the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, German forces committed many atrocities against Polish civilians, following the order by Hitler to raze the city and "turn it into a lake"[105].

The most severe of them took place in Wola district[106] where, at the beginning of August 1944, tens of thousands of civilians (men, women, and children)[107] were methodically rounded-up and executed by Einsatzkommando of Sicherheitspolizei operating within the SS-Gruppenführer Heinz Reinefarth group under the overall command of Erich von dem Bach-Zalewski. Executions in the Wola district, sometimes called the Wola massacre, also included the killings of both the patients and staff of local hospitals. Victims’ bodies were then collected by the members of the Verbrennungskommando, comprising selected Polish men, and burnt. Other similar massacres took place in the areas of Śródmieście (City Centre), Old Town, Marymont, and Ochota districts. In Ochota district, civilian killings, rapes, and looting were conducted by the members of Russian collaborators from SS-Sturmbrigade RONA. Until the end of the September 1944, Polish resistance fighters were not considered by Germans as combatants; thus, when captured, they were summarily executed. After the fall of the Old Town, during the beginning of September, the remaining 7,000 seriously wounded hospitals’ patients were executed or burnt alive often with the medical staff caring for them. Similar atrocities took place later in the Czerniaków district. A number of captured insurgents were hanged or otherwise executed after the fall of Powiśle and Mokotów districts as well.

Timeline of Massacres during Warsaw Uprising

  • Aug 2 - Rakowiecka Street Prison – about 500 prisoners and Jesuits murdered[108].
  • Aug 2 - Ochota - Germans murder all their hostages. [108].
  • Aug 4 - Ochota – Start of massacre residents[108].
  • Aug 5 - Wola – Start of massacre of residents. In total 10,000[108] to 20,000[106] residents murdered.
  • Aug 5 - Wolski Hospital[106] – about 360 patients and personnel murdered[108].
  • Aug 5 - St. Lazarus Hospital[106] – about 1,000 patients and personnel murdered[108].
  • Aug 6 - Karola i Marii Hospital[106] – over 100 patients murdered[108].
  • Aug 8 – Old Town - Germans set fire to historic buildings in the Old Town[108].
  • Aug 10 - Ochota - Brigade SS-RONA are continuing to kill residents[108].
  • Aug 13 – Old Town – Explosion kills 350, mostly civilians[108].
  • Aug 28 - Polish Security Printing Works - Injured, field hospital staff and civilians sheltered in the basement are murdered[108].
  • Aug 29 – Unknown - Germans murder old people and invalids from a captured municipal shelter [108].
  • Sep 2- Old Town – 7,000 civilians are murdered[108].

More than 200,000 Poles were killed in the uprising[53][109]. Out of 450,000 surviving civilians, 150,000 were sent to labour camps in Germany[110], and 50,000[110] to 60,000[111]were shipped to death and concentration camps. Neither Erich von dem Bach-Zalewski nor Heinz Reinefarth were ever tried for their Warsaw Uprising atrocities.

List of internment sites for Polish Citizens (German Concentration and Death Camps)

Main article: German camps in occupied Poland during World War II

Below is an incomplete list of sites, where Polish citizens, detained, imprisoned, forced into slave labour, and exterminated were found both on Polish territory and outside it. This includes also concentration camps and camp complexes where persons of Polish nationality and citizens of Poland of other nationalities were detained as World War II combatants and victims of war and post-war repressions.

The article List of concentration camps for Poles contains the following lists:

  • Sites of internment camps of the Security police (UB)
  • Nazi concentration camps primarily for Poles (Polenlager)
  • Extermination camps for children younger than 14 years old

A significant number of Ethnic Poles, Jewish Poles and other Polish citizen were detained in German concentration camps, see List of Nazi camps.

Return of the Soviet Terror

More Deportations

Main article: Repatriation of Poles (1944–1946)

With the return of the Soviets, the killings and deportations start again. In the Lublin area more than 50,000 Poles were arrested between July ’44 and June ’45.[91]

Casualties

Main article: World War II casualties
See also: Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs

Poland is now estimated to have lost between 4.9 and 5.1 million citizens at the hands of the Germans.[80][1]. Over 1 million more died at the hands of the Soviets[1]. In total over 6 million Polish citizens died[1].

The vast majority were civilians[112]. The daily average in Polish lives was 2,800[113]. Poland’s professional classes suffered higher than average causalities with Doctors (45%), lawyers (57%), University professors (40%), technicians (30%), clergy (18%) and many journalists.[2]

It was not only Polish citizens who died at the hands of the occupying powers but many others. One estimate is 2 million people from 29 countries died in occupied Poland. This includes 1 million Jews and 784,000 Soviet POWs[114].

See also

External links

References

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  57. ^ a b Tadeusz Piotrowski Poland’s Holocaust, ISBN 0-7864-0371-3 Page 302
  58. ^ Richard LucasForgotten Holocaust, Hippocrene ISBN 0-87052-632-4
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Further reading

  • World War II crimes in Poland
    • 'God's Playground Volume II' by Norman Davies, Oxford University Press 1986 ISBN 0-19-821944-X Chapter 20 Poland in the Second World War
    • ‘Poland in the Second World War’ by Jozef Garlinski, Macmillian ISBN0-333-39258-2 Chapter 3
    • 'The War of the World' by Niall Ferguson, Allen Lane, ISBN-13: 978-0-713-99708-8 Chapters 12-13
  • The Soviet Occupation
    • ‘Blank Pages’ by G.C. Malcher, Pyrford 1993
    • ‘Civil War in Poland, 1942-1948’ by Anita Prazmowska, Palgrave 2004
    • ‘Fate of Poles in the USSR 1939-1989’ by Tomasz Piesakowski, Gryf Publications 1990
    • 'Poland’s Holocaust' by Tadeusz Piotrowski ISBN 0-7864-0371-3 Chapter 1 Soviet Terror
  • Deportation
    • The Polish Deportees of World War II Edited by Tadeusz Piotrowski, McFarland & Co ISBN-13:978-0-7864-3258-5
    • ‘Exiled to Siberia: A Polish Child's WWII Journey’ by Klaus Hergt, Crescent Lake 2000
  • Katyn Massacre
    • ‘Attempt to Identify the Polish Jewish Officers who were prisoners in Katyn’ by Simon Schochet, Yeshiva University 1989
    • ‘Death in the Forest’ by J.K.Zawodny, Hippocrene 1988
    • ‘Katyn Massacre’ by Louis FitzGibbon, Corgi 1989
    • ‘Katyn: A crime without Punishment’ by Various, Yale University 2007
    • 'Katyn: Stalin's Massacre and the Seeds of Polish Resurrection' by Allen Paul Naval Institute Press, 1996. ISBN 1557506701
  • GULAG
    • ‘Gulag a History’ by Anne Applebaum, Penguin Books 2004
  • The German Occupation
    • ‘German Atrocities in Poland’ by J.K. Garvin, Free Europe Pamphlet
    • 'Poland’s Holocaust' by Tadeusz Piotrowski ISBN 0-7864-0371-3 Chapter 2 Nazi Terror
  • Atrocities during the invasion of Poland (1939)
    • 'Crimes committed by the Wehrmacht during the September campaign and the period of military government' by Szymon Datner, 1962.
    • 'Genocide 1939-1945 by S.Datner', J.Gumkowski and K.Leszczynski, Wydawnictwo Zachodnie 1962 Chapter 2 Crimes of the Wehrmacht
  • The Bydgoszcz Incident
    • ‘The German Fifth Column in Poland’, Hutchinson, 1940 Chapter 3 – The Truth about the Bydgoszcz Incidents
  • Terror and crimes against intelligentsia and clergy
    • ‘Poland in the Second World War’ by Jozef Garlinski, Macmillian ISBN0-333-39258-2 Chapter 6
  • Cultural genocide and the preparations for the final solution
    • The Origins of the Final Solution by C.Browning, Arrow Books, ISBN 0 09 945482 3
    • 'Nazi Rule in Poland 1939-1945' by Tadeusz Cyprian and Jerzy Sawicki, Polonia Publishing House 1961 Chapter XIV Germanization of Children & XVII The Nazi Attitude to Science
  • Forced labour
    • 'Nazi Rule in Poland 1939-1945' by Tadeusz Cyprian and Jerzy Sawicki, Polonia Publishing House 1961 Chapter XX Forced Labour
  • Auschwitz
    • ‘Auschwitz’ by Franciszek Piper
    • ‘Auschwitz A History’ by Sybille Steinbacher, Penguin Book
    • ‘The Bombing of Auschwitz’ by Various, University Press of Kansas**'Nazi Rule in Poland 1939-1945' by Tadeusz Cyprian and Jerzy Sawicki, Polonia Publishing House 1961 Chapter XXI-XXIV
  • Concentration and extermination camps
    • ‘Belzec’ by Rudolf
  • Warsaw Ghetto
    • ‘A Cup of Tears’ by Abraham Lewin, Fontana 1990
    • ‘The Ghetto Fight’ by Marek Edelman, Bookmarks 1990
    • 'Nazi Rule in Poland 1939-1945' by Tadeusz Cyprian and Jerzy Sawicki, Polonia Publishing House 1961 Chapter XXVIII The Report of Jurgen Stroop
  • Warsaw Uprising
    • ‘The Warsaw Uprising’ by George Bruce, Pan Books ISBN 0 330 24096 X
    • ‘Rising ’44’ by Norman Davies, Pan books ISBN 0 330 48863 5
    • ‘Seventy Days’ by Waclaw Zagorski, Frederick Muller 1957
    • ‘Nothing but Honour’ by J.K.Zawodny, Macmillan ISBN 0 333 12123 6
    • ‘Airlift to Warsaw’ by Neil Orpen, W.Foulsham ISBN 0-572-01287-X
    • ‘The Warsaw Rising’ of 1944 by Jan Ciechanowski, Cambridge ISBN 0 521 20203 5
    • ‘The Civilian Population and the Warsaw Uprising of 1944’ by Joanna Hanson, Cambridge ISBN o 521 23421 2
    • 'Nazi Rule in Poland 1939-1945' by Tadeusz Cyprian and Jerzy Sawicki, Polonia Publishing House 1961 Chapter XXIX The Warsaw Rising
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