Roger Penrose
Mathematical physicist Roger Penrose is well-known for his 1974 invention of Penrose tilings, which are formed from two tiles that can only tile the plane aperiodically. In 1984, similar patterns were found in the arrangement of atoms in quasicrystals.
He has written books such as The Emperor's New Mind ISBN: 0140145346 where he argues there must be errors in the known laws of physics, and true artificial intelligence is impossible. He argues this based on ideas such as the claim that humans can understand to be true mathematical facts that are formally unprovable and therefore human intelligence must not consist of a formal system. This argument is considered flawed by most in the artificial intelligence community, such as Marvin Minsky, who point out that human beings can understand things to be true facts which are false, and therefore the process of understanding is not limited by mathematical systems of formal logic.
More Information
Instructions for making the Penrose tiles are here:[1]
Two theories for the formation of quasicrystals resembling Penrose tilings are here: [2]
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