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Wrocław

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 [[pl:Wroc%b3aw]]

The crest of the city of Wroclaw

Wrocław (pronounced "vrotswaf"; German: Breslau, Czech: Vratislav, Latin: Vratislavia) is a city in Silesia in southwestern Poland, situated on the Odra river. Wrocław has a population (2003) of 638,666. It is the principal city of the Lower Silesia region and the administrative seat of the Lower Silesian Voivodship (since 1999), previously of Wroclaw Voivodship. The city is also a separate city-county and a site of the Wroclaw County.

History

Situated at a long existing trading place, a city was first recorded in the 10th century as Vratislavia(Wratislaw) (the origin of its various later names) after Vratislav I (Wratislaw), duke of Bohemia (915-921). The settlement was conquered by the Polish duke Mieszko I in the 990s. Already a place of some importance, it became the capital of Silesia in 1138, where Silesians had founded a settlement south of the river. During Mongol invasion in 1241 most of the population of the city was evacuated. Settlement was then sacked and burned by Mongols, but they had no time to siege the castle where rest of burghers found refugee.

Documents of the time refer to the town by many variants of the name, including Bresslau, Presslau, Breslau and Latin Wratislaw. The restored Breslau town was given Magdeburg city rights in 1262. The first illustration of the city was published in the Schedelsche Weltchronik in 1493.

Under direct overlordship of the Holy Roman Empire the emperors granted government positions to members of various ducal and royal dynasties. The city was a member of the Hanseatic League of northern European trading cities. In 1335 it was along with the almost entire province of Silesia incorporated into the Kingdom of Bohemia and was part of it until 1740s, from 1526 under Habsburg dynasty all continuously part of the H.R.E. The overwhelming majority of the inhabitants became Protestants during the Reformation, but were forcibly suppressed during the Catholic Reformation by the Jesuits, working with the support of the Habsburg rulers.

In 1569 Silesia had made a contract with Brandenburg, that in the case that the last Silesian Piast rulers died out, the land would be united with Brandenburg. This was the case in the 17th century, but the Habsburgs kept Silesia. The Protestant churches were closed and Silesia, including Breslau, was forced to become nearly all Catholic again. Because Brandenburg-Prussia was more sympathetic to their choice of religion, many people from Silesia and Bohemia sought refuge in Brandenburg-Prussia, and particularly Berlin. The Prussian king Frederick the Great even built a church dedicated to Saint Hedwig, the patroness of Silesia, in Brandenburg and Berlin. The diocese of Berlin was attached to the archdioce of Breslau.

Annexed by the kingdom of Prussia in the 1740s, Prussia and the city became part of the German Empire in 1871 after the demise of the HRE in 1806. The kings of Prussia saw to it that Breslau became a major industrial centre, notably of linen and cotton manufacture, more than tripling in population in 1860-1910 to over half a million. Its municipal boundaries were greatly extended in 1928.

Many of the city's 10,000 Jews were murdered during the Nazi genocide of World War II. When Red Army approached, Wroclaw was declared fortress and most of population, except 150,000, was expelled by Nazi authorities. The building fortifications required slave workforce therefore the number of concentration camps prisoners increased. The whole center of the city was transfered to runway of the military airport that was used as a escape route for the fortress commander. Damaged severely during the 3 month siege by the Soviet army in 1945, the fortress surrender May 6, 1945. According to Potsdam agreement city was given to Poland, and the Polish name for the city, Wrocław, came into more common use among Poles.

The remainder of Wroclaw German population was transfered to Germany by Soviet- installed communist administration by the lalf of 1946 in line with decision of the Allies. It was replaced by Polish people expelled from territories lost by Poland to the USSR (many of them from the Lviv, former Lwow, area).

Gradually the old city was restored and now Wroclaw is very beautifull city.

In July 1997 the city was hit by a severe flooding of the Oder.

Nobel laureates from Breslau

Historical population


1800: 64,500 inhabitants
1831: 89,500 inhabitants
1852: 121,100 inhabitants
1880: 272,900 inhabitants
1900: 422,700 inhabitants
1910: 510,000 inhabitants
1925: 555,200 inhabitants
1933: 625,198 inhabitants
1939: 629,565 inhabitants
1946: 171,000 inhabitants


1960: 431,800 inhabitants
1970: 526,000 inhabitants
1975: 579,900 inhabitants
1980: 617,700 inhabitants
1990: ?
1999: 650,000 inhabitants
2003: 638 666 inhabitants

Universities, industry and infrastructure

Today's Wroclaw has nine universities, including Wroclaw University (Uniwersytet Wroclawski), Wroclaw Polytechnic (Politechnika Wroclawska), Medical Academy of Breslau (Wroclawska Akademia Medyczna), University School of Physical Education. Its major industries are the manufacture of railroad cars and electronics. The city has both an airport and a river port.

Photos

A shot of skating ring in the night.
A skating ring in the Rynek (Market Square) - Dec 2003.

Books

  • Encyklopedia Wrocławia. Wrocław 2001
  • Wrocław jego dzieje kultura. Warszawa 1978
  • K.Maleczyński, M.Morelowski, A.Ptaszycka, Wrocław. Rozwój ubranistyczny. Warszawa 1956
  • W.Długoborski, J.Gierowski, K.Maleczyński, Dzieje Wrocławia do roku 1807., Warszawa 1958
  • Microcosm, by Norman Davies (Jonathan Cape, 2002) ISBN 0224062433
  • An Eye for an Eye, by John Sack (John Sack, 2000) ISBN 0967569109 (paperback)
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