Jump to content

MSX

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Grauw (talk | contribs) at 15:20, 18 April 2004 (Hardly the third-best site about MSX... :)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.


MSX is the name of a standard for home computers in the 1980s (see also 'The Home Computer Era' in the History of computing hardware).

Overview

MSX official logo MSX official logo

MSX was conceived by Kazuhiko Nishi of Microsoft Japan, now ASCII Corporation, who was attempting to create a single standard by which any company could build a compatible computer. Inspired by the success of VHS as a standard for video cassette recorders, many Japanese electronic manufacturers along with Philips and Spectravideo built and promoted MSX computers. Any piece of hardware or software with the MSX logo on it was compatible with MSX products of other manufacturers.

Nishi's standard consisted primarily of several off-the-shelf parts, the main CPU was the Zilog Z80 running at 3.58MHz, graphics were provided by the Texas Instruments TMS9918, in use in their own failed TI-99, and sound by the General Instruments AY-3-8910. None of these were particularly advanced examples of contemporary design, although when Nishi proposed the standard in 1982 they added up to a reasonably competitive machine.

History

In the 1980s Japan was in the midst of a powerful economic awakening that many in the "western world" thought unstoppable -- a new yellow peril as it were. The large Japanese electronics firms should have been able to crush the early computer market had they made a concerted effort to do so in the late 1970s. Their combined design and manufacturing power would have allowed them to produce better and cheaper machines than anyone else. But they initially ignored the home computer market and seemed to be very hesitant to do any work where there wasn't some sort of standard in place.

Thus when MSX was announced and a slew of big Japanese firms announced their plans to introduce machines, it set off a wave of panic in the US industry. However by the time machines built to the standard started to arrive in late 1984, they were no longer competitive, IBM had introduced the 16-bit IBM PC, and Apple had recently changed everything with their Macintosh.

Consequently, MSX never became the worldwide standard that its makers envisioned, mainly because it never took off in the United States. In Japan and Korea, MSX was the major home computer system in the 1980s. It was also popular in several European countries (especially in The Netherlands), South Korea and Brazil and even in Arab countries and the Soviet Union.

The exact meaning of the 'MSX' abbreviation remains a matter of debate. At the time, most people seemed to agree it meant 'MicroSoft eXtended', referring to the built-in MSX-BASIC programming language, specifically written by Microsoft for the MSX system. However, according to Kazuhiko Nishi during a more recent visit to Tilburg in the Netherlands, MSX stands for 'Machines with Software eXchangeability'. The MSX-DOS disk operating system had file compatibility with CP/M and was similar to MS-DOS. In this way, Microsoft could promote MSX for home use while promoting MS-DOS based personal computers in office environments.

MSX spawned four generations: MSX 1 (1983), MSX 2 (1986), MSX 2+ (1988) and MSX turbo R (1990). The first three were 8-bit computers based on the Z80 microprocessor, while the MSX turbo R was based on an enhanced Zilog Z800 known as the R800. The turbo R was introduced in 1990 but was unsuccessful due to lack of support from any other company. In 1995 the production of this last MSX computer stopped as well. In the end, 5 million MSX computers were sold.

Recently, Kazuhiko Nishi initiated an 'MSX Revival' around an official MSX emulator called 'MSX PLAYer'. Whether this project will be a success remains to be seen, but many good freeware emulators are already available on the Internet, of which openMSX [1] is one of the more active free projects.

MSX trivia

  • MSX 1 computers were very similar to the late Colecovision videogame consoles. In common they had the CPU, video and sound processor. No wonder some games (e.g. Antarctic Adventure and Zaxxon) were identical on both platforms. A Colecovision emulator for MSX exists.
  • By far, most MSX games were written by japanese software-house Konami, followed by Activision and ASCII Corporation.
  • As MSX 1's processor, the Zilog Z80, could address up to 64 kbytes, the default allocation (used in most, if not all models) was lower 32 kbytes for ROM BASIC and upper 32 kbytes for RAM. Machines intended to run MSX-DOS (a CP/M-like system) had 64 kbytes RAM, but the lower 32 kbytes were disabled in order to the ROM BASIC to function. When the computer booted MSX-DOS, the ROM BASIC was disabled and all the 64-kbyte address space was mapped to RAM.
  • Among MSX-DOS compatible software there were dBase II, Turbo Pascal version 3 and Wordstar. Therefore, in the late 80's, several Brazilian companies have used a MSX as its "corporate" computer. As MSX 1 original video could display only 40x25 text, there were expansion kits that upgraded the display to 80x25, giving MSX a more professional appeal. MSX 2 & up were never mainstream in Brazil, and at their time, the IBM PC (mainly in the form of Taiwanese clones) overtook that market completely.

Manufacturers of MSX computers

System specs

MSX1

MSX2

  • Processor: Zilog Z80A running at 3.58 MHz
  • ROM: 48 kB
    • BIOS + Extended BIOS (32 kB)
    • MSX BASIC V2.0 (16 kB)
    • DiskROM (16 kB) (optional)
  • RAM: commonly 128 kB (64 kB on Japanese computers)
    • Memory mapped (4 MB/slot max)
  • Video Display Processor: Yamaha v9938
    • Video RAM: 128 kB (sometimes 64 kB or 192 kB)
    • Text modes: 80 x 24 and 32 x 24
    • Resolution: 512 x 212 (16 colours from 512) and 256 x 212 (256 colours)
    • Sprites: 32, 16 colours, max 8 per line
  • Sound chip: General Instruments AY-3-8910 (PSG)
    • 3 channels + noise
  • Clock chip

MSX2+

  • Only released in Japan
  • Processor: Zilog Z80A running at 3.58 MHz
  • ROM: 64 kB
    • BIOS + Extended BIOS (32 kB)
    • MSX BASIC V3.0 (16 kB)
    • DiskROM (16 kB)
    • Kun-BASIC (16 kB) (optional)
    • Kanji ROM (optional)
  • RAM: commonly 64 kB (on Japanese computers)
    • Memory mapped (4 MB/slot max)
  • Video Display Processor: Yamaha v9958
    • Video RAM: 128 kB
    • Text modes: 80 x 24 and 32 x 24
    • Resolution: 512 x 212 (16 colours from 512) and 256 x 212 (19268 colours)
    • Sprites: 32, 16 colours, max 8 per line
    • Horizontal and vertical scroll registers
  • Sound chip: General Instruments AY-3-8910 (PSG)
    • 3 channels + noise
  • Sound chip: Yamaha YM2413 (OPLL) (MSX-Music)
    • 9 channels FM or 6 channels FM + 5 drums
    • 15 pre-set instruments, 1 custom
  • Clock chip

MSX turbo R

  • Only released in Japan
  • Processor: R800 running at 7.14 MHz
  • Processor: Zilog Z80A running at 3.58 MHz
  • ROM: 96 kB (
    • BIOS + Extended BIOS (48 kB)
    • MSX BASIC V4.0 (16 kB)
    • DiskROM (16 kB)
    • Kun-BASIC (16 kB)
    • Kanji ROM (256 kB)
    • Firmware (4 MB)
  • RAM: 256 kB (FS-A1ST) or 512 kB (FS-A1GT)
    • Memory mapped (4 MB/slot max)
    • Additionally 16 kB of SRAM (battery-powered)
  • Video Display Processor: Yamaha v9958
    • Video RAM: 128 kB
    • Text modes: 80 x 24 and 32 x 24
    • Resolution: 512 x 212 (16 colours from 512) and 256 x 212 (19268 colours)
    • Sprites: 32, 16 colours, max 8 per line
    • Horizontal and vertical scroll registers
  • Sound chip: General Instruments AY-3-8910 (PSG)
    • 3 channels + noise
  • Sound chip: Yamaha YM2413 (OPLL) (MSX-Music)
    • 9 channels FM or 6 channels FM + 5 drums
    • 15 pre-set instruments, 1 custom
  • Sound chip: PCM
    • 8-bit single channel (no DMA), 16kHz max
    • Microphone built-in
  • Sound chip: MIDI in/out (FS-A1GT only)
  • Clock chip


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MSX&oldid=3241390"