Sheffield

For other uses, see Sheffield (disambiguation).

City of Sheffield
Geography
Status:	Metropolitan borough, City (1893)
Region:	Yorkshire and the Humber
Ceremonial County:	South Yorkshire
Area: - Total	Ranked 129th 367.94 km²
Admin. HQ:	Sheffield
ONS code:	00CG
Demographics
Population: - Total (2004 est.) - Density	Ranked 3rd 516,100 1,403 / km²
Ethnicity:	91.2% White 4.6% S.Asian 1.8% Afro-Carib.
Politics
Sheffield City Council http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/
Leadership:	Leader & Cabinet
Executive:	Labour
MPs:	Clive Betts, David Blunkett, Richard Caborn, Nick Clegg, Meg Munn, Angela Smith

Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in the north of England. Its name originates from the River Sheaf that runs through the town. The city has grown from its industrial roots to encompass a wide economic base. The population of the city is estimated (2004) at 516,100 people,^[1] and it is one of the eight largest English cities outside London that form the English Core Cities Group.

The city has become world famous for its production of steel. Many innovations in the industry have been developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel. This fuelled an almost tenfold increase in the population since the start of Industrial Revolution. International competition caused a decline in local industry during the 1970s and '80s, impacting on Sheffield's population. In recent years the city has attempted to reinvent itself as a sporting and technology city; there are signs that this is reversing its fortunes.

The present city boundaries were set in 1974, when the former county borough of Sheffield merged with Stocksbridge Urban District and two parishes from the Wortley Rural District. This area includes a significant part of the countryside surrounding the main urban region. Roughly a third of Sheffield lies in the Peak District National Park (no other English city has a national park within its boundary), and Sheffield is England's greenest city, containing over 150 woodlands and 50 public parks^[2].

Geography

Main article: Geography of Sheffield

Sheffield is the most geographically diverse city in England.^[3] The city nestles in a natural amphitheatre created by seven hills^[4] and the confluence of five rivers: Don, Sheaf, Rivelin, Loxley and Porter. As such, much of the city is built on hillsides, with views into the city centre or out to the countryside. At its lowest point, the city stands just 10 metres above sea level, rising up to over 500 metres in some parts of the city. However, 89% of the housing in the city is between 100 and 200 metres above sea level.

With an estimated total of over two million trees, Sheffield has more trees per person than any city in Europe^[3]. It has over 170 woodlands (covering 28.27 km²), 78 public parks (covering 18.30 km²) and 10 public gardens. Added to the 134.66 km² of national park and 10.87 km² of water this means that 61% of the city is greenspace.

Sheffield also has more types of habitat than any city in the UK. As well as urban, parkland and woodland, it has agricultural and arable land, moors, meadows and freshwater-based habitats. Large parts of the city are designated as sites of special scientific interest including several urban areas.

People

See also: List of famous residents of Sheffield

People from Sheffield are called Sheffielders. They are also colloquially known to people in Barnsley, Rotherham and Chesterfield as "Dee-dars" (which derives from their pronunciation of the "th" in the dialectal words "thee" and "thou"),^[6] although the term is in decline and is not nearly as prevalent as "Scouse" is for "Liverpudlian" or "Geordie" is for "Novocastrian". Many Yorkshire dialect words and aspects of pronunciation derive from old Norse due to the Viking influence in this region.

At the time of the 2001 UK census, the ethnic make-up of Sheffield's population was 91.2% White, 4.6% Asian, and 1.8% Black. Sheffield also has large Polish, Somalian, Yemeni and Kosovan populations. In terms of religion, 68.6% of the population are Christian and 4.6% Muslim. Other religions represent less than 1% each. The number of people without a religion is above the national average at 17.9%, with 7.8% not stating their religion.^[7] The largest quinary group is 20- to 24-year-olds (9.2%), mainly because of the large university population (45,000+).^[1]

Location

Sheffield is located at 53°23′N 1°28′W. Historically, Sheffield was part of the West Riding of Yorkshire and, before this, the Saxon shire of Hallamshire. This area is now part of the county of South Yorkshire, and borders on Nottinghamshire's forests and the Derbyshire Dales.

The city lies directly next to Rotherham, with the M1 designating much of the border between them. Although Barnsley Metropolitan Borough also borders Sheffield to the north, the town itself is a few miles further. Directly to the west of the city is the Peak District National Park and the Pennine hill range. The southern border is shared with Derbyshire. Over the past hundred years, this has steadily moved south as villages have become part of the Sheffield urban area.

Districts

Main article: Districts of Sheffield

Panorama from Meersbrook Park

Sheffield is made up of numerous districts that vary widely in size and history. Many of these districts developed from villages or hamlets that have become absorbed into Sheffield as the city has grown. For this reason, whilst the centre of most districts is easy to define, the boundaries of many of the districts are ambiguous. Some of the more famous districts sometimes are used to describe the surrounding area as well. One such district is Hillsborough, which has the stadium named after it despite being located in Owlerton.

The districts are largely ignored by the administrative and political divisions of the city; instead it is divided into 28 electoral wards, with each ward generally covering 4–6 districts. The electoral wards are grouped into six parliamentary constituencies, although because of a different review cycle, the ward and constituency boundaries are currently not all conterminous. Sheffield is largely unparished, but Bradfield and Ecclesfield have parish councils, and Stocksbridge has a town council.

Climate

Like the rest of the United Kingdom, the climate in Sheffield is generally temperate. Between 1971 and 2000, Sheffield averaged 824.7 mm of rain per year, with December the wettest month (91.9 mm) and July the driest (51.0 mm). July was also the hottest month, with an average maximum temperature of 20.8 ˚C. The average minimum temperature in January and February was 1.6 °C.^[8]

History

Main article History of Sheffield

The explosive growth of the settlements in the area that became the City of Sheffield in the 19th century was a product of the industrial revolution. However, the area has been occupied since at least the last ice age,^[9] and the settlements that grew to form Sheffield are Anglo-Saxon and Danish in origin^[10]. At this time the Sheffield area was at the borders of the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, and the Anglo Saxon Chronicle reports that King Eanred of Northumbria submitted to King Egbert of Wessex at the hamlet of Dore (now a suburb of Sheffield) in 829^[11]. This event made Egbert the first Saxon to claim to be king of all of England. After the Norman conquest, Sheffield Castle was built to control the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city.

A market had been established by 1296 at what is now know as Castle Square,^[12] and Shefffield grew into a small market town. However, by the 14th century Sheffield was already noted for the production of knives^[13] and by 1600 it had become the main centre of cutlery production in England, overseen by The Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire. From 1570 to 1584 Mary, Queen of Scots was held as a prisoner in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor.^[10]

In the 1740s a form of the crucible steel process for making a better quality of steel than had previously been available was discovered, and at about the same time a technique for fusing a thin sheet on silver onto a copper ingot to produce silver plating was invented. These innovations and spurred the industrial growth of Sheffield during the 18th century. However, the loss of some important export markets led to a recession in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. The resulting poor conditions culminated in a cholera epidemic that killed 402 people in 1832.^[10]. The industrial revolution saw a resurgence of Sheffield through the 19th century. As a result of its growing population, the town was incorporated as a Borough in 1842 and granted a city charter in 1893^[14]. The influx of people also led to demand for better water supplies, and a number of new reservoirs were constructed on the outskirts of the town through the second half of the 19th century. The collapse of the dam wall of one of these reservoirs resulted in a flood that killed 270 people and devastated large parts of the town. The growing population also led to the construction of a large number of back-to-back slums, which, along with the pollution from the factories, inspired George Orwell, writing in 1937, to comment, "Sheffield, I suppose, could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the Old World".^[15]

A recession in the 1930s was only halted by the increasing tension as World War II loomed. The steel factories of Sheffield were set to work making weapons and ammunition for the war. As a result, once war was declared, the city once again became a target for bombing raids. In total there were 16 raids over Sheffield; however, it was the heavy bombing over the nights of 12 December and 15 December 1940 (now known as the Sheffield Blitz) when the most substantial damage occurred. More than 660 lives were lost and numerous buildings were destroyed.

Following the war, the 1950s and 1960s saw large parts of the city centre cleared, new buildings were erected and a new system of roads, including the Inner Ring Road, were laid out. Also at this time, many of the old slums were cleared and replaced with housing schemes such as the Park Hill flats. Increased automation and competition from abroad resulted in the closure of many of the steel mills. The 1980s saw the worst of this run-down of Sheffield's industries (along with those of many other areas in the UK), culminating with the 1984/5 miners' strike. The building of the Meadowhall shopping centre on the site of a former steelworks in 1990 was a mixed blessing, creating much needed jobs but speeding the decline of the city centre. Attempts to regenerate the city were kick-started by the hosting of the 1991 World Student Games and the associated building of new sporting facilities such as the Sheffield Arena, Don Valley Stadium and the Ponds Forge complex. The city is now changing rapidly as new projects aim to regenerate run-down parts of the city. One such project, the Heart of the City Project, has seen a number of public works in the city centre: the Peace Gardens were renovated in 1998, the Millennium Galleries opened in April 2001, and the town hall extension was demolished in 2002 to make way for the Winter Gardens, which opened on 22 May 2003. A number of other projects grouped under the title Sheffield One aim to regenerate the whole of the city centre.

Industry and economy

Labour Profile[16]
Total employee jobs	239,941
Full-time	156,407	65.2%
Part-time	83,533	34.8%
Manufacturing	33,568	14.0%
Construction	9,239	3.9%
Services	196,646	82.0%
Distribution, hotels & restaurants	57,924	24.1%
Transport & communications	11,575	4.8%
Finance, IT, other business activities	43,694	18.2%
Public admin, education & health	70,442	29.4%
Other services	13,011	5.4%
Tourism-related	18,146	7.6%

See also: Economy of Sheffield

Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and steel-making, which dates back to at least the 14th century.^[17] Many steel innovations have occurred within Sheffield. Benjamin Huntsman discovered the crucible technique. This process was made obsolete in 1856 by Henry Bessemer's invention of the Bessemer converter. Thomas Boulsover invented Sheffield Plate (silver-plated copper) in the early 18th century, stainless steel was invented by Harry Brearley in 1912, and the work of Profs. F. B. Pickering and T. Gladman throughout the 1960s, '70s, and '80s was fundamental to the development of modern high-strength low-alloy steels.

While iron and steel have always been the main industries of Sheffield, coal mining has been a major feature of the outlying areas, and the Palace of Westminster in London was built using limestone from quarries in the nearby village of Anston.

Areas of employment include call centres, the City Council, universities and hospitals. Sheffield currently produces more steel per year than at any other time in its history.^[18] However, the industry is now less noticeable as it has become highly automated and employs far fewer staff than in the past.

File:OrchardSquareSheffield.jpeg

Orchard Square

Sheffield is also a major retail centre, home to many High Street and department stores as well as designer boutiques. The main city centre shopping areas are on The Moor precinct, Fargate, Orchard Square and the Devonshire Quarter. Department stores in Sheffield City centre include John Lewis, Marks and Spencer, Atkinsons, Castle House Co-op and Debenhams. Sheffield's main market is the Castle Market, built above the remains of the castle. Shopping areas outside the city centre include the Meadowhall shopping centre and retail park, Ecclesall Road, London Road, Hillsborough and the Crystal Peaks shopping centre. There are also several retail parks around Crystal Peaks.

In a 2005 survey on spending potential, Meadowhall came 16th (second in out of town shopping centres behind Bluewater) with £977 million while Sheffield city centre came 18th with £953 million.^[19] In a 2004 survey on the top retail destinations, Meadowhall was 20th while Sheffield was 35th.^[20] In both cases Sheffield is unique in being the only major city to have a shopping centre above the city centre in the lists.

After many years of decline, there are now signs that the Sheffield economy is seeing a revival. The 2004 Barclays Bank Financial Planning study^[21] revealed that, in 2003, the Sheffield district of Hallam was the highest ranking area outside London for overall wealth, the proportion of people earning over £60,000 a year standing at almost 12%. A survey by Knight Frank^[22] revealed that Sheffield was the fastest-growing city outside of London for office and residential space and rents during the second half of 2004. Some £250 million pounds has also been invested in the city during 2005. The Sheffield economy is worth £7.4 billion (2003 GVA).^[23]

Government and politics

Sheffield is governed by the elected Sheffield City Council. It has spent most of its history under Labour control. The council had a recent spell under Liberal Democrat control during the turn of the century, but the status quo was returned in 2002. It currently consists of 84 councillors. The current leader of the council is Jan Wilson.

Sheffield Town Hall and the Peace Gardens

The majority of council-owned facilities are now operated by independent charitable trusts. Sheffield International Venues runs many of the cities sporting and leisure facilities, including Sheffield Arena and Don Valley Stadium. Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust takes care of galleries and museums owned by the council. These include the Millennium Galleries, Lyceum Theatre and the Crucible Theatre.

The city also has a Lord Mayor. In the past the Office of Mayor had considerable authority, and carried with it executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council. Today it is simply a ceremonial role. The current Lord Mayor is Roger Davidson.

In 2004/5 the Gross Revenue Expenditure of £1,229 million was distributed as follows:^[24]

• Education 33%
• Housing 25%
• Social Services 17%
• Other Services 11%
• Highways, Transportation and Planning 6%
• Leisure and Tourism 5%
• Refuse Collection and Disposal 2%
• Environmental Health 1%

The city currently returns six MPs to the House of Commons, but this will be reduced to five at the next election as one constituency is shared with Barnsley.

International Links

Sheffield is formally twinned with Anshan in China, Bochum in Germany, Donetsk in Ukraine, and Esteli in Nicaragua. There are more informal links with Kawasaki in Japan, Kitwe in Zambia, and Pittsburgh in the United States.^[25] Sheffield has also had close links with Poland, since Polish ex-servicemen who had fought alongside British forces during the Second World War settled in the city. As a result a Polish consulate was opened in the City in 1997, the first new Polish consulate to open in the UK for over 60 years.^[26]

Sport

Main article: Sport in Sheffield

Sheffield has a long sporting heritage. In 1857 a collective of cricketers formed the world's first-ever official football club, Sheffield F.C., and by 1860 there were 15 football clubs in Sheffield. There are now two local clubs in the Football League: Sheffield United and Sheffield Wednesday, and two major non-league sides: Sheffield F.C. and Hallam F.C. (the two oldest club sides in the world).

Don Valley Stadium during the World Student Games in 1991

Sheffield also has close ties with snooker, due to the fact that the city's Crucible Theatre is the venue for the World Snooker Championships. The English squash is also held there every year. The city also boasts the Sheffield Eagles rugby league, Sheffield Sharks basketball and Sheffield Steelers ice hockey teams. Sheffield is home to 2004 World Superbike champion James Toseland and of climber Joe Simpson.

Many of Sheffield's extensive sporting facilities were built for the World Student Games, which the city hosted in 1991. They include the Don Valley International Athletics Stadium, Sheffield Arena, and Ponds Forge international diving and swimming complex, where Olympic medallist Leon Taylor trains. There are also facilities for golf, climbing and bowling, as well as a newly inaugurated (2003) national ice-skating arena (IceSheffield). The Sheffield Ski Village is the largest artificial ski resort in Europe^[2]. The city also has two indoor climbing centres. Sheffield was the UK's first National City of Sport and is now home to the English Institute of Sport (EIS).

Culture and attractions

Main article: Culture of Sheffield

7.2% of Sheffield's working population are employed in the creative industries, well above the national average of 4%.^[2] Open Up Sheffield is an annual event over the first two weekends in May where local visual artists and fine craft workers invite the public to their studios and other venues.

Music

Sheffield has been the home of several well-known bands and musicians, with an unusually large number of synth pop and other electronic outfits hailing from there. These include the Human League, Heaven 17, the Thompson Twins, Wavestar and the more industrially inclined Cabaret Voltaire. This electronic tradition has continued: techno label Warp Records was a central pillar of the Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass scene of the early 1990s, and has gone on to become one of Britain's oldest and best-loved dance music labels. Moloko and Autechre, one of the leading lights of so-called intelligent dance music, are also based in Sheffield. The city is also home to Gatecrasher One, one of the most popular nightclubs in the north of England.

Sheffield has also seen the birth of Pulp, Def Leppard, Joe Cocker, The Longpigs and the free improvisers Derek Bailey and Tony Oxley. 1998 Mercury Music Prize award winners Gomez are also connected to Sheffield, as some of the founding members went to Sheffield Hallam University together. The up-and-coming Arctic Monkeys, touted as the "northern Libertines"^[27], the math rock band 65daysofstatic and classic rockers Firegarden are three of the most recent additions to the list.

The city's ties with music were acknowledged in 1999, when the National Centre for Popular Music, a museum dedicated to the subject of popular music, was opened. It was not as successful as was hoped, however, and later evolved to become a live music venue; then in February 2005, the unusual steel-covered building would became the students' union for Sheffield Hallam University. Live music venues in the city include the Leadmill, Corporation, the Boardwalk, the City Hall, the University of Sheffield and the Studio Theatre at the Crucible Theatre. Smaller venues supporting the local scene include The Grapes, D 'n' R (formerly Under The Boardwalk) and The Cricketers.

Attractions

See also: Listed buildings in Sheffield

Sheffield has two major theatres, the Lyceum Theatre and the Crucible Theatre, which together with the smaller Studio Theatre make up the largest theatre complex outside London.^[28] There are four major art galleries, including the modern Millennium Galleries and the Site Gallery, which specialises in multimedia.

The city also has a number of other attractions such as the Sheffield Winter Gardens and the Peace Gardens. The Botanical Gardens are currently undergoing a £6.7-million-pound restoration. There is also a city farm at Heeley City Farm and a second animal collection in Graves Park that is open to the public. The city also has several museums, including the Sheffield City Museum, the Kelham Island Museum, the Sheffield Fire and Police Museum, Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet and Shepherd Wheel. Victoria Quays is also a popular canal-side leisure and office quarter.

Media and film

The Arts Tower, part of the University of Sheffield

The films The Full Monty, Threads, and Whatever Happened to Harold Smith? were based in the city (indeed, Threads depicted it being destroyed in a thermonuclear war with the Soviet Union!). F.I.S.T. also included several scenes filmed in Sheffield. Sheffield's daily newspaper is the Sheffield Star, complemented by the weekly Sheffield Telegraph. The BBC's Radio Sheffield and the independent Hallam FM and sister station Magic AM broadcast to the city. The Sheffield International Documentary Festival, the UK's leading documentary festival, has been run annually since 1994.

Education

Sheffield has two universities, the University of Sheffield and Sheffield Hallam University. The two combined bring 45,000 students to the city every year, including many from the Far East. As a result of its large student population, Sheffield has many bars, cafes, clubs and shops as well as student housing to accommodate them.

Sheffield College is the city's only college. It was created from the merger of six colleges around the city. These have been reduced to just three. Castle College in the city centre, Hillsborough College (which is actually in Stannington) and Norton College. There are also 141 primary schools and 23 secondary schools, of which seven have sixth forms. There are also seven private schools.

Transport

Main article: Transport in Sheffield

National and international travel

Sheffield is linked into the national motorway network via the M1 and M18 motorways. The M1 skirts the north-east of the city, linking Sheffield with London to the south and Leeds to the north; the M18 branches from the M1 close to Sheffield, linking the city with Doncaster, Robin Hood Doncaster Sheffield Airport and the Humber ports. The Sheffield Parkway connects the city centre with the motorways.

The topography of Sheffield makes it unsuitable for a large rail system. The Midland Main Line is the major railway through Sheffield, running in approximately a south-west to north-easterly direction. Other routes passing through the city include the Cross Country Route, the Penistone Line, the Dearne Valley Line, the Hope Valley Line, and the Hallam Line. The major station serving the city, Sheffield Station, is on the south-eastern edge of the city centre. There is another major rail station at Meadowhall and four smaller suburban stations at Chapeltown, Darnall, Dore and Woodhouse. Passenger rail services through Sheffield are provided by Midland Mainline, Virgin Trains, Central Trains, TransPennine Express, and Northern Rail.

The closest international airport to Sheffield is Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield, which is located 18 miles from the city centre. The Airport opened on April 28 2005 with the first flight to Palma de Mallorca. It replaced Sheffield City Airport, which opened in 1997 but is now closed to commercial airliners. Manchester International Airport, Leeds Bradford International Airport and Nottingham East Midlands Airport all lie within a one hour's drive of the city.

Local travel

The A57 and A61 roads are the major trunk roads through Sheffield. These run east-west and north-south, respectively, crossing in the city centre. Other major roads generally radiate spoke-like from the city centre. An inner ring road, mostly constructed in the 1970s and currently (2005) being extended to form a complete ring, allows traffic to avoid the city centre, and an outer "ring road" runs around the eastern edge of the city.

Sheffield Supertram at Castle Square.

Public transportation is provided by light rail and buses. The light rail system, known as the "Sheffield Supertram", was constructed in the early 1990s, with the first section opening in 1994. It consists of three spokes that run from the city centre out to Hillsborough, Halfway, and Meadowhall. A sizeable bus infrastructure operates from a main hub at Pond Street bus station. Other bus stations lie at Meadowhall and Hillsborough. A flurry of new operators were created after deregulation in the 1990s. The majority of these gradually amalgamated, leaving First South Yorkshire (formerly First Mainline) owned by First Group as by far the largest bus operator. Yorkshire Terrier, Stagecoach East Midlands, TM Travel and Arriva Yorkshire also run bus routes in the city.

For cycling, although hilly, Sheffield is compact and has few major trunk roads running through it. It is on the Trans-Pennine Trail, a National Cycle Network route running from Southport in the north-west to Hornsea in the East Riding, and has a developing Strategic Cycle Network within the city. Sheffield is close to the Peak District National Park, an area of outstanding natural beauty popular with both on- and off-road cyclists.

See also

• Photographs of Sheffield
• Timeline of Sheffield history

References and notes

1. ^{a b} Mid-2004 population estimates. National Statistics. (Accessed 21 December 2005)
2. ^{a b c} Facts and Figures (Accessed 27 December 2005)
3. ^{a b} "Case Study—Sheffield, UK". Greenstructures and Urban Planning. (Accessed 26 September 2005)
4. ^ It is often stated that Sheffield is built on seven hils (for an example see Sheffield Hallam University's guide to the city for new students). However, a study by J.G.Harston found there to be eight.
5. ^ Historical population (Accessed 4 December 2005)
6. ^ Alexander, Don (2001). Orreight Mi Ol': observations on dialect, humour and local lore of Sheffield & District. Sheffield: ALD Design and Print. ISBN 1901587185
7. ^ Sheffield profile (Accessed 21 December 2005)
8. ^ Sheffield averages (1971–2000). The Met Office. (Accessed 24 September 2005)
9. ^ Experts put date to UK rock art. BBC News. (Accessed 27 December 2005).
10. ^{a b c} Vickers, J. Edward MBE (1999). Old Sheffield Town. An Historical Miscellany (2nd ed.). Sheffield: The Hallamshire Press Limited. ISBN 1-874718-44-X.
11. ^ In an entry dated 827 the Anglo Saxon Chronicle states "Egbert led an army against the Northumbrians as far as Dore, where they met him, and offered terms of obedience and subjection, on the acceptance of which they returned home" (transcription). Most sources (for example Vickers, 1999 above) state that the date given in the chronicle is incorrect, and that 829 is the more likely date for this event.
12. ^ Sheffield Market History. Sheffield Markets. (Accessed 27 December 2005)
13. ^ Geoffrey Chaucer in The Reeve’s Tale from his book The Canterbury Tales wrote: "Ther was no man, for peril, dorste hym touche. A Sheffeld thwitel baar he in his hose. Round was his face, and camus was his nose"
14. ^ History of the Lord Mayor. Sheffield City Council website. (Accessed 27 December 2005)
15. ^ George Orwell (1937). The Road to Wigan Pier, chapter 7.
16. ^ Labour profile (Accessed 4 December 2005)
17. ^ There are numerous sources showing the international reputation of Sheffield for metalurgy, and in particular steel and cutlery manufacture. Some examples are: the Oxford English Dictionary, which begins its entry for Sheffield, "The name of a manufacturing city of Yorkshire, famous for cutlery"; and the Encyclopaedia Britannica, which in its entry for Sheffield states that by 1830 Sheffield had earned "recognition as the world centre of high-grade steel manufacture". David Hey in the preface to his 1997 book Mesters to Masters: A History of the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire. (Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198289979) states "It (Sheffield) was known for its cutlery wares long before the incorporation of the Cutlers' Company in 1624, and long before it acquired an international reputation as the steel capital of the world."
18. ^ Government News Network (Accessed 23 October 2005)
19. ^ Expirian Website 2 march 2004 press release on retail rankings (Accessed 5 October 2005)
20. ^ "Wealth hotspots 'outside London'". BBC News. (Accessed 7 July 2004)
21. ^ Sheffield 'hotbed' for investment BBC News (Accessed 17 October 2005)
22. ^ Headline GVA by NUTS3 area at current basic prices 1995 to 2003 Economy worth (Accessed 22 December 2005)
23. ^ Sheffield City Council Statement of Accounts 2004/2005 (Accessed 26 December 2005)
24. ^ Sheffield City Council: International Links (Accessed 27 December 2005)
25. ^ Polish Consulate in Sheffield (Accessed 27 December 2005)
26. ^ rockfeedback.com Arctic Monkeys review (Accessed [[27 December] 2005)
27. ^ Sheffield Theatres (Accessed 26 December 2005)
28. ^ CACI survey retail rankings (Accessed 5 October 2005)

External links

• Sheffield City Council Website
• BBC South Yorkshire
• Sheffield Today Site (News from the "Sheffield Star" Newspaper)
• Pedal Pushers, The Sheffield Cycle Campaign
• Sheffield Forum - 18,000+ members mostly from Sheffield

Guides

• SHEFFIELD city guide
• MySheffield.net
• Sheffield Scene
• Made In Sheffield
• Sheffield.uk.tt - Guide for (foreign) students
• Virgin Trains City Guide