Oxygen
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Oxygen is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol O and atomic number 8. The element is common and ubiquitous, found not only on earth but throughout the universe. Free oxygen, as on earth, is thermodynamically unstable, but exists through the action of photosynthetic plants.
| General | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Name, Symbol, Number | Oxygen, O, 8 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | nonmetals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, Period, Block | 16 (VI), 2 , p | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density, Hardness | 1.429 kg/m3(273K), NA | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | colorless | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic weight | 15.9994 amu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc.) | 60 (48) pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 73 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| van der Waals radius | 152 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [He]2p42s2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| e- 's per energy level | 2, 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states (Oxide) | -2,-1 (neutral) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | cubic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| State of matter | gas (paramagnetic) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 50.35 K (-368.77 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Boiling point | 90.18 K (-297.08 °F) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Molar volume | 17.36 ×10-3 m3/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 3.4099 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | 0.22259 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vapor pressure | __ Pa at __ K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Velocity of sound | 317.5 m/s at 293 K | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | 3.44 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | 920 J/(kg*K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical conductivity | __ 106/m ohm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | 0.02674 W/(m*K) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1st ionization potential | 1313.9 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd ionization potential | 3388.3 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd ionization potential | 5300.5 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 4th ionization potential | 7469.2 kJ/mol | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Most Stable Isotopes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| SI units & STP are used except where noted. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notable Characteristics
At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen is found as a gas consisting of two oxygen atoms, chemical formula O2. This oxygen is an important component of air, produced by plants during photosynthesis and is necessary for animals' respiration. The word oxygen derives from two words in Greek, the Greek oxus (acid) and gennan (generate).
Applications
History
Oxygen was discovered by the Swedish pharmacist Karl Wilhelm Scheele in 1771, but this discovery was not immediately recognized, and the independent discovery by Joseph Priestley was more widely known. It was named by Antoine Laurent Lavoisier in 1774.
Occurrence
Oxygen comprises about 87% of the oceans (as H2O, water) and 20% of the atmosphere (as O2, molecular oxygen, or O3, ozone).
Compounds
Due to its electronegativity, oxygen easily forms chemical bonds with many other elements (which is the origin of the original definition of oxidation). Famous examples are carbon dioxide (CO2), alcohols (R-OH) and carboxylic acids (R-COOH).
Isotopes
Oxygen has three stable isotopes and ten radioactive isotopes. The radioisotopes all have half lives of less than three minutes.
Precautions
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Information sources and external links:
Los Alamos National Laboratory - Oxygen
WebElements.com - Oxygen
EnvironmentalChemistry.com - Oxygen
- See also combustion -- Oxidation.
- Back to Chemistry -- Periodic table
Oxygen is a Cable TV channel in the US. (since of 2001?) Its programming targets women audience.