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This article is about the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. You may be looking for University of Michigan-Dearborn or University of Michigan-Flint.

Template:Univ taxobox The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (UM or U of M) is a coeducational public research university in the U.S. state of Michigan. Founded in Detroit in 1817 and moved to Ann Arbor in 1837, it is the oldest public university in Michigan and the flagship unit of the University of Michigan system. It has graduate programs in information science, social work, public policy, and education, as well as several professional schools including the College of Engineering, College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Law School, Medical School, Ross School of Business, and the School of Music.

Highly regarded as one of the elite Public Ivies, the university is rated one of the top academic institutions in the world.[1] It is ranked 25th overall in the 2005 college and university rankings of U.S. News & World Report. UM has one of the largest research expenditures of any university in the United States, as well as one of the largest numbers of living alumni of any American university. The university is known for athletic prowess–notably in football and ice hockey–and has a history of student activism.

UM was the first American university to use the seminar method of study.[2] It was also the location chosen by President John F. Kennedy to propose the concept of what became the Peace Corps, and the site of Lyndon B. Johnson's speech outlining his Great Society program. More recently, the university successfully affirmed before the U.S. Supreme Court that consideration of race as a factor in admissions to public universities was constitutional.

History

Main article: History of the University of Michigan

UM was established in 1817 by the Michigan Territory legislature on 1920 acres (776 hectares) in Detroit, land ceded through the Treaty of Fort Meigs by the Chippewa, Ottawa, and Potawatomi peoples. Ann Arbor had set aside 40 acres (16 hectares) that it hoped would become the site for a new state capital, but it subsequently offered this land to the university when Lansing was chosen as the state capital. The university land in Detroit was sold, and the university moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. The original 40 acres (16 hectares) in Ann Arbor became part of the current Central Campus.

The first classes were held in 1841, with six freshmen and a sophomore, taught by two professors. Eleven men graduated in the first commencement in 1845. By 1865 to 1866, the enrollment had increased to 1205 students, many of whom were Civil War veterans. Women were first admitted in 1870. James B. Angell, who served as the university's president from 1871 to 1909, aggressively expanded UM's curriculum to include professional studies in dentistry, architecture, engineering, government, and medicine.

From 1900 to 1920 many new facilities were constructed on campus, including facilities for the dental and pharmacy programs, a chemistry building, a building for the natural sciences, Hill Auditorium, large hospital and library complexes, and two residential halls. The university's reputation for research gained momentum in 1920 with a formal reorganization of the College of Engineering and the formation of an advisory committee of 100 industrialists to guide academic research initiatives. During World War II, UM's research output grew significantly, and included major initiatives on behalf of the U.S. Navy, including advances in the development of proximity fuzes, depth bombs, PT boats, and radar jamming. By 1950, enrollment had reached 21,000, of whom 7700 were veterans supported by the G.I. Bill.

The Central Campus Diag

As the Cold War and the Space Race took hold, UM became a major recipient of government grants for strategic research and helped to develop peacetime uses for nuclear energy. In a 1966 survey of American universities by the American Council on Education, UM was rated either first or second in graduate teaching in all 28 disciplines surveyed.

On March 24, 1964, a group of academic staff members and 2,500 students held the nation's first "teach-in" to protest against American policy in Southeast Asia. In response to a series of sit-ins in 1966 by Voice–the campus political party of Students for a Democratic Society–the U-M's administration banned sit-ins. This stimulated 1,500 students to conduct a further one-hour sit-in in the administration building.

During the 1970s, severe budget constraints hindered the university's physical development and academic standing. The 1980s saw a surge in funds devoted to research in the social and physical sciences. Meanwhile, the university's involvement in the anti-missile Strategic Defense Initiative and investments in South Africa caused controversy on campus. During the 1980s and 1990s, the university devoted substantial resources to renovating its massive hospital complex and improving the academic facilities on the North Campus. The university also emphasized the development of computer and information technology throughout the campus.

In 2003, two lawsuits involving UM's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U.S. Supreme Court (Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger). President George W. Bush took the unusual step of publicly opposing the policy before the court issued a ruling. The eventual ruling was mixed. In the first case, the court upheld the Law School admissions policy, while in the second it ruled against the university's undergraduate admissions policy. In the early 2000s, UM also faced declining state funding due to state budget shortfalls. At the same time, the university attempted to maintain its high academic standing while keeping tuition costs affordable. There were also disputes between UM's administration and labor unions, notably with the Lecturers' Employees Organization (LEO) and the Graduate Employees Organization (GEO), the union representing graduate student employees. These conflicts led to a series of one-day walkouts by the unions and their supporters.

Academic profile

Central Campus: Angell Hall, one of the major buildings of the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts.

The university has about 24,800 undergraduate and 14,900 graduate students in 600 academic programs, and each year about 6,250 new students are admitted. Students come from all 50 U.S. states and more than 100 countries. Ninety-eight percent of applicants have achieved a high school GPA of more than 3.0, with the middle 50% of applicants achieving an SAT score of about 1190 to 1400.[3] About 15% of newly-enrolled undergraduates are members of ethnic minority groups.

About 65% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (LS&A), while the engineering school accepts about 20% of undergraduate students. Fewer than 3% of undergraduate students are enrolled in the Ross School of Business. The rest of the undergraduate students are enrolled in the smaller schools, including the School of Music, the School of Nursing, and the School of Art and Design.[4] Most graduate students are enrolled in the LS&A, the College of Engineering, the Law School, the Ross School of Business, and the Medical School. The Medical School is partnered with one of the largest health care complexes in the world, the University of Michigan Health System.

There are just over 5,000 faculty members, 73 of whom are members of the National Academy.[5] The university consistently leads the nation in the number of Fulbright Scholars and has several Rhodes Scholars. In one recent rankings summary, more than 70% of UM's 200 major programs, departments, and schools were ranked in the top 10 nationally, and more than 90% of programs and departments were ranked in the top 20 nationally.[6] UM was rated among the top 10 colleges in the U.S. in the annual rankings by the Washington Monthly,[7] and ranked 25th overall by U.S. News & World Report. The School of Social Work has been ranked first by the U.S. News and World Report every year since 1994.[8] The university is also one of sixty elected members of the Association of American Universities.

One concern about academics at the UM is that many courses, including upper-level courses, are taught by Graduate Student Instructors, or teaching assistants. In 2005, The Princeton Review ranked UM seventh worst in the category of "teaching assistants teach too many upper-level courses." Another concern is the high level of educational expenses for a public institution, especially for out-of-state undergraduate students, who pay about $27,000 annually for tuition alone. On the other hand, in-state undergraduate students pay about $8,500.[9]

Research and endowment

University of Michigan Hospital

The university has one of the largest annual research expenditures of any university in the United States, totaling about $750 million in 2004.[10] The Medical School spent the most, nearly $300 million, while the College of Engineering, at more than $135 million, was second.[11]

UM helped develop one of the first university computer networks and has made major contributions to the mathematics of information theory, notably through Claude Shannon. Other major contributions included the precursor to the National Science Foundation computer networking backbone, the virtual memory model, and computer databases. The university is also a major contributor to the medical field with the EKG, gastroscope, the announcement of Jonas Salk's polio vaccine, and the extracorporal membrane oxygenation system.

UM is home to the National Election Studies and the University of Michigan Consumer Confidence Index. Political scientists and policy analysts use UM's Correlates of War project as a gauge of nations' relative global power and a barometer for the outbreak of war. The university is also home to major research centers in optics, reconfigurable manufacturing systems, wireless integrated microsystems, and social sciences. The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute is located at the university, and huge support was recently given to the life sciences with the establishment of the Life Sciences Institute and the construction of associated facilities. Undergraduate students are able to participate in various research projects through the Undergraduate Research Opportunity Program (UROP) as well as the UROP/Creative-Programs.[12]

UM's financial endowment (the "University Endowment Fund") was valued at $4.9 billion in 2005. It is the tenth-largest in the U.S. and the fourth-largest among U.S. public universities.[13] The endowment is primarily used according to the donors' wishes, which include the support of teaching and research. In the mid-2000s, UM embarked on a massive fundraising campaign called "The Michigan Difference," in an attempt to raise $800 million for the endowment.[14]

Libraries and museums

Main hall of the law school library: York and Sawyer, architects of the Law Quadrangle

The UM library system is one of the largest in the United States. It comprises 19 individual libraries with 24 separate collections—roughly 7.96 million volumes, growing at the rate of 150,000 volumes a year.[15] UM was the original home of the JSTOR database, which contains about 750,000 digitized pages from the entire pre-1990 backfile of ten journals of history and economics. The University recently initiated an innovative book digitization program in collaboration with Google.

Two prominent libraries, the Harlan Hatcher Graduate Library and the Shapiro Undergraduate Library (also called the UGLi, which is officially an acronym but was used by students as a reference to the building's uninspired appearance prior to its recent renovation), are on Central Campus and are connected by a skywalk. The Duderstadt Center on North Campus houses books on art, architecture, and engineering. The Duderstadt Center also contains multiple computer labs, video editing studios, and a 3D virtual reality room. The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library is located on North Campus.

The UM Art Museum on Central Campus.

The University of Michigan is home to a number of museums, whose focuses include archeology, anthropology, paleontology, zoology, dentistry, and art. The natural history public collections are housed at the University of Michigan Exhibit Museum of Natural History, which displays items from the collections of the paleontology, zoology, and anthropology museums. The Exhibit Museum also holds the largest display of dinosaur specimens in Michigan, as well a specimen of the state fossil, the mastodon. One of the better-known museums is the University of Michigan Museum of Art, with a permanent collection of European, American, Middle Eastern, Asian, and African items, and temporary exhibits on a wide variety of subjects.

See also: University of Michigan Library and Museums at the University of Michigan

Campus

File:UM AA.png
Locations of the U-M three main campuses in Ann Arbor

The Ann Arbor campus is divided into three main areas: the North, Central and South Campuses. The physical infrastructure includes more than 300 major buildings, with a combined area of more than 29 million square feet (3 km²). The campus also consists of buildings scattered throughout the city, many occupied by organizations affiliated with the University of Michigan Health System. The university also has an office building called Wolverine Tower in southern Ann Arbor near Briarwood Mall. Another major facility is the Matthaei Botanical Gardens, which is located on the eastern outskirts of Ann Arbor.

All three campus areas are connected by free bus services, the majority of which connect the North and Central Campuses. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central Campuses, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor.

Central Campus

Hill Auditorium, Burton Tower, and the Rackham Building

Central Campus was the original location of UM when it moved to Ann Arbor in 1841. It originally had a school and dormitory building (where Mason Hall now stands) and several houses for professors on land bounded by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street. Because Ann Arbor and Central Campus developed simultaneously, there is no distinct boundary between them, and some areas contain a mixture of private and university buildings. Central Campus is the location of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts and the medical campus. Most of the graduate and professional schools, including the Ross School of Business and the Law School, are on Central Campus. Ten of the buildings on Central Campus were designed by Detroit-based architect Albert Kahn between 1904 and 1936. The most notable of the Kahn-designed buildings are the Burton Memorial Tower and nearby Hill Auditorium.

North Campus

File:UMNorthCampus.jpg
Much of North Campus has a modern architectural style.

North Campus is the most contiguous campus, built independently from the city on a large plot of land the university bought in 1952. It is newer than Central Campus, and thus has more modern architecture, whereas most Central Campus buildings are classical or gothic in style. The architect Eero Saarinen, based in Birmingham, Michigan, created one of the early master plans for North Campus and designed several of its buildings in the 1950s, including the Earl V. Moore School of Music Building.[16] North and Central Campuses each have unique bell towers that reflect the predominant architectural styles of their surroundings. North Campus houses the College of Engineering, the Schools of Music and Art and Design, the Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, and an annex of the School of Information.

South Campus

South Campus is the site for the athletic programs, including major sports facilities, such as Michigan Stadium, Crisler Arena, and Yost Ice Arena. South Campus is also the site of the Buhr library storage facility (the collections of which are undergoing digitization by Google), the Institute for Continuing Legal Education, and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups. The university's departments of public safety and transportation services offices are located on South Campus.

Athletics

Main article: Michigan Wolverines
File:Michigan BlockM.jpg
University of Michigan "Block M" logo, often used at athletic and other competitive events

The University of Michigan's sports teams are called the Wolverines, after the state's nickname. They participate in the NCAA's Division I-A and in the Big Ten Conference in all sports except ice hockey, which competes in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association. In seven of the past ten years, UM has finished in the top five of the NACDA Director's Cup, a ranking compiled by the National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics to chart the success of universities in competitive sports. UM has finished in the top eleven of the Directors' Cup standings in each of the award's twelve seasons and has placed in the top six in each of the last eight seasons, a feat matched only by Stanford and UCLA.[17] The University of Michigan remains the only school in NCAA history to win at least one national championship in all four of these sports: football, basketball, ice hockey, and baseball.

A football game at Michigan Stadium

The UM football team won the first Rose Bowl game in 1902, and has won an NCAA-record 849 games through the 2005 season. The football team surpasses other NCAA teams in both total wins (849) and winning percentage (.7442). The program is the only team to have been ranked in the final Top 20 (1985-88) or Top 25 (1989- ) poll every year from 1985 to 2004.[18] Since 1989, the Wolverines have won outright or shared seven Big Ten titles and won a national championship, and a national championship in basketball. UM football has won eleven national championships overall, the most recent in 1997,[19] and has produced three Heisman Trophy winners.[20]

Michigan Stadium ("The Big House") is the largest college football-only stadium in the world, with a capacity of 107,501. The NCAA's record-breaking attendance has become commonplace at Michigan Stadium, especially since the arrival of head coach Bo Schembechler in 1969. UM has fierce rivalries with many teams, including Michigan State and Notre Dame; however, its football rivalry with Ohio State is widely considered to be the fiercest in all of college athletics and has been referred to by ESPN as the greatest rivalry in American sports.[21]

The men's ice hockey team, which plays at Yost Ice Arena, has won an NCAA record nine national championships. The men's basketball team, which plays at Crisler Arena, won the national championship in 1989. However, the men's basketball program became involved in an scandal involving payments from a booster during the 1990s. This led to the program's being placed on probation for a four-year period, with a ban on postseason play from 2002 to 2003. The program was also required to officially "vacate" its victories in selected past seasons.

Through the 2004 Summer Olympic Games, 178 UM students and coaches had participated in the Olympics, winning medals in every Summer Olympics except 1896, and winning gold medals in all but four Olympiads. UM students have won a total of 116 Olympic medals including 54 gold, 27 silver, and 35 bronze.

Student life

Residential life

Palmer Field with Couzens Hall (left) and Alice Lloyd Hall (right), two of the Hill Area residence halls.

The University of Michigan has the sixth-largest campus housing system in the U.S. and the third-largest family housing operation, accommodating up to 12,562 people.[22] The dormitories, or residence halls, are organized into three distinct groups: Central Campus, Hill Area (between Central Campus and the University of Michigan Medical Center) and North Campus. Family housing is located on North Campus and mainly serves graduate students. The largest dormitory has a capacity of 1277 students, while the smallest accommodates 31 residents. A majority of upper-class and graduate students live in off-campus apartments, houses, and cooperatives, with the largest concentrations in the Central and South Campus areas. The higher cost of living in Ann Arbor has prompted many students to live in nearby communities such as Ypsilanti or Plymouth.

The residential system has a number of "living-learning communities" where academic activities and residential life are combined. These communities focus on areas such as research, medical sciences, community service and the German language. The Residential College (RC), a living-learning community that is a division of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts, has its principal instructional space in the East Quadrangle of the residence hall system on Central Campus.

Groups and activities

There are more than 900 student clubs and organizations at the university.[23] With a history of student activism, some of the most visible groups include those dedicated to causes such as civil rights and labor rights. One of the most visible and controversial of these groups is BAMN, a "coalition to defend affirmative action By Any Means Necessary." Though the student body generally leans toward left-wing politics, there are also sizeable conservative and religious groups. Fraternities and sororities, many of which are located east of Central Campus, play a major role in the university's social life. Intramural sports are popular, and there are recreation facilities for each of the three campuses. There are also several engineering projects teams, including the University of Michigan Solar Car Team, which placed first in the American Solar Challenge four times and third in the World Solar Challenge three times.

Michigan Union on Central Campus

The Michigan Union and Michigan League are student activity centers located on Central Campus; Pierpont Commons is on North Campus. The Michigan Union houses a majority of student groups, including the student government. The William Monroe Trotter House, located east of Central Campus, is a multicultural student center operated by the university's Office of Multi-Ethnic Student Affairs.

The Michigan Daily is the student-run daily newspaper. Other student publications include the conservative The Michigan Review, the progressive Michigan Independent, and the humorous publications The Michigan Every Three Weekly and Gargoyle. WCBN (88.3 FM) is a freeform radio station; WOLV-TV is a student-run television station that is primarily shown on the university's cable television system.

Student government

Housed in the Michigan Union, the Michigan Student Assembly (MSA) is the central student government of the University. With representatives from each of the University's colleges and schools, the MSA represents students and manages student funds on the campus. The Michigan Student Assembly is a member of the statewide Association of Michigan Universities. In recent years MSA has organized airBus, a transportation service between campus and the Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, and has brought musical acts such as Guster and Ludacris to campus.

There are student governance bodies in each college and school. The two largest colleges at the University of Michigan are the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts (LS&A) and the College of Engineering. Students in the LS&A are represented by the LS&A Student Government. The University of Michigan Engineering Council manages student government affairs for the College of Engineering.

A longstanding goal of student government is to get a seat on the Board of Regents, the university's governing body. The effort is meant to achieve parity with other Big Ten schools that have student regents. In 2000, students Nick Waun and Scott Trudeau ran for the board on the state-wide ballot as third-party nominees. Waun ran for a second time in 2002, along with Matt Petering and Sarah Fawcett. Although none of these campaigns has so far been successful, a recent poll shows that most students consider student activity fees to be taxation without representation on the board. Another poll conducted by the State of Michigan in 1998 concluded that a majority of Michigan voters would approve of such a position if the measure were put before them. A change to the board's makeup would require amending the Michigan Constitution.

Michigan "fight song"

The University of Michigan's "fight song" is The Victors, written by student Louis Elbel in 1898, following a last-minute football victory over the University of Chicago that clinched a league championship. The song was declared by John Philip Sousa as "the greatest college fight song ever written."[24] It includes a reference to the university being the "champions of the West." At the time, Michigan was part of the "Western Conference," which would later become the Big Ten Conference. The alma mater song is The Yellow and Blue. A common rally cry is "Let's Go Blue!", written by former student Joseph Carl, a tuba player and drum major. Although mainly used at sporting events, the fight song can be heard at other competitive events that UM wins. The fight song is also sung during graduation commencement ceremonies.

Notable people and alumni

Main article: List of University of Michigan people

There are more than 425,000 living UM alumni, among the largest number of living alumni of any American university. The university has the only alumni association with a chapter on the moon, established in 1971 when the all-UM crew of Apollo 15 placed the UM flag on the moon, along with a charter for the UM Alumni Association moon chapter.[25]

Famous alumni include former President Gerald R. Ford, playwright Arthur Miller, Sun Microsystems co-founder Bill Joy, Google co-founder Larry E. Page, actor James Earl Jones, TV journalist Mike Wallace, former House Minority Leader Dick Gephardt, humanitarian Raoul Wallenberg, Mayo clinic co-founder William James Mayo, screenwriter Judith Guest, Scopes trial attorney Clarence Darrow, political activist Tom Hayden, H &R Block founder Henry Bloch, Walgreen's founder Charles Walgreen, Border's Books cofounder Louis Borders, authors Charles Major and Sandra Steingraber, actress Lucy Liu, opera singer Jessye Norman, computer scientist Claude E. Shannon, Super Bowl MVP Tom Brady, actress Ruth Hussey, and filmmaker Lawrence Kasdan. Several astronauts are UM alumni, including the crews of Gemini 4 and Apollo 15. UM has produced twenty-five Rhodes scholars and 116 Olympic medalists, as well as Nobel Prize winners Samuel Ting (Physics), Marshall Nirenberg (Medicine), Richard Smalley (Chemistry), Thomas H. Weller (Medicine), Jerome Karle (Physics), Stanley Cohen (Medicine), and H. David Politzer (Physics).

Notes

  1. ^ Top 500 World Universities (2005). Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Accessed October 1, 2005.
  2. ^ . ISBN 1560009179. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Pages= ignored (|pages= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Title= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ Admissions-Related Policies and Statistics: Freshman Class Profile (10-31-2005). University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning. Accessed January 11, 2006.
  4. ^ Enrollment by Degree Type and School/College (2004). UM News Service. Accessed October 2, 2005.
  5. ^ The Top American Research Universities (December 2004). TheCenter. Accessed October 2, 2005.
  6. ^ University of Michigan Rankings (7-13-2005). UMich.edu.
  7. ^ America's Best Graduate Schools 2006 - Health: Social Work (Master's). US News and World Report.
  8. ^ The Washington Monthly College Guide (September 2005). The Washington Monthly.
  9. ^ Academic Year Tuition and Fees for Full-Time Students (8-18-2005). University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning. Accessed October 7, 2005.
  10. ^ Ulaby, Fawwaz T. Annual Report on Research, Scholarship and Creative Activity at the University of Michigan FY2004. (February 17, 2005). UM Research.
  11. ^ University of Michigan - Research (3-21-2005). U of M Office of Budget and Planning - Electronic Fact Pages. Accessed September 15, 2005.
  12. ^ UROP is First (2005). LSAMagazine.
  13. ^ University of Michigan Endowment (2005). University of Michigan News Service. Accessed December 30, 2005.
  14. ^ Campaign Goals - The Michigan Difference (2005). The University of Michigan Office of Development. Accessed December 30, 2005.
  15. ^ University of Michigan Libraries (1-11-2005). U of M News Service. Accessed September 19, 2005.
  16. ^ Carter, Brian (2000). Eero Saarinen-Operational Thoroughness A Way of Working. Dimensions Volume Fourteen.
  17. ^ Sports Academy Directors' Cup (2005). National Association of Collegiate Directors of Athletics.
  18. ^ Top 10 Most Power Programs. SI.com (8-18-2003).
  19. ^ University of Michigan Football - National Championships. University of Michigan Athletics History (2002).
  20. ^ Michigan in the Heisman Trophy Voting. MGoBlue.com (2005).
  21. ^ The 10 greatest rivalries (1-3-2005). ESPN.com
  22. ^ Housing Fact Sheet. UM Housing (2005).
  23. ^ University of Michigan System Profile. July 2001.
  24. ^ . ISBN 1596581638. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Pages= ignored (|pages= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Title= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
  25. ^ About the Association - Famous U-M Alumni (2005). UMAlumni.com.

References

  • . ISBN 1402202296. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Title= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
  • . ISBN 0472106740. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Title= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
  • . ISBN 0962594520. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Title= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
  • . ISBN 0472065947. {{cite book}}: Missing or empty |title= (help); Unknown parameter |Author= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Publisher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Title= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |Year= ignored (|year= suggested) (help)
  • Facts & Figures (2005). University of Michigan Office of Budget & Planning at sitemaker.umich.edu/obpinfo/facts___figures.
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