List of names of European cities in different languages
Most cities in Europe have alternative names in different languages. Some cities have also undergone name changes for political or other reasons. This article attempts to give all known alternative names for all major European cities. It also includes some smaller towns that are important because of their location or history.
For the purposes of this article, Europe includes Turkey, Cyprus and all the republics of the former Soviet Union.
This article does not offer any opinion about what the "original", "official", "real" or "correct" name of any city is or was. Cities are listed alphabetically by their current best-known name in English. The English version is followed by variants in other languages, in alphabetical order by name, and then by any historical variants and former names.
Foreign names that are the same as their English equivalents may be listed, to provide an answer to the question "What is that name in ...."?.
A
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Aachen | Aix-la-Chapelle (French), Aken (Dutch), Akwizgran (Polish), Aquisgrán (Spanish), Aquisgrana (Portuguese), Cáchy (Czech, Slovak) |
| Aabenraa | Apenrade (German) |
| Adrianople | Adrianopla (Portuguese), Adrianopol (Polish, Romanian), Adrianopole (Romanian), Adrianopolis (Czech, Dutch, Slovak), Adrianoupolis (Greek), Adrianopel (German), Edirne (Czech, Dutch, Slovak, Turkish, Serbian), Hadrianople (variant in English) |
| Albacete | al-Basīt (Arabic) |
| Alexandroupolis | Alexandropolis (Dutch), Dedeağaç (Turkish) |
| Algeciras | Algers (French), Algiers (Dutch), al-Jazīra (Arabic) |
| Algiers | Alger (French), Algier (German), al-Jezair (Arabic), Alžir (Serbian) |
| Alicante | Alacant (Catalan), al-Laqant (Arabic) |
| Almaty | Alma-Ata (Portuguese, Russian, Slovak, Dutch, Serbian), Ałma Ata (Polish) |
| Amsterdam | Amstardām (Arabic), Amsterdão (Portuguese), Ámsterntam (Greek), Amsterodam (Czech), Amszterdam (Hungarian) |
| Ankara | Ancara (Portuguese), Ancyra (former English name), Ánkyra (Greek), Angora (former English name), Anqara (Arabic) |
| Antioch | Antakya (Turkish), Antioche (French), Antiochie (Czech), Antiochia (Polish, Slovak, German), Antiokia (Finnish), Antioquía (Spanish) |
| Antwerp | Amberes (Spanish), Amvérsa (Greek), Antuérpia (Portuguese), Antverpen (Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian), Antverpy (Czech, Slovak), Antwerpen (Dutch, Finnish, German), Antwerpia (Polish), Anvers (French), Anversa (Italian), Antwīrb (Arabic) |
| Aquileia | Aquileja (German), Oglej (Slovenian) |
| Archangel | Arkhangelsk (Russian), Archangelsk (German), Arcángel (Spanish), Arkangeli (Finnish), Arhanđel (Serbian) |
| Arnhem | Arnheim (German) |
| Ashkhabad | Aschchabad (German), Ašchabád (Czech, Slovak), Ašgabat (Finnish), Aşgabat (Turkish), Ashgabat (Turkmen), Ashkhabad (Russian), Ashxobod (Uzbek), Asjchabad (Dutch), Askhabád (Greek), Aszchabad (Polish), Išq Ābād (Arabic), Ašhabad (Serbian) |
| Astana | Akhmolinsk (Russian), Akmola (Finnish) |
| Athens | Afiny (Russian, Ukrainian), Ateena (Finnish), Aten (Swedish), Atena (Romanian, Croatian), Atenas (Portuguese, Spanish), Atene (Italian), Atenes (Catalan), Ateny (Polish), Atény (Czech, Slovak), Athen (Danish, German, Norwegian), Athén (Hungarian), Athene (Dutch), Athènes (French), Athinai (Greek), Atina (Bulgarian, Turkish, Serbian), Atīnā (Arabic) |
| Augsburg | Augsbourg (French), Augšpurk (Czech) |
| Auschwitz | Osvětim (Czech), Osvienčim (Slovak), Oświęcim (Polish) |
B
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Baku | Bakoe (Dutch), Bakou (French), Bākū (Arabic), Bakü (Turkish), Mpakoú (Greek) |
| Barcelona | Barcelone (French), Barcellona (Italian), Baršalūna (Arabic), Barselona (Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian), Varkelonē (Greek) |
| Basel | Basle (variant in English), Bâle (French), Basilea (Spanish), Basileia (Portuguese), Basilej (Czech), Bazel (Dutch), Bázel (Hungarian), Bazel' (Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian), Bāzil (Arabic), Bazilej (Slovak), Bazylea (Polish), Vasileía (Greek) |
| Bautzen | Budyšín (Czech, Slovak, Sorbian), Budziszyn (Polish) |
| Belfast | Béal Feirste (Irish) |
| Belgrade | Belehrad (Slovak), Bělehrad (Czech), Belgrad (Bulgarian, Russian, Finnish, German, Polish, Romanian, Turkish), Belgrád (Hungarian), Belgrado (Dutch, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Beograd (Serbian, Croatian), Bilġrād (Arabic), Bjelhrad (Ukrainian), Veligrádi (Greek) |
| Berlin | Barlīn (Arabic), Berliini (Finnish), Berlijn (Dutch), Berlim (Portuguese), Berlín (Czech, Spanish, Slovak), Berlino (Italian) |
| Berne | Bern (Dutch, Finnish, German, Russian, Turkish, Ukrainian, Slovak, Czech), Berna (Italian, Spanish, Romanian), Berno (Polish), Vérnē (Greek), |
| Bilbao | Bilbo (Basque) |
| Bishkek | Bichkek (French), Biškek (Finnish), Biszkek (Polish), Bişkek (Turkish), Frunze (former name), Biškek (Serbian) |
| Bologna | Bologne (French), Boloňa (Czech), Bolonia (Polish, Romanian, Spanish), Bolonja (Serbian) |
| Bolzano | Bozen (German) |
| Bonn | Bona (Portuguese) |
| Brasov | Brassó (Hungarian), Braszów (Polish), Braşov (Romanian), Kronstadt (German) |
| Bratislava | Bratyslava (Ukrainian), Bratysława (Polish), Mpratisláva (Greek), Pozsony (Hungarian), Pressburg (German), Prešporok (Slovak till 1919) [note: the name was officially changed from Prešporok/Pressburg/Pozsony into Bratislava in 1919; for a list of most older names see Bratislava] |
| Bremen | Brema (Polish), Bréma (Hungarian), Brême (French), Brémy (Czech, Slovak) |
| Brest (Belarus) | Brest-Litovsk (English version of Polish name), Brześć Litewski (Polish), Brześć nad Bugiem (Polish 1918-1939), |
| Bristol | Caerodor (Welsh) |
| Brno | Brünn (German) |
| Bruges | Brugge (Dutch), Brügge (German), Bruggy (Slovak), Brugia (Polish), Brugy (Czech), Brujas (Spanish), Briž (Serbian), Brygge (Finnish) |
| Brunswick (English, French, Spanish) | Braunschweig (German), Brunšvik (Czech), Brunswijk (nl), Brunszwik (Polish), Brunsvique (Portuguese), Brunšvik (Slovenian), Brunpvajg (Serbia) |
| Brussels | Bréissel (Luxembourgish), Brüksel (Turkish), Bruksela (Polish), Brūksil (Arabic), Brusel (Czech, Slovak), Bruselas (Spanish), Bruselles (Catalan), Brussel (Dutch), Brüssel (German), Brusselle (Italian), Brüsszel (Hungarian), Bruxelas (Portuguese), Bruxelles (French), Bryssel (Danish, Finnish, Swedish), Bryuksel (Bulgarian), Bryussel (Russian, Ukrainian), Vryxélles (Greek), Brisel (Serbian) |
| Bucharest | Boekarest (Dutch), Bucarest (French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish), Bucureşti (Romanian), Bukarest (Danish, Finnish, German, Hungarian, Swedish), Bukareštas (Lithuanian), Bukareszt (Polish), Bukharest (Russian, Ukrainian), Bükreş (Turkish), Bukurešt (Croatian, Serbian), Bukurešť (Czech, Slovak), Būqārist (Arabic), Voukourésti (Greek) |
| Budapest | Būdābist (Arabic), Budapešta (Bulgarian), Budimpešta (Croatian), Budapešť (Czech, Slovak), Boedapest (Dutch), Voudapéstē (Greek), Budapeszt (Polish), Budapeste (Portuguese), Budapesta (Romanian), Budapešt (Russian, Ukrainian), Budapeşte (Turkish); Ofen (old German name), Budin (old Turkish name), Budimpešta (Serbian) |
| Budweis | České Budějovice (Czech, Slovak), Budziejowice (Polish) |
| Bydgoszcz | Bromberg (German) |
| Bytow | Buetow (German), Betowo (Pomeranian/Kashubian), Bytów (Polish) |
C
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Cádiz | Cadix (French), Cadice (Italian), Cádis (Portuguese), al-Qādis (Arabic), Kadyks (Polish), Kadiz (Serbian) |
| Cagliari | Càller (Catalan), Kaljari (Serbian) |
| Canterbury | Caergaint (Welsh), Kantelberg (Dutch) |
| Cardiff | Caerdydd (Welsh) |
| Carlsbad | Karlovy Vary (Czech), Karlsbad (German, Swedish) |
| Cartagena | al-Qartājanna (Arabic) |
| Celje | Cilli (German, Older English (1911 EB)), Celle (Older German) |
| Chemnitz | Saská Kamenice (Czech); Karl-Marx-Stadt (German 1953-90) |
| Chester | Caer (Welsh) |
| Chişinău | Kīšīnāw (Arabic), Kišineu (Bulgarian), Kišiněv (Czech), Kischinew (German), Kisináou (Greek), Kisinyov (Hungarian), Chişinău (Moldovan/Romanian), Kiszyniów (Polish), Кишинёв (Russian), Kišiňov (Slovak), Kyšyniv (Ukrainian), Kešenev (Yiddish), Kišinjev (Serbian) |
| Cleves | Kleef (Dutch), Kleve (German), Clèves (French), Cléveris (Spanish) |
| Cluj | Kluž (Czech, Slovak), Klausenburg (German), Kolozsvár (Hungarian}, Claudiopolis (Latin), Kluż (Polish), Cluj-Napoca (Romanian) |
| Coblenz | Coblence (French), Koblenz (German), Koblencja (Polish), Coblença (Portuguese) |
| Coimbra | Qulumriya (Arabic), Coimbre (French) |
| Cologne | Kolín nad Rýnem (Czech), Keulen (Dutch), Kolōnía (Greek), Colonia (Italian, Spanish), Köln (German, Finnish, Turkish), Kelnas (Lithianian), Kolonia (Polish), Colónia (Portuguese), Kjol'n (Russian, Ukrainian), Kolín nad Rýnom (Slovak), Kölle (local dialect), Keln (Serbian) |
| Copenhagen | Kūbinhāġin (Arabic), Kopengagen (Bulgarian, Russian), Kodaň (Czech, Slovak), København (Danish, Norwegian), Kopenhagen (Dutch, German, Croatian), Kopenhaagen (Estonian), Kööpenhamina (Finnish), Copenhague (French, Spanish), Kopenkhágē (Greek), Koppenhága (Hungarian), Kaupmannahöfn (Icelandic), Copenaghen (Italian), Kopenhaga (Polish), Copenhaga (Portuguese, Romanian), Köpenhamn (Swedish), Kopenhag (Turkish) |
| Córdoba | al-Qurduba (Arabic), Còrdova (Catalan), Cordoue (French) |
| Corfu | Korfu (German, Finnish, Polish, Slovak), Corfou (French), Corcyra or Kérkyra (Greek), Krf (Serbian, Croatian, Russian) |
| Corinth | Corint (Catalan), Korintti (Finnish), Corinthe (French), Korinthos (Greek), Korynt (Polish), Corinto (Portuguese, Spanish), Korint (Serbian, Slovak); Korinth (German) |
| Cork | Corcaigh (Irish), Corc (Welsh) |
| Cottbus | Chociebuż (Polish), Chóśebuz (Sorbian) |
| Cracow | Krākūf (Arabic), Krakov (Czech, Slovak, Russian, Croatian), Krakau (Dutch, German), Krakova (Finnish), Cracovie (French), Krakovía (Greek), Krakkó (Hungarian), Cracovia (Italian, Spanish, Romanian), Krokuva (Lithuanian), Kraków (Polish), Cracóvia (Portuguese), Krakov (Serbian, Turkish), Krakiv (Ukrainian), Kraka (Yiddish) |
D
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Den Bosch | Den Bosch, 's-Hertogenbosch (Dutch), Bois-le-Duc (French), Herzogenbusch (German), Bolduque (Spanish) |
| Derry | Londonderry (Official British government title), Doire (Irish) |
| Donetsk | Donieck (Polish), Donezk (German), Donjeck (Serbian); Stalino, Yuzovka (former names) |
| Dover | Douvres (French) |
| Dresden | Drážďany (Czech, Slovak), Dresde (French, Spanish), Dresda (Italian, Portuguese), Drezno (Polish) |
| Dubrovnik | Ragusa (Italian) |
| Dublin | Dablin (Arabic, Serbian), Dulenn (Breton), Douvlíno (Greek), Baile Átha Cliath (Irish), Dublino (Italian), Dublim (Portuguese), Dublín (Spanish), Dulyn (Welsh) |
| Dunkirk | Dunkerque (French) Dounkérkē (Greek), Dunkierka (Polish), Dunquerque (Portuguese), Duinkerken (Dutch), Dünkirchen (German) |
| Durrës | Durazzo (Italian), Drač (Serbian) |
| Düsseldorf | Dusseldorp (Dutch), Dusseldórfia (Portuguese) |
| Dushanbe | Dūšānbī (Arabic), Doesjanbe (Dutch), Dušanbe (Finnish), Douchanbé (French), Duschanbe (German), Ntousanmpé (Greek), Duszanbe (Polish), Dušanbe (Russian, Serbian, Slovak,Tajik), Duşanbe (Turkish), Hissar (former name) |
E, F
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Edinburgh | Edinburk (Czech), Edimbourg (French), Edynburg (Polish), Dùn Èideann (Scots Gaelic), Dún Éideann (Irish), Edinburg (German, rare) |
| Elsinore (English, Italian) | Helsingør (Danish), Elseneur (French), Elsinor (Spanish), Helsingör (German, Finnish) |
| Flensburg | Flensborg (Danish), Flensborch (Low Saxon) |
| Florence | Firenca (Croatian, Serbian), Florència (Catalan), Florenz (German), Firenze (Italian, Finnish), Florencia (Spanish, Slovak), Florencja (Polish), Florença (Portuguese), Florenţa (Romanian), Floransa (Turkish), |
| Flushing | Vlissingen (Dutch), Flesinga (Spanish), Flessingue (French), Flessinga (it) |
| Frankfurt | Francfort (Catalan), Francfort-sur-le-Main (French), Frankfurt am Main (German), Fráncfort del Meno (Spanish), Francoforte del Menno (Italian), Frankfurt nad Menem (Polish), Francoforte sobre o Meno (Portuguese), Frankfurt nad Mohanom (Slovak) |
| Frankfurt (east Germany) | Francfort-sur-l'Oder (French), Frankfurt an der Oder (German), Fráncfort del Oder (Spanish), Frankfurt nad Odrą (Polish), Francoforte sobre o Oder (Portuguese), Frankfurt nad Odrou (Slovak) |
| Freising | Frisinga (Spanish), Frisingue (French), Brižinje/Brižine (Slovene) |
G
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Gallipoli | Kalipolis (Greek), Gelibolu (Turkish), Galipolje (Serbian, Croatian) |
| Galway | Gaillimh (Irish) |
| Gdańsk | Gdaňsk (Czech), Danzig (German), Gduńsk (Kashubian), Danzica (it) |
| Gdynia | Gdyně (Czech), Gdingen (German), Gotenhafen (German 1939-1945) |
| Geneva | Jinīf (Arabic), Ženeva (Bulgarian, Serbian, Russian, Ukrainian, Czech, Lithuanian, Slovak, Croatian), Ginebra (Catalan, Romanian, Spanish), Geneve (Finnish), Genève (French), Genf (German), Ghenevē (Greek), Ginevra (Italian), Genewa (Polish), Genebra (Portuguese), Cenevre (Turkish), Geneve & Genève (both are used in Dutch) |
| Genoa | Gènova (Catalan), Janov (Czech, Slovak), Genua (Dutch, German, Polish), Genova (Italian, Finnish), Gênes (French), Gênova (Portuguese), Đenova (Serbian), Génova (Spanish), Cenova, (Turkish) |
| Ghent | Gent (Dutch/Flemish, Finnish, German), Gand (French), Gandawa (Polish), Gante (Spanish) |
| Gibraltar | Gibilterra (it) |
| Girona | Gerona (Spanish) |
| Gothenburg | Göteborg (Swedish, Finnish, German, Turkish), Goeteborg (Polish), Gotemburgo (Portuguese, Spanish), Gotenburg (de [obs.], nl) |
| Göttingen | Gotinga (Spanish, Portuguese), Gottinga (Italian), Gœttingue (French) |
| Granada | al-Ġarnāda (Arabic), Grenade (French) |
| Graz | Gradec (Slovene) |
| Grodno | Hrodna (Belarusian), Hrodno (Ukrainian) |
| Groningen | Groningue (French), Groninga (Spanish, Italian, Portuguese) |
| Grozny | Djovkhar Ghaala (Chechen) |
H, I
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Haderslev | Hadersleben (German) |
| Hamburg | Hambūrġ (Arabic), Hamburk (Czech), Hamborg (Danish, Swedish), Hampuri (Finnish), Hambourg (French), Amvoúrgo (Greek), Amburgo (Italian), Hamburgo (Portuguese, Spanish), Gamburg (Russian), Hamburch (Low Saxon) |
| Hämeenlinna | Tavastehus (Swedish) |
| Hamelin (English, French, Portuguese) | Hameln (German), Hamelen (Dutch), Hamelín (Spanish) |
| Hanover | Hanovre (French), Hannover (Dutch, Finnish, German), Hanovra (Romanian), Ganover (Russian), Hanóver (Spanish), Hanôver (Portuguese) |
| Heligoland | Helgoland (German) |
| Helsinki | Hilsīnkī (Arabic), Hel'sinki (Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian), Helsinky (Czech), Helsingfors (Danish, Swedish), Helsingi (Estonian), Elsínki (Greek), Helsinkis (Lithuanian), Helsínquia (Portuguese) |
| Heraklion | Iraklion (Greek, Polish), Candia (Italian) |
| Innsbruck | Inomost (Old Slovene) |
| Istanbul | İstanbul (Turkish), Stamboll (Albanian), Istanbūl (Arabic), Constantinoble (Catalan), Istanboel (Dutch), Isztambul (Hungarian), Stambula (Latvian), Stambulas (Lithuanian), Istanbuł / Stambuł (Polish), Istambul (Serbian, Romanian, Croatian), Stambul (Russian, Ukrainian), Estambul (Spanish) Former names: Carigrad, Constantinopol, Bizantium, Bizanc (Dutch, English, German, Norwegian, Polish, Slovak, Serbian, Czech, Slovene, Croatian, Russian, Greek, Latin), Konstantinopoli (Finnish), Stamboul (Turkish), Miklagard (old Norse/Norwegian); Estambul, Kostan, Kospoli, Koshta, Koshtandina, Konstantinopyla (other variants during Ottoman period) |
| Izmir | İzmir (Turkish), Esmirna (Catalan, Spanish), Smyrna (Greek, Serbian) |
J, K
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Jakobstad | Pietarsaari (Finnish) |
| Janina | Ioannina (Greek, Finnish), Yanya (Turkish) |
| Jena | Iéna (French) |
| Kaliningrad | Königsberg (German), Kaljinjingrad (Serbian, Croatian), Královec (Czech), Królewiec (former Polish name), Karaliaucius (Lithuanian) |
| Kandalaksha | Kantalahti/Kannanlahti (Finnish) |
| Kartuzy | Karthaus (German) |
| Katowice | Katovice (Czech, Serbian), Kattowitz (German), Katoviçe (Turkish), Stalinogród (former) |
| Kaunas | Kowno (Polish), Kauen (German) |
| Kem' | (Vienan-)Kemi (Finnish) |
| Kharkov | Harkova (Finnish), Charków (Polish), Charkov (Czech, Slovak), Karkov (Turkish), Kharkiv (Ukrainian) |
| Kiel | Kilonia (Polish), Kylius (Lithuanian), Quília (Portuguese) |
| Kiev | Kīyif (Arabic), Kijev (Serbian, Croatian, Hungarian, Russian, Slovene), Kyjev (Czech, Slovak), Kiëv (Dutch), Kiova (Finnish), Kiew (German), Kíevo (Greek), Kijeva (Latvian), Kijevas (Lithuanian), Kijów (Polish), Kíev (Spanish), Kyïv (Ukrainian), Kiav (Yiddish) |
| Kilkenny | Cill Chainnigh (Irish) |
| Kiruna | Kiiruna (Finnish), Giron (Sami) |
| Klagenfurt | Celovec (Czech, Slovenian) |
| Kláipeda | Klaipeda (Finnish), Memel (German), Kłajpeda (Polish) |
| Kondopoga | Kontiolahti (Finnish) |
| Koper | Capodistria (Italian), Kopar (Serbian) |
| Kosice | Kaschau (German), Kassa (Hungarian), Košice (Serbian, Slovak) |
| Kosovo Polje | Fushe Koseve (Albanian), Amselfeld (German) |
| Kristinestad | Kristiinankaupunki (Finnish), Kristingrad (Serbian) Christinae Stadh (older Swedish name) |
L
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Lahti | Lahtis (Swedish) |
| Lappeenranta | Vilmastrand (Swedish) |
| Lausanne | Lozana (Polish, sr), Lozan (tr), Lausana (Spanish) |
| Leghorn | Livourne (French), Livorno (Italian, Finnish, German), Liorna (Spanish) |
| Leiden | Lejda (Polish) |
| Leipzig | Lipsko (Czech, Slovak), Lipcse (Hungarian), Lipsk (Polish), Lípsia (Portuguese), Lipsca (old Romanian), Lajpcig (Serbian) |
| Lębork | Lauenburg(German) |
| Liege | Lutych (Czech), Luik (Dutch), Liège (French), Lüttich (German), Lieja (Spanish), Liež (Serbian) |
| Limerick | Luimneach (Irish) |
| Lisbon | Lisabon (Czech, Serbian, Slovak, Croatian), Lisabona (Romanian), Lisboa (Portuguese, Spanish), Lisbona (Italian), Lisbonne (French), Lišbūna (Arabic), Lissabon (Danish, Dutch, Finnish, German, Russian, Swedish), Lissavóna (Greek), Lisszabon (Hungarian), Lizbon (Turkish), Lizbona (Polish) |
| Liverpool | Lerpwl (formerly Llynlleifiad) (Welsh) |
| Ljubljana | Liyūbliyānā (Arabic), Lublaň (Czech), Laibach (German), Lioumpliána (Greek), Lubiana (Italian), Liubliana (Portuguese, Spanish), Lublana (Polish), Lubyana (Turkish), Ľubľana (Slovak) |
| Lleida | Lérida (Spanish) |
| London | Landan (Arabic), Llundain (Welsh), Londain (Irish), Londen (Dutch), Londhino (Greek), Londra (Italian, Romanian, Turkish), Londres (French, Spanish), Londyn (Polish), Londýn (Czech, Slovak), Lontoo (Finnish), Loundres (Cornish) |
| Londonderry | Derry (official name in Republic of Ireland and with city authorities), Doire (Irish) |
| Louvain | Leuven (Dutch), Lovaina (Spanish), Lovaň (Czech), Löwen (German) |
| Lubeck | Lübeck (German), Lubeka (Polish), Lyypekki (Finnish) |
| Lucca | Lucques (French), Lukka (Polish) |
| Lucerne | Lucern (Czech), Lucerna (Polish, Romanian, Spanish), Luzern (German, Finnish, Serbian) |
| Luleå | Luulaja (Finnish), Luleo (Serbian) |
| Lunenburg | Lüneburg (German), Lüneburch (Low Saxon) |
| Luxembourg | Ljuksemburg (Bulgarian, Russian), Lucemburk (Czech), Luxemborg (Danish), Luxemburg (German, Finnish, Dutch, Romanian, Slovak), Louxemvoúrgo (Greek), Lussemburgo (Italian), Lëtzebuerg (Luxembourgish), Luksemburg (Serbian, Polish, Croatian), Lüksemburg (Turkish), Ljuksemburh (Ukrainian) |
| L'viv | Lvov (Finnish), Lemberg (German), Leopoli (Italian), Leopolis (Latin), Lwów (Polish), L'vov (Russian, Slovak), Lavov (Croatian) |
| Lyons | Lyon (French, German), Liyon (Serbian) |
M
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Maastricht | Mastrique (Spanish), Maestricht (former French) |
| Madrid | Madrítē (Greek), Madridas (Lithuanian), Madryt (Polish) |
| Mainz | Mohuč (Czech, Slovak), Mayence (French), Moguncja (Polish), Mogúncia (Portuguese), Määnz (local dialect), Meenz (former local dialect), Majnc (Serbian) |
| Manchester | Manceinion (Welsh) |
| Mantua | Mantoue (French), Mantova (Italian, Finnish, Czech, Slovak) |
| Maribor | Marburg (German) |
| Mariehamn | Maarianhamina (Finnish) |
| Marseilles | Marseille (fr), Marsīliyā (Arabic), Massalía (Greek), Marsiglia (Italian), Marsylia (Polish), Marselha (Portuguese), Marsel' (Russian), Marsely (Serbian), Marsella (Spanish), Marsilya (Turkish) |
| Mechelen | Malines (French), Mecheln (German), Malinas (Spanish) |
| Meissen | Meißen (German), Míšeň (Czech), Miśnia (Polish) |
| Mikkeli | St. Michel (Swedish) |
| Milan | Mīlānū (Arabic), Milaan (Dutch), Mailand (German), Miláno/Mediólana (Greek/former name in Greek), Milánó (Hungarian), Milano (Italian, Finnish, Romanian, Serbian Croatian), Miláno (Slovak), Mediolan (Polish), Milão (Portuguese), Milán (Czech, Spanish) |
| Minsk | Mensk (Belarusian), Minszk (Hungarian), Mińsk (Polish), Mins'k (Ukrainian) |
| Monaco | Munegu (Monegasque) |
| Mons | Bergen (Dutch) |
| Montbéliard | Mömpelgard (German) |
| Moscow | Mūskū (Arabic), Maskvá (Belarusian, Russian), Moskva (Bulgarian, Czech, Croatian, Danish, Russian, Slovak, Slovene, Swedish, Ukrainian, Serbian), Moskou (Dutch), Moskova (Finnish), Moscou (French, Portuguese), Moskau (German), Móscha (Greek), Moskwa (Polish), Moscova (Romanian), Moscú (Spanish), Moskova (Turkish) |
| Mulhouse | Mülhausen (German), Milhüsa (Alsatian) |
| Munich | Miyūnikh (Arabic), Mjunkhen (Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian), Minhen (Serbian), Mnichov (Czech), Mníchov (Slovak), München (Dutch, Finnish, German), Mónacho (Greek), Monaco di Baviera (Italian), Miunchenas (Lithuanian), Monachium (Polish), Munique (Portuguese), Münih (Turkish), Múnich (es) |
| Murmansk | Muurmanski (Finnish), Muurmanni (alternative old finnish name) |
N, O
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Naples | Nābūlī (Arabic), Nàpols (Catalan), Napels (Dutch), Neapel (German), Neapolis/Napoli (Greek ancient/modern), Nápoly (Hungarian), Napoli (Turkish, Italian, Finnish), Neapol (Czech, Polish, Slovak), Nápoles (Portuguese, Spanish), Neapol' (Russian, Ukrainian), Napulj (Serbian, Croatian) |
| Nice | Niça (Catalan), Niza (Spanish), Nizza (Italian, Finnish, German), Nicea (Polish), Nikea (Greek) |
| Newport | Casnewydd (Welsh) |
| Nicosia | Lefkōsía (Greek), Lefkoşa (Turkish), Nīqūsiyā (Arabic), Nikosia/ Lefkosia (Finnish), Nicosie (French), Nikosia (German), Nikoziya (Hungarian, Serbian), Nikozja (Polish), Nicósia (Portuguese), Nikosija (Russian, Ukrainian) |
| Nijmegen | Nimègue (French), Nimwegen (German), Nimega (Spanish) |
| Nizhniy Novgorod | Nizhni Novgorod (Finnish), Nijni-Novgorod (French), Gorkiy (former name), Nowogród (Polish), Nižný Novgorod (Slovak), Nischnij Nowgorod (German) |
| Novi Sad | Neusatz (German), Ujvidek (Hungarian) |
| Nuremberg | Norimberk (Czech), Neurenberg (Dutch), Nürnberg (German, Finnish), Norymberga (Polish), Nuremberga (Portuguese), Norimberg (Slovenian), Núremberg (Spanish), Nyremvergi (Greek) |
| Oldenburg | Starogard (Polish, Serbian), Oldemburgo (Spanish, Portuguese) |
| Oporto | Burtuqāl (Arabic), Porto (Serbian, Czech, French, Polish, Portuguese, German) |
| Oslo | Ūslū (Arabic), Christiania (Dano-Norwegian former name), Kristiania (late version of former name) |
| Osnabrück | Osnabrugge (Dutch), Osnabruque (Portuguese) |
| Ostend | Oostende (Dutch/Flemish), Ostende (Serbian, Czech, French, German), Ostenda (Polish) |
| Oulu | Uleåborg (Swedish) |
P, R
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Padua | Padoue (French), Padova (Czech, Italian, Slovak, Croatian), Padwa (Polish) |
| Palermo | Palerme (French) |
| Pamplona | Banbalūna (Arabic), Iruna (Basque), Pampelune (French), Pampeluna (Polish) |
| Passau | Passavia (it) |
| Perpignan | Perpinyà (Catalan), Perpiñán (Serbian, Spanish) |
| Paris | Bārīs (Arabic), Pariž (Bulgarian, Russian, Ukrainian), Pariz (Serbian, Croatian), Paříž (Czech), Parijs (Dutch), Pariis (Estonian), Pariisi (Finnish), Parísi (Greek), Párizs (Hungarian), Parigi (Italian), Parīze (Latvian), Paryžius (Lithuanian), Paryż (Polish), Paríž (Slovak), París (Catalan, Spanish) |
| Parma | Parme (French) |
| Pärnu | Pernau (German), Parnawa (Polish) |
| Pécs | Pětikostelí (Czech), Pečuh (Croatian), Fünfkirchen (German), Päťkostolie (Slovak) |
| Perugia | Pérouse (French), Perusa (Spanish) |
| Petroskoy | Petrozavodsk (Russian), Äänislinna (Finnish) |
| Piacenza | Plaisance (French), Plasencia (Spanish), Pjaćenca (Serbian) |
| Plovdiv | Philippoupolis (Greek), Płowdiw (Polish) |
| Plymouth | Pleimuiden (Dutch) |
| Plzeň | Pilsen (German), Pilzno (Polish) |
| Podgorica | Titograd, Ribnica (Former names) |
| Pompeii | Pompei (Italian), Pompeji (German), Popmeja (Serbian), Pompiia (Greek) |
| Pori | Björneborg (Swedish) |
| Porvoo | Borgå (Swedish) |
| Potsdam | Postupim (Czech, Slovak), Poczdam (Polish) |
| Poznań | Posen (German) |
| Prague | Birāġ (Arabic), Praha (Czech, Finnish, Norwegian, Slovak, Ukrainian), Praag (Dutch), Prag (German, Serbian, Turkish, Swedish, Croatian) Prága (Greek, Hungarian), Praga (Bulgarian, Catalan, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish), Prag or Prog (Yiddish) |
| Priozersk | Kexholm/Keksholm (Swedish), Käkisalmi (Finnish), Korela (Alternative Finnish name) |
| Pristina | Prishtinë (Albanian), Priština (Приштина) (Serbian) |
| Pruszcz Gdanski | Praust (German), Pruszcz Gdański (Polish) |
| Pskov | Pihkva (Estonian), Pihkova (Finnish), Psków (Polish), Pleskau (German) |
| Pyrzyce | Pyritz (German) |
| Riga | Rīġā (Arabic), Riha (Belarusian, Ukrainian), Riia (Estonian), Riika (Finnish), Ryga (Lithuanian, Polish) |
| Regensburg | Řezno (Czech), Ratisbona (Portuguese, Spanish, Italian), Ratisbonne (French), Ratyzbona (Polish), Ratisbon (English [obsolete]) |
| Rheims | Reims (French) |
| Rome | Rūmiya (Arabic), Rim (Bulgarian, Serbian, Russian, Ukrainian, Croatian), Rím (Slovak), Řím (Czech), Rooma (Estonian, Finnish), Rom (German), Romi (Greek), Róma (Hungarian), Roma (Catalan, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish, Turkish), Rzym (Polish) |
| Rovaniemi | Roavenjarga (Sami) |
S
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Saarbrücken | Sarrebruck (French, Spanish) |
| Sagunto (English, Spanish) | Sagunt (Catalan, German) |
| Salzburg | Salisburgo (Italian), Salzburgo (Spanish), Salzbourg (French) |
| Samara | Kuybyshev (former name) |
| Samarkand | Samarcanda (Spanish, Italian), Samarcande (French), Samarkanda (Polish) |
| San Sebastián | Donostia (Basque), Sant Sebastià (Catalan) |
| Santiago de Compostela | Šānt Yāqūb (Arabic), Sant Jaume de Galícia (Catalan), Saint Jaqcues de Compostelle (French) |
| Saragossa (English, Catalan, German) | Zaragoza (Czech, Spanish), Saragosse (French), Saragoça (Portuguese), Saragozza (Italian) |
| Sarajevo | Sarāyīfū (Arabic), Sarajewo (German, Polish), Sarágevo (Greek), Saraybosna (Turkish) |
| Schaffhausen | Szafuza (Polish) |
| Seville | al-Išbīliya (Arabic), Séville (French), Siviglia (Italian), Sewilla (Polish), Sevilla (Catalan, Finnish, Slovak, Spanish, German), Sevilia (Romanian), Sevilya (Turkish) |
| Shkodër | Scutari (Italian), Skadar (Serbian), Szkodra (Polish), Skutari (German) |
| Sibiu | Sibiu (Romanian), Hermannstadt (German) |
| Sienna | Sienne (French), Siena (Italian, Polish, Turkish) |
| Skopje | Shkupi (Albanian), Skūbyī (Arabic), Skoplje (Serbian, Croatian), Skópia (Greek), Skop'e (Russian), Skopia (Spanish), Üsküp (Turkish) |
| Sligo | Sligeach (Irish) |
| Sofia | Sūfiyā (Arabic), Sofija (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian, Ukrainian, Croatian), Sófia (Greek, Portuguese), Szófia (Hungarian), Sofía (Spanish), Sofya (Turkish) |
| Solothurn | Soleure (French), Solura (Polish) |
| Sønderborg | Sonderburg (German) |
| Speyer | Spires (English [obsolete]), Espira (Spanish, Portuguese), Spire (French), Spira (Italian) |
| St Petersburg | Sānt Bītarsbūrġ (Arabic), Sankt-Pecjarburh (Belarusian), Sankt Petěrburk (Czech), Sankt Petersborg (Danish), Sint-Petersburg (Dutch), Peterburi (Estonian), Pietari (Finnish), Saint-Péterbourg (French), Sankt Petersburg (German, Norwegian, Polish), Agía Petroúpolē (Greek), Szentpétervár (Hungarian), San Pietroburgo (Italian), Sanktpēterburga (Latvian), Sankt Peterburgas (Lithuanian), São Petersburgo (Portuguese), Sankt-Peterburg (Russian), Sankt Peterburg (Slovak, Serbian), Sankt Peterzburg (Serbian), San Petersburgo (Spanish), Leningrad, Petrograd (former names) |
| Stockholm | Istūkhūlm (Arabic), Estocolm (Catalan), Štokholm (Serbian, Slovak), Tukholma (Finnish), Stokkhólmē (Greek), Stoccolma (Italian), Stokholma (Latvian), Stokholmas (Lithuanian), Sztokholm (Polish), Estocolmo (Portuguese, Spanish), Stokgol'm (Russian, Ukrainian) |
| Strasbourg | Strossburi (Alsatian), Štrasburk (Czech), Straatsburg (Dutch), Strassburg (Finnish), Straßburg (German), Strasburg (Polish), Estrasburgo (Spanish), Štrasburg (Slovak), Strazbur (Serbian) |
| Stuttgart | Stoccarda (Italian), Estugarda (Portuguese) |
| Swansea | Abertawe (Welsh), Svonsi (Serbian) |
| Syracuse | Syrakus (German), Siracusa (Italian, Spanish), Syrakuzy (Polish), Syrakúzy (Slovak), Sirakuza (Serbian) |
| Szczecin | Stettin (German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish), Štětín (Czech), Štetín (Slovene), Stettino (Italian), Šćećin (Serbian) |
| Székesfehérvár | Stoličný Bělehrad (Czech), Stolni Biograd (Croatian), Stuhlweißenburg (German), Stoličný Belehrad (Slovak) |
T
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Tallinn | Tālīn (Arabic), Tallinna (Finnish), Reval (German), Tallín (Greek), Tallin (Norwegian, Russian, Swedish, Slovak, es), Tallina (Latvian), Talinas (Lithuanian) Rewal, Tallin (Polish) Taljin (Serbian) |
| Tampere | Tammerfors (Swedish) |
| Taranto | Tarent (German, Serbian), Tarente (French), Tarento (Spanish) |
| Tartu | Tartto (Finnish), Dorpat (German, Polish) |
| Tashkent | Tašqand (Arabic), Tasjkent (Dutch, Swedish), Tachkent (French), Taskéndē (Greek), Taskent (Hungarian), Taszkient / Taszkent (Polish), Taškent (Russian, Ukrainian, Slovak, Croatian, Serbian), Taşkent (Turkish), Toshkent (Uzbek), Taschkent (German) |
| Tbilisi (Slovene) | Tiflīs (Arabic), Tbilissi (French), Tiflis (German, Turkish), Tyflída (Greek), Tbiliszi (Hungarian), Tibilisi, Tyflis (Polish) |
| Tekirdağ | Rodosto (Greek) |
| Terezin | Terezín (Czech, Slovak), Theresienstadt (German) |
| Teschen | Těšín (Czech), Tešín (Slovak), Cieszyn (Polish) |
| The Hague | Lāhāy (Arabic), Den Haag, 's-Gravenhage (Dutch), Haag (Czech, Finnish, Slovak, Slovene), La Haye (French), Den Haag, der Haag (German), Khághē (Greek), Hága (Hungarian), Haga (Polish, Romanian), Haia (Portuguese), Gaaga (Russian), La Haya (Spanish), Haaha (Ukrainian), Hag (Serbian) |
| Thessaloniki | Saloniki (alternative Greek name), Soluň (Czech), Thessalonique (French), Saloniki (German, Polish), Salonic (Romanian), Selanik (Turkish), Solún (Slovak), Solun (Serbian, Croatian, Slovene), Salonica (alternative English name), Tesalónica (Spanish), Tessalonika (Finnish) |
| Timisoara | Temešvár (Czech, Slovak), Temeschwar or Temeschburg (German), Temesvár (Hungarian), Temišvar (Serbian, Croatian, Slovene), Timişoara (Romanian) |
| Tirana | Tiranë (Albanian), Tiran (Turkish) |
| Tongeren | Tongern (German), Tongres (French) |
| Tórshavn | Thorshavn (Danish) |
| Toruń | Toruň (Czech), Thorn (German), Torun, civitas Torunensis (Latin) |
| Toulouse | Tolosa de Llenguadoc (Catalan), Tuluza (Polish), Tuluz (Serbian) |
| Trebizond | Trabzon (Turkish), Trapezunt (German, Polish), Trebisonda (Spanish, Italian, Portuguese), Trébizonde (French) |
| Trent | Trento (Italian), Trient (German), Trident (Czech), Trente (French, Dutch), Trydent (Polish) |
| Trier | Trevír (Czech, Slovak), Trèves (French), Trewir (Polish), Tréveris (Spanish, Portuguese) |
| Trieste | Triest (German), Terst (Czech), Trst (Slovene, Croatian, Serbian), Tergeste (Latin) |
| Trondheim | Nidaros (997–15.century, and 1930), Trondhjem (15.century–1929; Dano-Norwegian), Trondheim (1931–1939, and 1945–present), Drontheim (1940–1945; German name during WWII occupation) |
| Tromsø | Tromssa (Finnish, Sami) |
| Tübingen (Slovene) | Tubingue (French), Tubinga (Spanish, Italian, Portuguese) |
| Turin | Turín (Czech, Slovak), Turijn (Dutch), Torino (Italian, Croatian, Finnish, Slovene, Turkish, Serbian), Turyn (Polish) |
| Turku | Turu (Estonian), Åbo (Swedish) |
| Tver (Slovene) | Kalinin (former name), Twer (Polish, German) |
U, V
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Ulyanovsk | Simbirsk (former name), Uljanovsk (Serbian, Slovene), Uljanowsk (German) |
| Umeå | Uumaja (Finnish) |
| Vaasa | Vasa (Swedish), Wasa (older Swedish name), Waza (Polish), Nikolainkaupunki (alternative old name) |
| Valencia (Slovene) | València (Catalan), Valence (French), Walencja (Polish) |
| Valletta | Fālītā (Arabic), La Valette (French), Valéta (Greek), La Valletta (Italian, Slovak), il-Belt Valletta (Maltese), La Valeta (Portuguese) |
| Venice | al-Bunduqīya (Arabic), Venecija (Bulgarian, Serbian, Russian, Ukrainian, Croatian), Venècia (Catalan), Benetke (Slovene), Benátky (Czech, Slovak), Venedig (Danish, German, Swedish), Venetië (Dutch), Venetsia (Finnish), Venise (French), Venetía (Greek), Velence (Hungarian), Venezia (Italian), Wenecja (Polish), Veneza (Portuguese), Veneţia (Romanian), Venecia (Spanish), Venedik (Turkish), Vinitsia (Yiddish) |
| Vienna | Viena (Catalan, Portuguese, Spanish, Romanian), Beč (Croatian, Serbian), Vídeň (Czech), Wenen (Dutch), Vienne (French), Wien (Finnish,German), Viénnē (Greek), Bécs (Hungarian), Wiedeń (Polish), Vena (Russian, Ukrainian), Viedeň (Slovak), Dunaj (Slovene), Viyana (Turkish), Vin (Yiddish) |
| Villach | Bělák (Czech), Beljak (Slovene) |
| Vilnius | Filniyūs (Arabic), Vil'nja, Vil'njus (Belarusian), Vilna (Spanish, Italian, Finnish), Wilna (German), Vílnious (Greek), Vilna (Slovene), Viļņa (Latvian), Wilno (Polish), Vil'njus (Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian), Vilne (Yiddish) |
| Vitoria | Gasteiz (Basque) |
| Vladikavkaz | Ordzhonikidzhe (former name), Wołgograd (Polish) |
| Vlora | Vlorë (Albanian), Valona (Italian, Serbian), Aulona (old name) |
| Volgograd (Slovene) | Stalingrad (former name), Tsaritsyn (former name), Wołgograd (Polish), Carycyn (former Polish name), Volgogrado (Spanish), Wolgograd (German) |
| Vyborg | Viiburi (Estonian), Viipuri (Finnish), Viborg (Swedish), Wiburg (German) |
W, Y, Z
| English Name | Other name(s) or older name(s) |
|---|---|
| Warsaw | Wārsū (Arabic), Varšava (Belarusian, Russian, Ukrainian, Czech, Slovak, Croatian), Warschau (Dutch, German), Varssavi (Estonian), Varsova (Finnish), Varsovie (French), Varsovía (Greek), Varsó (Hungarian), Varsavia (Italian), Varšava (Serbian, Slovene), Varšuva (Lithuanian), Varşovia (Romanian), Warszawa (Polish), Varsovia (Spanish), Varşova (Turkish), Varshe (Yiddish) |
| Waterford | Port Láirge (Irish) |
| Wejherowo | Neustadt in Westpreußen (German) |
| Worms | Wormacja (Polish), Wormazia (Italian) |
| Wrocław | Vratislav (Czech), Breslau (Dutch, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish), Wroclaw (Finnish, Slovene), Vratislav / Vroclav (Slovak, Serbian), Breslavia (Italian) |
| Yekaterinburg | Jekaterinburg (Serbian, Finnish, German, Slovene), Jekaterynburg (Polish), Ekaterinburgo (Spanish); Sverdlovsk (former name) |
| Yerevan | Yirīfān (Arabic), Erevan (French, English (rare), Slovene), Jerewan, Eriwan (German), Jereván (Hungarian), Erewan (Polish), Jerevan (Czech, Finnish, Russian, Ukrainian, Slovak, Serbian), Ereván (Spanish), Erivan (Turkish), |
| York (Slovene) | Caerefrog (Welsh) |
| Ypres (English, French) | Ieper (Dutch), Ypern (German) |
| Zagreb (Slovene) | Zaġrib (Arabic), Záhřeb (Czech), Záhreb (Slovak), Agram (German, obsolete), Zágkremp (Greek), Zágráb (Hungarian), Zagabria (Italian), Zagrzeb (Polish), Zagrep (Turkish), Zahreb (Ukrainian), Zâgreb (Serbian) |
| Zeebrugge | Seebrügge (German) |
| Zurich | Zūrīk (Arabic), Cirih (Serbian), Curych (Czech), Zürich (German, Finnish, Slovene), Zyríkhē (Greek), Zurigo (Italian), Zúrich (es), Ciurichas (Lithuanian), Zurych (Polish), Zurique (Portuguese), Cjurikh (Russian, Ukrainian), Zürih (Turkish) |