Sphinx
A Sphinx is an iconic image of a recumbent lion with the head of a ram, bird, or human, invented by the Egyptians of the Old Kingdom, but a cultural import in archaic Greek mythology, where it received its name (Greek Σφινξ, "strangler"). The best known is the Great Sphinx of Giza.
Egyptian sphinx
The Egyptian sphinx is an ancient iconic mythical creature usually comprised of a recumbent lion – an animal with sacred solar associations – with a human head, usually that of a pharaoh.
The largest and most famous is the Great Sphinx of Giza, sited on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile River, facing due east, with a small temple between its paws. The face of the Great Sphinx is believed to be the head of the pharaoh Khafra (often known by the Hellenized, transformed by the Greeks, version of his name, Chephren), which would date its construction to the Fourth Dynasty (2723 BCE – 2563 BCE). However, there are some alternative theories that re-date the Sphinx to pre-Old Kingdom – and, according to one hypothesis, to prehistoric – times. Other famous Egyptian sphinxes include the alabaster sphinx of Memphis, currently located within the open-air museum at that site; and the ram-headed sphinxes (criosphinxes), representing the god Amun, that line either side of the three-kilometer route linking the complexes of Luxor Temple and Karnak in Luxor (ancient Thebes), of which there were originally some nine hundred.
What names ancient Egyptians called the statues is unknown. The Arabic name of the Great Sphinx, Abu al-Hôl, translates as "Father of Terror". The Greek name "Sphinx" was applied to it in Antiquity though it has the head of a man, not a woman.
Greek Sphinx
There was a single Sphinx in Greek mythology, a unique demon of destruction and bad luck, according to Hesiod a daughter of the Chimera and Orthrus, or, according to others, of Typhon and Echidna— all of these chthonic figures. She was represented in vase-painting and bas-reliefs most often seated upright rather than recumbent, as a winged lion with a woman's head; or she was a woman with the paws, claws and breasts of a lion, a serpent's tail and birdlike wings. Hera or Ares sent the Sphinx from her Ethiopian homeland (for the Greeks remembered the Sphinx's foreign origins) to sit outside Thebes and ask all passersby history's most famous riddle: "Which creature in the morning goes on four feet, at noon on two, and in the evening upon three?" She strangled anyone unable to answer. The word "sphinx" comes from the Greek Σφινξ, Sphinx, apparently from the verb σφινγω, sphingo, meaning "to strangle". Oedipus solved the riddle: man – he crawls on all fours as a baby, then walks on two feet as an adult, and walks with a cane in old age. Bested at last, the Sphinx then threw herself from her high rock and died. Other versions tell that she devoured herself. In fact, the exact riddle asked by the Sphinx was not specified by early tellers of the story and was not standardized as the one given above until much later in Greek history.
Thus Oedipus can be recognized as a liminal or "threshold" figure, helping effect the transition between the old religious practices, represented by the Sphinx, and new, Olympian ones.
== Similar creatures ==
Not all human-headed animals of antiquity are sphinxes. In ancient Assyria, for example, bas-reliefs of bulls with the crowned bearded heads of kings guarded the entrances to temples.
In the classical Olympian mythology of Greece, all the deities had human form, though they could assume their animal natures as well. All the creatures of Greek myth that combine human and animal form are survivals of the pre-Olympian religion: centaurs, Typhon, Medusa, Lamia.
In Hindu tradition, one of the Avatars of Vishnu was the Narasimha which means 'man-lion'. The Avatar had a human body and the head of a lion.
Mannerist Sphinx
The revived Mannerist Sphinx of the 16th century is sometimes thought of as the French Sphinx. Her lovely coiffed head is erect and she has the pretty bust of a young woman. Often she wears eardrops and pearls. Her body is naturalistically rendered as a recumbent lion. Such Sphinxes were revived when the grottesche or "grotesque" decorations of the unearthed "Golden House" (Domus Aurea) of Nero were brought to light in late 15th century Rome, and she was incorporated into the classical vocabulary of arabesque designs that was spread throughout Europe in engravings during the 16th and 17th centuries. Her first appearances in French art are in the School of Fontainebleau in the 1520s and 30s; her last appearances are in the Late Baroque style of the French Régence (1715–1723).
19th century and symbolism
Sphinxes were too somber perhaps for the Rococo, and they tended to disappear from the European design repertory - until revived in the 19th century, with its romanticism, and later symbolism. Many of these sphinxes alluded to the Theban sphinx, rather than the Egyptian.
Sphinxes in fantasy
Sphinxes often appear in fantasy literature and role-playing games as races or species of monstrous creatures with the head of a human and the body of a lion, usually also with a pair of wings or the hind quarters of a bull.
Like other monsters taken from Greek mythology, the basic themes of the Egytian and Greek sphinxes are extrapolated to norms of the race as a whole. For example, most portrayals of the Sphinx have is either obligated to, or fond of, forcing potential victims to answer riddles to spare their lives. Sphinxes are depicted with varying levels of intellect and savagery, and tend to live in desert areas.
Dungeons & Dragons
Sphinx in Harry Potter
Template:Spoiler In the novel Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry encounters a sphinx that has been placed in the maze that is the Third Task. It asks him a relatively simple riddle (the answer to which is 'spider') and when he answers it correctly benignly lets him pass, though it threatened to attack him should he have answered incorrectly, or let him walk away unscathed if he remained silent.
Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them reveals that Egyptian sphinxes are "highly intelligent" and have been used by wizards and witches to guard valuables and secret hideaways for over a millennium.
Sphinx in Cerebus
In Issue #300, Cerebus's son Shep-Shep (or She-Shep, Egyptian for "living symbol") visits Cerebus and brings a box containing a sphinx that was created by splicing his genes with those of a lion, with which Shep-Shep intends to rule Egypt as a god.
See also
