Antisemitic Boycotts
The Englightenment brought with it notions of Legal Equality in Europe that led to Jews being granted equal rights, first in France, following the French Revolution. Over the course of the Nineteenth Century Jews were granted civil rights across Western Europe. This in turn led to a counter reaction by Anti-Semities, often led by Christian religious groups that regarded Jews as inferiors. This led to a variety of movements calling for boycotts of the Jews.
In Hungary, agitation for boycotts began in 1867 when Jews received equal rights. From the 1880s there were calls in the Catholic press for Jews to be boycotted. [1] The government passed laws limiting Jewish economic activity from 1938 onwards. [2]
In Poland, the AntiSemitic magazine Rola campaigned for Jewish businesses to be boycotted from 1885[3]. The head of the Catholic Church, Cardinal Hlond called for a boycott of Jews in the Thrities.[4] and the Endeks (founded by Roman Dmowski) organized boycotts of Jewish businesses across the country.[5] The government stopped hiring Jews and promoted a boycott of Jewish businesses from 1935.[6] Jewish ritual slaughter was banned in Poland in 1936 (in Germany it was banned from 1930).[7]
In 19th Century Austria, Karl Lueger the antisemitic mayor of Vienna who inspired Hitler campaigned for a boycott of Jewish Businesses. Jews were only allowed to live in Vienna from 1840. An organization called the Antisemitenbund campaigned against Jewish civil rights since 1919. Austrian campaigns tended to heighten around Christmas and became effective from 1932.[8]
After the First World War the decline in Liberal values led to many boycotts being adopted. In 1921, the German student union, the Deutschen Hochschulring, barred Jews from membership. Since the bar was racial, it included Jews who had converted to Christianity.[9] The bar was challenged by the government leading to a referendum in which 76% of students voted for the exclusion.[9]
In Palestine, the Arab leadership organized boycotts of Jewish businesses from 1929 onwards, with violence often directed at Arabs who did business with Jews.[10]
In Quebec, French-Canadian nationalists organized boycotts of Jews in the thirties.[11]
In the USA Nazi supporters such as Father Charles Coughlin agitated for a boycott of Jewish businesses and there was widespread violence against Jewish targets. Ivy League Universities restricted the numbers of Jews allowed admission.[12]
See also
Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses
References
- ^ “Because words are not deeds.” Antisemitic Practice and Nationality Policies in Upper Hungary around 1900 by Miloslav Szabó in Quest: Issues in Contemporary Jewish History July 2012 http://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/focus.php?id=299
- ^ The Christian Churches of Hungary and the Holocaust Randolph L. Braham at http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%202278.pdf
- ^ A quarter of a century of struggle” of the Rola Weekly. “The great alliance” against the Jews. by Maciej Moszyński in Quest: Issues in Contemporary Jewish History July 2012 http://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/focus.php?id=297
- ^ "Chronology of Jewish Persecution: 1936". Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ Cang, Joel (1939). "The Opposition Parties in Poland and Their Attitude towards the Jews and the Jewish Question". Jewish Social Studies. 1 (2): 241–256.
- ^ http://www.yivoinstitute.org/digital_exhibitions/index.php?mcid=72&oid=10
- ^ Bauer, Yehuda (1974). "My Brother's Keeper -- A History of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 1929-1939". Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.
[...] Polish laws against ritual slaughter (shehita) enacted in April 1936 and, in a final and drastic form, in March 1939.
{{cite web}}:|chapter=ignored (help) - ^ From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism By Bruce F. Pauley page 201 North Carolina 1992
- ^ a b Rubenstein, Richard L.; Roth, John K. (2003). "5. Rational Antisemitism". Approaches to Auschwitz: the Holocaust and its legacy (2nd ed.). Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0664223533.
- ^ Feiler, Gil (1998). From Boycott to Economic Cooperation: The Political Economy of the Arab Boycott of Israel. Routledge. ISBN 978-0714644233.
- ^ Abella, Irving; Bialystok, Franklin (1996). "Canada: Before the Holocaust". In Wyman, David S.; Rosenzveig, Charles H. (eds.). The World Reacts to the Holocaust. The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 751–753. ISBN 978-0801849695.
- ^ Betty Friedan and the Making of The Feminine Mystique: The American Left By Daniel Horowitz page 25 1998, Jerome Karabel, The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, Houghton Mifflin, 2005,