Casualties of the Iraq War
 | This article documents a current event. Information may change rapidly and initial news reports may be unreliable. The latest updates to this article may not reflect the most current information. |
Casualties in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the ensuing 2003 occupation of Iraq, and the continuing coalition presence there have come in many forms, and the accuracy of the information available on different types of casualties varies greatly.
For troops in the U.S.-led coalition, the death toll is carefully tracked and updated daily, and the names and photographs of those killed in action as well as in accidents have been published widely.
On the Iraqi side, however, information on both military and civilian casualties is both less accurate and less reliable, and given the political significance of these figures and the varied agendas of all parties, no source can be considered free of bias. At best, we learn of estimates of casualty levels either from reporters on the scene, from officials of involved organizations, or from groups that summarize information on incidents reported in the news media.
The word "casualties" in its most general sense includes the injured as well as the dead. Accounts of the number of coalition wounded vary widely, partly because it's not obvious what should be counted: should we only include injuries serious enough to put a soldier out of commission? Do we include illnesses, or injuries caused by accidents, or do we focus only on wounds caused by hostile engagement? Sources using different definitions may arrive at very different numbers, and sometimes the precise definition is not clearly specified. As for the Iraqi side, given the difficulty of even estimating the death toll, it appears that no one has attempted to count the wounded.
Overview
| Overview of types of casualties (see article for detailed explanations) | |
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Coalition military casualties
As of September 28, 2004, the coalition death toll in this conflict was 1,189. Of these, 1,052 Americans, 68 British, 19 Italians, 13 Polish, 11 Spanish, 8 Ukrainians, 6 Bulgarians, 3 Slovaks, 2 Dutch, 2 Thai, 1 Danish, 1 Estonian, 1 Hungarian, 1 Latvian, and 1 Salvadoran have died. More than 85% of these died after President Bush's announcement on May 1, 2003 that major combat was over.
Troops killed in action account for 902 of the coalition casualties, including 798 of the U.S. casualties.
Since the official handover of power to the Iraq interim government on June 28, 2004, coalition soldiers have continued to come under attack in towns across Iraq.
Coalition casualties in the 2003–2004 conflict are now more than triple those of the 1990–1991 Gulf War, and Iraqi fatalities appear to have reached similar levels, though accurate counts of the latter are not available for either conflict. (In the Gulf War, coalition forces suffered around 378 deaths, and among the Iraqi military, tens of thousands were killed, along with thousands of civilians.) See Coalition Casualties in 2003–2004 Iraq War.
Troops fallen ill, injured, or wounded
The total number of non-fatal coalition casualties of all kinds has never been comprehensively reported. For U.S. troops only, though, as of September 15, 2004, UPI reported that 16,765 had been medically evacuated from Iraq and Afghanistan for injuries or illnesses not directly related to combat [1], and the Pentagon's figures showed that 7,245 had been wounded in combat in Iraq by that time. The unspecified fraction of the former group who were evaucated from Afghanistan would not be included in the count for this conflict. However, estimating that the 9-to-1 ratio of U.S. troops killed in Iraq vs. in Afghanistan by then would also hold for non-fatal casualties, then about 15,000 of the medical evacuations would be from Iraq, so the total number of non-fatal U.S. casualties in Iraq was roughly 22,000 as of September 15, 2004.
Statistics on U.S. soldiers wounded in action, however, are disclosed regularly: according to the Pentagon, 7,413 have been wounded in action through September 21, 2004, of whom 4,026 were wounded severely enough that they could not return to action within 72 hours.
Information on injuries suffered by troops of other coalition countries is less readily available, but on July 21, 2004, The Independent reported that about 2,200 U.K. soldiers had been injured in the conflict by that time [2].
Nightline controversy
Ted Koppel, host of ABC's Nightline, devoted his entire show on April 30, 2004, to reading the names of 721 of the 737 U.S. troops who had died thus far. (The show hadn't been able to confirm the remaining 16 names.)
Claiming that this would constitute a political statement, the Sinclair Broadcast Group, a media company whose executives have strongly supported President Bush, took the unusual action of barring the seven ABC-affiliated stations it controls from airing the show. This decision drew criticism from both supporters of the war, including Republican Senator John McCain, who denounced the move as "unpatriotic" and "a gross disservice to the public" and U.S. armed forces, and opponents of the war, including the liberal group MoveOn.org.
Civilian casualties
Estimates of the number and cause of Iraqi civilian deaths and injuries in the 2003–2004 conflict are less certain. (Note that the groups making these estimates all define the word civilian to exclude the various paramilitary forces operating in Iraq as well as the military forces that existed under Saddam Hussein's regime.)
One Iraqi group, the "People's Kifah, or Struggle Against Hegemony," conducted a detailed survey in September and October of 2003 throughout the non-Kurdish areas of Iraq to surmise the total number of civilian dead [3]. They tallied 36,533 civilians killed by October 2003. This would not include civilian deaths since that time, nor civilians killed in the Kurdish areas of Iraq.
A western group, the Iraq Body Count project, compiles reported Iraqi civilian deaths resulting directly from coalition military action. It shows a minimum estimate of 12,721 and a high of 14,751 as of September 14, 2004.
However, this estimate only includes incidents that were reported by at least two sources in the press.
Another way to estimate the actual number of civilians killed is to consider the results of anonymous surveys of US soldiers returning from Iraq done in 2003 as part of a study on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) published in the New England Journal of Medicine. In this study, 14% of the Army soldiers who had served in Operation Iraqi Freedom and 28% of the Marines said that they were responsible for the death of a civilian. Since at least 180,000 Army soldiers and 58,000 Marines served in Iraq in 2003, this means that a minimum of about 41,000 troops who returned from Iraq by the end of 2003 each believed they had caused the death of one or more civilians.
This would not include civilian deaths caused by Navy or Air Force personnel, such as those that resulted from the bombing missions during the invasion, nor would it include civilians killed since the beginning of 2004. However, this could reflect either more or less than 41,000 civilians killed, as there are likely cases where one soldier felt responsible for the deaths of multiple Iraqis, where several soldiers each felt responsible for the death of the same Iraqi, and where soldiers were incorrect in their belief that an Iraqi had died.
As for the major combat phase of the war from March–April 2003, Abu Dhabi TV reported on April 8, 2003 that Iraqi sources claimed 1,252 civilians had been killed and 5,103 had been wounded. In comparison, the Iraq Body Count Project estimated that through April 9, 2003, between 996 and 1,174 civilians had been killed.
Casualties due to poor security after the invasion
In 2004, the Associated Press completed a survey [4] of the morgues in Baghdad and surrounding provinces, to tally violent deaths since President Bush declared an end to major combat operations. In Baghdad alone, they counted 4,279 such deaths in a city of 5.6 million; these deaths generally do not include combatants, because they are typically not brought to morgues. This death rate translates to 76 killings per 100,000 people, compared to 39 in crime-ridden Bogotá, Colombia, 7.5 in New York City, 3.0 in Baghdad itself in 2002 (the year before the war), and the international average rate of 5.5.
Morgues surveyed in other parts of Iraq also reported large increases in the homicide rate. For example, the rate in the province of Karbala, south of Baghdad, rose from an average of one homicide per month in 2002 to an average of 55 per month in the year following the invasion; in Tikrit, north of Baghdad, where there were no homicides in 2002, the rate had grown to an average of 17 per month; in the northern province of Kirkuk, the rate had increased from 3 per month in 2002 to 34 per month in the survey period.
Non-Iraqi civilian casualties
Many non-combatants from coalition countries and non coalition countries have also been killed or wounded, including more than 30 journalists and more than 150 UN international aid personnel and foreign contractors.
Armed civilian security contractors in Iraq, many of them working for the U.S. Department of Defense, have also died. As of September 15, 2004, some 151 contractors/security personnel are known to have been killed and 22 are missing [5]. These include security contractors, truck drivers, construction workers, and businessmen. These contractors came from the USA, European coalition members, and non coalition countries like South Africa and Germany. However, the nation with the largest number of contractor deaths, according to the list, is America, with 50 killed, plus 4 missing. In addition, although reporting on this situation has been quite sparse, one article [6] reports that at least 80 such "mercenaries" recruited to work in Iraq for American companies were killed during a period of 8 days in early April 2004 — more than the roughly 70 coalition troops who were killed in the same period.
Iraqi military casualties
There are no concrete numbers of dead Iraqi soldiers, although in late May 2003, one reporter for The Guardian estimated that between 13,500 and 45,000 Iraqi soldiers were killed by American and British troops during the six weeks of major combat [7]. (Following that period, the Iraqi military was effectively disbanded.)
A more recent, frequently quoted study published in October, 2003 [8] estimated that there were between 4,895 and 6,370 Iraqi military deaths, while explaining that to arrive at this number, they had "adjusted" the underlying incident reports from the field by reducing each count by anywhere from 20% to 60%, based on their own reliability assessments, in order to "control for casualty inflation -- a prevalent form of bias." Thus, the actual reports they were summarizing must have totalled between 6,119 and 15,925 deaths.
U.S. Central Command has given few figures on the subject, but General Tommy Franks reportedly estimated [9] soon after the invasion that there had been 30,000 Iraqi troops killed as of April 9, 2003, and officials did estimate that 2,000-3,000 Iraqi troops were killed in one day alone during a blitz into Baghdad on April 5, 2003, suggesting that a total in the tens of thousands is not unlikely for the entire 6-week war.
One way to estimate the actual number of Iraqi enemy combatants killed is to consider the results of the previously-described anonymous surveys of returning U.S. soldiers [10]. These found that 48% of Army soldiers and 65% of Marines said that they were responsible for the death of at least one enemy combatant, which means that a minimum of about 124,000 U.S. troops who returned from Iraq by the end of 2003 each believed they had caused the death of one or more enemy combatants.
As with the former estimate based on these surveys, this would not include any deaths caused by Navy or Air Force personnel, such as those that resulted from the bombing missions during the invasion, nor would it include those killed since the beginning of 2004. Again, note that this could reflect either more or less than 124,000 enemy combatants killed, as there are likely cases where one soldier felt responsible for the deaths of multiple Iraqis, where several soldiers each felt responsible for the death of the same Iraqi, and where soldiers were incorrect in their belief that an Iraqi had died.
See also
External links and references
- Detailed monthly statistics on coalition casualties
- Coalition Casualties, according to CNN
- U.S. Military Casualty Information, from the DoD
- Iraqi civilian death toll, from the Iraq Body Count project
- Timeline: U.S. losses in Iraq since May 1, 2003, BBC
- Names and faces of U.S. troops killed supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom
- A "Running Log" with write-ups about dozens of individual wounded U.S. troops
- A graph of total U.S. military fatalities in Iraq since 3/20/03
- An incomplete list of contractors/security personnel killed in Iraq
- 17,000 GIs not listed as casualties, according to UPI