Azathoth
Azathoth is a fictional deity in the Cthulhu Mythos stories of H.P. Lovecraft and other authors. Its epithets include The Blind Idiot God, Nuclear Chaos and the Daemon Sultan.
H.P. Lovecraft
Inspiration
The first recorded mention of Azathoth was in a note Lovecraft wrote to himself in 1919 that read simply, "AZATHOTH--hideous name". Mythos editor Robert M. Price argues that Lovecraft could have combined the biblical names Anathoth (Jeremiah's home town) and Azazel (a desert demon to which the scapegoat was sacrificed--mentioned by Lovecraft in "The Dunwich Horror"[1]). Price also points to the alchemical term "Azoth", which was used in the title of a book by Arthur Edward Waite, the model for the wizard Ephraim Waite in Lovecraft's "The Thing on the Doorstep".[2]
Another note Lovecraft made to himself later in 1919 refers to an idea for a story: "A terrible pilgrimage to seek the nighted throne of the far daemon-sultan Azathoth."[3] In a letter to Frank Belknap Long, Lovecraft ties this plot germ to Vathek, a novel by William Beckford about a supernatural caliph.[4] Lovecraft's attempts to work this idea into a novel foundered (a 500-word fragment survives, first published under the title "Azathoth" in the journal Leaves in 1938[5]), although Lovecraftian scholar Will Murray suggests that Lovecraft recycled the idea into his Dream Cycle novella The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath, written in 1926.[6]
Price sees another inspiration for Azathoth in Lord Dunsany's Mana-Yood-Sushai, from The Gods of Pegana, a creator deity "who made the gods and thereafter rested." In Dunsany's conception, MANA-YOOD-SUSHAI sleeps eternally, lulled by the music of a lesser deity who must drum forever, "for if he cease for an instant then MANA-YOOD-SUSHAI will start awake, and there will be worlds nor gods no more." This oblivious creator god accompanied by supernatural musicians is a clear prototype for Azathoth, Price argues.[7]
Fiction
The Dream-Quest was the first fiction by Lovecraft to mention Azathoth:
- [O]utside the ordered universe [is] that amorphous blight of nethermost confusion which blasphemes and bubbles at the center of all infinity—the boundless daemon sultan Azathoth, whose name no lips dare speak aloud, and who gnaws hungrily in inconceivable, unlighted chambers beyond time and space amidst the muffled, maddening beating of vile drums and the thin monotonous whine of accursed flutes.[8]
Lovecraft referred to Azathoth again in "The Whisperer in Darkness" (1931), where the narrator relates that he "started with loathing when told of the monstrous nuclear chaos beyond angled space which the Necronomicon had mercifully cloaked under the name of Azathoth."[9] Here "nuclear" most likely refers to Azathoth's central location and not to nuclear energy, which did not truly come of age until after Lovecraft's death.
In "The Dreams in the Witch House" (1932), the protagonist Walter Gilman dreams that he is told by the witch Keziah Mason that "He must meet the Black Man, and go with them all to the throne of Azathoth at the centre of ultimate Chaos.... He must sign in his own blood the book of Azathoth and take a new secret name.... What kept him from going with her...to the throne of Chaos where the thin flutes pipe mindlessly was the fact that he had seen the name 'Azathoth' in the Necronomicon, and knew it stood for a primal horror to horrible for description."[10] Gilman wakes from another dream remembering "the thin, monotonous piping of an unseen flute", and decides that "he had picked up that last conception from what he had read in the Necronomicon about the mindless entity Azathoth, which rules all time and space from a curiously environed black throne at the centre of Chaos."[11] He later fears finding himself "in the spiral black vortices of that ultimate void of Chaos wherein reigns the mindless daemon-sultan Azathoth".[12]
The poet Edward Pickman Derby, the protagonist of Lovecraft's "The Thing on the Doorstep", is a poet whose collection of "nightmare lyrics" is called Azathoth and Other Horrors.."[13]
The last major reference in Lovecraft's fiction to Azathoth was in 1935's "The Haunter of the Dark", which tells of "the ancient legends of Ultimate Chaos, at whose center sprawls the blind idiot god Azathoth, Lord of All Things, encircled by his flopping horde of mindless and amorphous dancers, and lulled by the thin monotonous piping of a demoniac flute held in nameless paws."[14]
Other writers
August Derleth
Many other Mythos writers have referred to Azathoth in their stories. August Derleth, in his novel The Lurker on the Threshold, depicts the entity as a leader in a cosmic upheaval akin to Lucifer's rebellion in the Bible. In a passage attributed to the Necronomicon of Abdul Alhazred, Derleth writes:
- (T)hose daring to oppose the Elder Gods who ruled from Betelgueze, the Great Old Ones who fought against the Elder Gods...were instructed by Azathoth, who is the blind idiot god, and by Yog-Sothoth....[15]
In another passage, Derleth quotes a prophecy:
- (Y)e blind idiot, ye noxious Azathoth shal arise from ye middle of ye World where all is Chaos & Destruction where He hath bubbl'd and blasphem'd at Ye centre which is of All Things, which is to say Infinity....
Ramsey Campbell
In "The Insects from Shaggai", Ramsey Campbell describes the extraterrestrial creatures of the title as worshippers of "the hideous god Azathoth", practicing "obscene rites" that involved "atrocities practiced on still-living victims" in Azathoth's conical temple. After fleeing from the destruction of their home planet of Shaggai, the insects teleport the temple across the universe, eventually ending up in a forest near Campbell's fictional city of Goatswood.[16]
Ronald Shea, the narrator of Campbell's story, enters the temple after visiting the forest and discovers a twenty-foot idol that "represented the god Azathoth--Azathoth as he had been before his exile Outside":
- [I]t consisted of a bivalvular shell supported on many pairs of flexible legs. From the half-open shell rose several jointed cylinders, tipped with polypous appendages; and in the darkness inside the shell I thought I saw a horrible bestial, mouthless face, with deep-sunk eyes and covered with glistening black hair.[17]
At the story's climax, Shea catches a glimpse of "what the idiot god might now resemble":
- I saw something ooze into the corridor--a pale grey shape, expanding and crinkling, which glistened and shook gelatinously as still-moving particles dropped free; but it was only a glimpse, and after that it is only in nightmares that I imagine I see the complete shape of Azathoth.[18]
Thomas Ligotti
Thomas Ligotti's short story "The Sect of the Idiot" (1988) mentions a circle of non-human worshippers composed of wizened, hideous creatures. The story's epigram--a "quotation" from the Necronomicon--reads "The primal chaos, Lord of all...the blind idiot god--Azathoth," suggesting that it is that entity whom the creatures worship. [19]
Grant Morrison
In The Invisibles, Grant Morrison asserts that Oppenheimer was a priest of Azathoth, and that this was his secret reason behind the Manhattan Project. In the comics, the Trinity test is also the cause of the Roswell UFO Incident a year later.
The Azathoth Cycle
In 1995, Chaosium published The Azathoth Cycle, a Cthulhu Mythos anthology focusing on works referring to or inspired by the entity Azathoth. Edited by Lovecraft scholar Robert M. Price, the book includes an introduction by Price tracing the roots and development of the Blind Idiot God. The contents include:
- "Azathoth" by Edward Pickman Derby
- "Azathoth in Arkham" by Peter Cannon
- "The Revenge of Azathoth" by Peter Cannon
- "The Pit of the Shoggoths" by Stephen M. Rainey
- "Hydra" by Henry Kuttner
- "The Madness Out of Time" by Lin Carter
- "The Insects from Shaggai" by Ramsey Campbell
- "The Sect of the Idiot" by Thomas Ligotti
- "The Throne of Achamoth" by Richard L. Tierney & Robert M. Price
- "The Last Night of the Earth" by Gary Myers
- "The Daemon-Sultan" by Donald R. Burleson
- "Idiot Savant" by C. J. Henderson
- "The Space of Madness" by Stephen Studach
- "The Nameless Tower" by John Glasby
- "The Plague Jar" by Allen Mackey
- "The Old Ones’ Promise of Eternal Life" by Robert M. Price
References
- Harms, Daniel (1998). The Encyclopedia Cthulhiana (2nd ed. ed.). Oakland, CA: Chaosium. ISBN 1-5688-2119-0.
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- Petersen, Sandy. Call of Cthulhu (5th ed. ed.). Oakland, CA: Chaosium. ISBN 1-5688-2148-4.
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- Price, Robert M. (ed.) (1995). The Azathoth Cycle (1st ed. ed.). Oakland, CA: Chaosium. ISBN 1-5688-2040-2.
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Notes
- ^ H. P. Lovecraft, "The Dunwich Horror", The Dunwich Horror and Others, p. 158.
- ^ Robert M. Price, The Azathoth Cycle, pp. v-vi.
- ^ cited in Price, The Azathoth Cycle, p. vi.
- ^ Letter to Frank Belknap Long, June 9, 1922; cited in Price, The Azathoth Cycle, p. vi.
- ^ "H. P. Lovecraft's 'Azathoth'", The H. P. Lovecraft Archive.
- ^ Price, The Azathoth Cycle, p. vii.
- ^ Price, The Azathoth Cycle, pp. viii-ix.
- ^ H. P. Lovecraft, The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath, in At The Mountains of Madness, p. 308.
- ^ H. P. Lovecraft, "The Whisperer in Darkness", The Dunwich Horror and Others, p. 256.
- ^ H. P. Lovecraft, "The Dreams in the Witch House", At the Mountains of Madness, pp. 272-273.
- ^ Lovecraft, "The Dreams in the Witch House", p. 282.
- ^ Lovecraft, "The Dreams in the Witch House", p. 293.
- ^ H. P. Lovecraft, "The Thing on the Doorstep", The Dunwich Horror and Others, p. 277.
- ^ H. P. Lovecraft, "The Haunter of the Dark", The Dunwich Horror and Others, p. 110.
- ^ August Derleth, The Lurker at the Threshold, in The Watchers Out of Time, p. 133.
- ^ Ramsey Campbell, "The Insects from Shaggai", The Azathoth Cycle, pp. 86-87.
- ^ Campbell, "The Insects from Shaggai", pp. 89, 91.
- ^ Campbell, "The Insects from Shaggai", pp. 91-92.
- ^ Thomas Ligotti, "The Sect of the Idiot" (1988), The Azathoth Cycle, 93–102.