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Latin liturgical rites

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Latin liturgical rites used within that area of the Roman Catholic Church where the Latin language once dominated (the Latin Rite or Western Catholic Church) were for many centuries no less numerous than the liturgical rites of the Eastern autonomous particular Churches. Their number is now much reduced. In the aftermath of the Council of Trent, in 1568 and 1570 Pope Pius V suppressed the Breviaries and Missals that could not be shown to have an antiquity of at least two centuries (see Tridentine Mass and Roman Missal). Many local rites that remained legitimate even after this decree were abandoned voluntarily, especially in the nineteenth century. And most religious orders that had kept a rite of their own chose in the second half of the twentieth century to adopt the Roman Rite as revised in accordance with the decrees of the Second Vatican Council. A few such liturgical rites persist today for the celebration of Mass, since 1965-1970 in revised forms, but the distinct liturgical rites for celebrating the other sacraments have been almost completely abandoned.

Liturgical rites currently in use within the Latin-Rite Catholic Church

  • The Roman Rite is by far the most widely used. Like other liturgical rites, it developed over time, with newer forms replacing the older. It underwent many changes in the first millennium and a half of its existence (see Pre-Tridentine Mass). The forms that Pope Pius V, as requested by the Council of Trent, established in the 1560s and 1570s underwent repeated minor variations in the centuries immediately following. Each new typical edition (the edition to which other printings are to conform) of the Roman Missal (see Tridentine Mass) and of the other liturgical books superseded the previous one. The twentieth century saw more profound changes. Pope Pius X radically rearranged the Psalter of the Breviary. Later Popes continued to make such changes, beginning with Pope Pius XII, who revised the Holy Week ceremonies and certain other aspects of the Roman Missal in 1955. The Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) was followed by a general revision of the rites of all the Roman Rite sacraments, including the Eucharist (see Mass of Paul VI). As before, each new typical edition of an official liturgical book supersedes the previous one. Thus, the 1970 Roman Missal, which superseded the 1962 edition, was superseded by the edition of 1975. The 2002 edition in turn supersedes the 1975 edition both in Latin and, as official translations into each language appear, also in the vernacular languages.
  • The Carthusian rite is still in use in a reformed version. Before these modernizations, it resembled exactly the Rite of Lyon as it had been in the 11th century. However, the rites peculiar to some other religious orders (e.g. the Carmelites and the Dominicans) are now generally abandoned, apart from their continued use by a few members of these orders in virtue of the Ecclesia Dei indult. These rites were generally based on the kind of local territorial variants exemplified in the Gallican Rite and the Sarum Use (see below, "Defunct Catholic Western liturgical rites")
  • The Ambrosian Rite is celebrated in most of the Archdiocese of Milan, Italy and in parts of some neighbouring dioceses in Italy and Switzerland. The language used is now usually Italian, rather than Latin. With some variant texts and minor difference in the order of readings, it is similar in form to the Roman Rite.
  • The Rite of Braga is used in the Archdiocese of Braga in northern Portugal.
  • The Mozarabic Rite, once prevalent throughout Spain, is now celebrated mostly in limited locations, among them the cathedral of Toledo.
  • The Anglican Use is a use of the Roman Rite, in English only, based on the Book of Common Prayer with the introduction of some Roman elements, used, in accordance with what the Pastoral Provision, by people of Anglican background in the United States who become Roman Catholic but retain elements of the Cramnerian liturgy.
  • The Zaire Use is a variation of the Roman Rite used to a very limited extent in some African countries.

Defunct Catholic Western liturgical rites

  • The African Rite used in Latin-speaking Roman North Africa prior to the Arab conquest (8th century). Practically no details are known of it except that, like the Ambrosian Rite, it was close in form to the Roman Rite.
  • The ancient Celtic Rite was a composite of non-Roman ritual structures and texts not exempt from Roman influence that was similar to the Mozarabic Rite in many respects and would have been used at least in parts of Ireland and Northern Britain (including Scotland) and perhaps even Wales, Cornwall and Somerset, before being replaced by the Roman usage in the early Middle Ages. "Celtic" is possibly a misnomer and it may owe its origins to Augustine's re-evangelisation of the British Isles in the sixth century. Little is known of it, though several texts and liturgies survive. Some Christians (typically groups not in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church, including some in communion with Orthodox Christian Churches, e.g. Celtic Orthodoxy), have attempted to breathe life into a reconstruction of the Celtic Rite whose historical accuracy is debated. Historical evidence of this rite is found in the remnants of the Stowe (Lorrha) Missal.
  • The Gallican Rite is a retrospective term applied to the sum of the local variants, on similar lines to that designated elsewhere as the Celtic Rite (above) and the Mozarabic Rite, which faded from use in France by the end of the first millennium. It should not be confused with the so-called Neo-Gallican liturgical books published in various French dioceses after the Council of Trent, which had little or nothing to do with it.
  • Several local rites (more properly, uses) of limited scope.
    • The Sarum Rite (more properly Sarum Use), a defunct variant on the Roman Rite originating in the Salisbury diocese, which had come to be widely practiced in England and Scotland around the 1530s, while the Protestant Reformation swept across continental Europe; practiced alongside limited other variants such as the York Use, Lincoln Use, Bangor Use, and Hereford Use.
    • The Cologne Use, used in the diocese of Cologne prior to 1570
    • The Lyonese Rite of the diocese of Lyon, France, now defunct, was once again a local variant of the Roman Rite, much as was the Sarum Use. Until 1969 this rite was used by the Carthusian Order in all Cathusian charterhouses. The Second Vatican Council brought very minor changes to the Carthusian Rite.
    • The Nidaros Use, long defunct, based mainly on imported English liturgical books, used in pre-Reformation Norway.[1]
    • The Uppsala Use, suppressed during the Reformation, formerly the dominant variant of the Roman rite used in northern Sweden.
    • The Aquileia Rite, a defunct rite based in the former town in northern Italy.
    • The Benevento Rite, a defunct rite originated in this city in Italy.
  • Defunct Rites of Religious Orders (abandoned after the Second Vatican Council)

See also

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