Dante Gabriel Rossetti
Dante Gabriel Rossetti (1828 - 1882) was an English poet, painter and translator.
He was the brother of Christina Rossetti and a member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood ] John Everett Millais and and William Holman Hunt. The son of an an emigre Italian scholar, Rossetti had shown a strong interest in literature from an early age. Like all his siblings, he aspired to be a poet. However, he also wished to be a painting, having shown a great interest in Medieval Italian art. He studied under Ford Madox Brown, with whom he was to retain a close relatiobnship throughout his life.
Following the exhibition of Holman Hunt's painting The Eve of St Agnes, Rossetti sought out Hunt's friendship. The painting illustrated a poem by the then still little-known John Keats. Rossetti's own poem The Blassed Damozel was an imitation of Keats, so he sought out Hunt. Together they developed the philosophy of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood. Rossetti was always more interested in the Medieval than in the modern side of the movement. He was publishing translations of Dante and other Medieval Italian poets, his art also sought to adopt the stylistic characteristics of the their contemporaries.
Nevertheless Rossetti's first major paintings display some of the realist qualities of the early Pre-Raphaelite movement. His Girlhood of Mary, Virgin and Ecce Ancilla Domine both portray Mary as an emaciated a repressed teenage girl. His incomplete picture Found would have been his only major modern-life subject. It was to have depicted a prostitute, lifted up from the street by a country-drover who recognises his old sweetheart. However, Rossetti increasingly prefered symbolic and mythological images to realistic ones. This was also increasingly true of his poetry.
Both these developments were precipitated by events in his private life, in particular by the death of his wife Elizabeth Siddal. She had taken an overdose of laudanum shortly after the birth of a dead child. Rossetti became increasingly depressed, and buried the bulk of his unpublished poems in her grave. He idealised her image as Dante's Beatrice in a number of paintings, such as Beata Beatrix.
These paintings were to be a major influence on the development of the European Symbolist movement. Increasingly Rossetti's depiction of women became increasingly stylised. He tended to portray his new lover Fanny Cornforth as the epitome of physical eroticism, while Jane Morris, the wife of his business partner William Morris, was glamorised as etherial goddess.
During these years, Rossetti was prevailed upon by friends to exhume his poems from his wife's grave. This he did, collating and publishing them in 1871. They created a controversy when they were attacked under the phrase the 'fleshly school of poetry'. The eroticism and sensuality of the poems caused offense. One poem Nuptial Sleep, described a couple falling asleep after sex. This was part of Rossetti's sonnet sequence The House of Life, a complex series of poems tracing the physical and spiritual development of an intimate relationship. Rossetti described the sonnet form as a 'moment's monument', implying that it sought to contain the feelings of a fleeting moment, and to reflect upon their meaning. This was Rossetti's most substantial literary achievement.
Rossetti also typically wrote sonnets for his pictures, such as Astarte Syraica. As a designer, he worked with William Morris to produce images for stained glass and other decorative devices.
Rossetti's later years were darkened by his drug addiction, and his increasing mental instability.