Battle of Spion Kop
| Battle of Spion Kop | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Second Boer War | |||||||
 Boers at Spion Kop, 1900. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Great Britain | Boers | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Charles Warren Alexander Thorneycroft | Louis Botha | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
|
11,000 infantry 2,200 cavalry 36 field guns | 6,000 men | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
|
383 killed 1,000 wounded 300 captured |
58 killed 140 wounded | ||||||
The Battle of Spion Kop (Afrikaans: Slag van Spioenkop) was fought about 38 km (21 miles) west-south-west of Ladysmith on the hilltop of Spioenkop(1) along the Tugela River, Natal in South Africa. The battle was fought between Boer and British forces from 23-24 January 1900 as part of the Second Boer War, and resulted in a famous British defeat during the Boer War.
The battle
General Sir Redvers Buller, VC, commander of the British forces in Natal, was at the time still overshadowed by Lieutenant-General Louis Botha and the fate of Ladysmith undecided. Buller gave control of his main force to General Sir Charles Warren, who decided to attack the Boers along two fronts. General Warren had command of 11,000 infantry, 2,200 cavalry, and 36 field guns. After ten days' travel and preparation to reach Trichardt's Drift on the Tugela river the battle for Spion Kop began. Spion Kop, as the largest hill in the region at over 1,400 feet, was occupied by the Boers, who were armed with modern German Mauser rifles.
Spion Kop formed a major bastion of the Boers' defensive line that blocked Buller's advance to Ladysmith, where some 13,000 British troops were besieged. The Kop was only 10 miles from Ladysmith and possession of the hill would allow the British artillery to dominate the surrounding area. Spion Kop was therefore seen as the "Key to Ladysmith". The Boers sited their defensive positions not on the crests of hills but instead on the rear slope, out of sight of enemy forces, a tactic unfamiliar to British military orthodoxy. This tactic allowed the Boers to observe the British forces while keeping hidden their own forces' numbers and dispositions.
On the night of 23 January, Warren sent a force under Major General Edward Woodgate to secure Spion Kop. Lieutenant Colonel Alexander Thorneycroft was selected to spearhead the initial assault.
The British climbed up the hill at night and in dense mist. They effectively suprised the smaller Boer piquet around 100 men and drove them off the Kop at bayonet point. A small number of British Sappers began to entrench the position (whilst almost 1,000 soldiers stood around idle) and Major General Woodgate communicated with General Warren of the success of taking the hilltop, but the good cheer only lasted until the fog lifted.
With the dawn of the new day the British discovered that they had the smaller and lower part of the hilltop of Spion Kop, while the Boers occupied higher ground on three sides of the British position. To make matters worse, the British trenches were totally inadequate. The British had no direct knowledge of the topography of the summit and the darkness and fog had compounded the problem. At most the trenches were 40cm deep and provided an exceptionally poor defensive position - the British infantry in the trenches could not see over the crest of the plateau and the Boers were able to fire down the length of the crescent-shaped trench from the adjacent peaks.
The Boer Generals were not unduly concerned by the news that the British had taken the Kop. They knew that their artillery on Tabanyama could be brought to bear on the British position and that rifle fire could be brought to bear from parts of the Kop not yet occuped by the British. However, the Boer Generals also knew that sniping and artillery alone would not be sufficient to dislodge the British - and the Boer position was desperately vulnerable. If the British immediately established positions on Conical Hill and Aloe Knoll (the two unoccupied kojes on the kop itself) they could bring their artillery to bear on Tabanyama, threatening the key Boer positions there. More importantly, there was a risk that the British would storm Twin Peaks (Drielingkoppe) to the eatern end of Spion Kop. And if Twin Peaks fell, the British would be able to turn the Boers' left flank and annihilate the main Boer encampment. The Boer Generals realised that Spion Kop would have to be stormed, and stromed soon, if disaster were to be averted.
The Boers began to bombard the British position, dropping shells from the adjacent plateau of Tabanyama at a rate of ten rounds per minute. Meanwhile, Commandant Henrik Prinsloo of the Carolina Commando rose to the challenge of storming the Kop. Some 88 men attacked the Lancashire Fusiliers and left seventy of them dead with bullet holes on the right side of their heads. Major General Woodgate was killed in action at this point. Colonel Malby Crofton took charge and asked for reinforcements, but got none. The British position was to hold Spion Kop at all costs. The Boers proved to be sharpshooters in an enfilade position against the British, and anyone who did not find cover in time was shot dead or wounded.
In the chaos General Buller recommended a new commander for the fight on Spion Kop, and General Warren promoted Thorneycroft to Brigadier General and gave him operational control of the battle. Thorneycroft's first operational command was to stop a surrender on Spion Kop declaring there shall be no surrender. There were still some surrenders, but it was against orders and the British line held. Winston Churchill was a journalist stationed in South Africa and he was commissioned an officer at the rank of Lieutenant of the South African Light Horse by General Buller during the Boer War after his prisoner-of-war prison escape. Churchill acted as a courier to and from Spion Kop and General Buller's HQ and made a statement about the scene: "Corpses lay here and there. Many of the wounds were of a horrible nature. The splinters and fragments of the shells had torn and mutilated them. The shallow trenches were choked with dead and wounded." The battle was chaos littered with bodies and dead messengers, so the fog of war left little understanding of the overall situation except for the bloody conflict to control the hill.
After sixteen days into the campaign Brigadier General Thorneycroft ordered a retreat after reporting that the soldiers have no water, and ammunition is running short, and the hill cannot be held at the current casualty rate for another night. The casualties result of the battle were nearly 400 British dead left buried on Spion Kop and 1,400 British wounded or captured. The Boers had 58 dead and 140 wounded with Commandant Prinsloo taking a loss of 55 out of his 88 men.
Ladysmith would be taken by the British on another day.
Note about the name
Although the common English name for the battle is Spion Kop throughout the Commonwealth and its historic literature, the official South African English and Afrikaans name for the battle is Spioenkop, which is in common use in South Africa and is the correct English spelling of the borrowed Afrikaans name; spioen means "spy" or "look-out", and kop means "hill" or "outcropping". Another variant that is sometimes found is the combination into Spionkop.
The name Spionkop originates from Dutch instead of Afrikaans. Spion (and not Spioen) is the Dutch word for "spy". Until the 1920's Dutch was still the official language of the Boers, especially in its written form.
Miscellaneous
The Kop Stand at Anfield Stadium — home of the English football team Liverpool — is named in honour of the battle. The east side of Sheffield Wednesday's Hillsborough, built on a hill, is also called "Spion Kop". Similarly, Plymouth Argyle named a corner of Home Park 'the Spion Kop' in honour of the battle, but the disabled facility was torn down during Phase I regeneration of the football ground.
A Terrace at Wigan Rugby League Football Club's former ground, Central Park, was also named the 'Spion Kop'.
The village of Spion Kop near Mansfield, Nottinghamshire was named in honour of the battle.
Similarly, in places like Australia there are numerous hills bearing the name "Spion Kop", presumably because of their perceived resemblance to the location of the battle in the eyes of returned servicemen.
"The Battle of Spion Kop" was an episode of the Goon Show, broadcast on 29 December 1958
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was a British stretcher-bearer at the battle.
References
- Oliver Ransford, Battle Of Spion Kop, (John Murray, London, 1971)
- H. G. Castle, Spion Kop: The Second Boer War (Almark, London, 1976)
- CHAPTER XV Spion Kop, "The Great Boer War", By Arthur Conan Doyle (pub 1902) ISBN 1-4043-0473-8
- Chapter IX The Battle for Spion Kop, "Commando: A Boer Journal Of The Boer War" by Deneys Reitz (first pub in GB 1929) ISBN 0-571-08778-7
- "Boer Commando: An Afrikaner Journal of the Boer War" (same book different edition), ISBN 0-9627613-3-8
Further reading
- The 7 volume "The Times History of the War in South Africa", ed L.S. Amery,(pub 1900-1909)
- An Illustrated History of South Africa, Cameron & Spies, Human & Rousseau publishers, 1986 (ISBN 1-86812-190-9).
- Military Heritage did a feature about the bloody Spion Kop battle for a hill of the Boer War (Herman T. Voelkner, Military Heritage, October 2005, Volume 7, No. 2, pp 28 to 35, and p. 71), ISSN 1524-8666.
- Winston, Churchill, My Early Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1930.
- Byron Farwell, The Great Anglo-Boer War. New York; Harper & Row, 1976.
- Denis Judd, The Boer War. New York: MacMillan, 2003.
- William Manchester, The Last Lion. Boston: Little Brown, 1983.
- Thomas Pakenham, The Boer War. New York: Random House 1979.
- Celida Sandys, Churchill: Wanted Dead or Alive. New York: Carroll and Graf, 1999.