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Han dynasty

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Han Dynasty (漢 202 BC - ─ 220 AD) followed Qin Dynasty and preceeded Three Kingdoms in China.

Summary

During the Han Dynasty, China officially became a Confucian state and prospered domestically: extending its political and cultural influence over Vietnam, Central Asia, Mongolia, and Korea before it finally collapsed under a mixture of domestic and external pressures. First of the two periods of the dynasty, namely the Former Han Dynasty (Qian Han 前漢) or the Western Han Dynasty (Xi Han 西漢) 206 B.C. - 9 AD seated at Changan. The Later Han Dynasty (Hou Han 後漢) or the Eastern Han Dynasty (Dong Han 東漢) 25 AD- 220 AD seated at Luoyang. The western-eastern Han convention is used contemparily to avoid confusion with the Later Han Kingdom of the Period of the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms though former-later nomenclature was used in traditional historical texts like . The royal family was the Liu's.

The Birth

Endless labor in the later years of reign of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty (Qin Shi Huangdi) (including the linking up of the Great Wall of China and constructing the fist canal in today GuangDong Province (Lingqu), inconclusive campaign against Xiongnu (sometimes identified with the Huns), widening and paving of countless roads all over China) started to provocate widespread discontentment. The emperor was still able to barely maintain the stability by tight grip on every aspect of the living of the Chinese. He also travelled frequently to large cities in Northern China to inspect the effciency of bureaucarcy and symbolize the presence of Qin's prestige. Nevertheless his trip provided chances for assasins, the most famous of whom was Zhang Liang. Within the first 3 months of the emperor's death at Shaqiu, widespread revolts by peaseants, prisoners, soldiers and descendants of the nobles of the Six Warring States were all over China. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, two in a group of about 30 soldiers assigned to defend against the Xiongnu, were the leaders of the first rebellion. Continuous insurgence toppled the Qin dynasty in 206 BC. Leader of all insurgents at the time was Xiang yu, an outstanding army commander without political expertise, who divided the country into 26 feudal states to his own satisfaction. Ensuring war among those states signified the 5 years of Chu Han Contention with Liu Bang, the first emperor of the Han Dynasty, as the eventual winner. Establishment of the Han Dynasty could be dated 206 B.C. when the Qin dynasty crumbled or 202 B.C. when Liu Bang exterminated Xiang yu.

the Han Dynasty Emperors
Posthumous Name ( Shi Hao 諡號) Original Name Period of Reign Era Name (Nian Hao 年號)
the Western Han Dynasty 206 B.C.-9
Guo Zu Liu Bang 206 B.C.-195 B.C. Did not exist
Hui Di Liu Ying 194 B.C.-188 B.C. Did not exist
Guo Hou Lu Zhi 187 B.C.-180 B.C. Did not exist
Wen Di Liu Heng 179 B.C.-157 B.C. Hou Yuan (後元) 163 B.C.-156 B.C.
Jing Di Liu Qi 156 B.C.-141 B.C. Chng Yuan (中元) 149 B.C.-143 B.C.
Hou Yuan (後元) 143 B.C.-141 B.C.
Wu Di Liu Che 140 B.C.- 87 B.C. Jian Yuan (建元) 140 B.C.-135 B.C.
   Yuan Guang(元光) 134 B.C.-129 B.C.

   Yuan Shuo (元朔) 128 B.C.-123 B.C.

   Yuan Shou (元狩) 122 B.C.-117 B.C.

   Yuan Ding (元鼎) 116 B.C.-111 B.C.

   Yuan Feng (元封) 110 B.C.-105 B.C.

   Tai Chu   (太初) 104 B.C.-101 B.C.

   Tian Han  (天漢) 100 B.C.-97 B.C.

   Tai Shi  (太始) 96 B.C.-93 B.C.

   Zheng He  (征和) 92 B.C.-89 B.C.

   Hou Yuan  (後元) 88 B.C.-87 B.C.
Zhao Di Liu Fu Ling 86 B.C.- 74 B.C. Shi Yuan (始元) 86 B.C.-81 B.C.
   Yuan Fen (元鳳) 80 B.C.-75 B.C.

   Yuan Ping(元平) 74 B.C.
Xuan Di Liu Xun 73 B.C.- 49 B.C. Ben Shi (本始) 73 B.C.-70 B.C.
   Di Jie  (地節) 69 B.C.-66 B.C.

   Yuan Kang (元康) 65 B.C.-62 B.C.

   Shen Jue (神爵)  61 B.C.-58 B.C.

   Wu Feng (五鳳) 57 B.C.-54 B.C.

   Gan Lu (甘露) 53 B.C.-50 B.C.

   Huang Long   (黃龍) 49 B.C.
Yuan Di Liu Shi 48 B.C.- 33 B.C. Chu Yuan (初元) 48 B.C.-44 B.C.
   Yong Guang  (永光) 43 B.C.-39 B.C.

   Jian Zhao (建昭)  38 B.C.-34 B.C.

   Jing Ning (竟寧) 33 B.C.
Cheng Di Liu Ao 32 B.C.-7 B.C. Jian Shi (建始) 32 B.C.-29 B.C.
   He Ping  (河平) 28 B.C.-25 B.C.

   Yang Shuo(陽朔) 24 B.C.-21 B.C.

   Hong Jia (鴻嘉) 20 B.C.-17 B.C.

   Yong Shi (永始) 16 B.C.-13 B.C.

   Yuan Yan (元延) 12 B.C.-9 B.C.

   Sui He (綏和) 9 B.C.-7 B.C.
Ai Di Liu Xin 6 B.C.-1 B.C. Jian Ping (建平) 6 B.C.-3 B.C.
   Yuan Shou (元壽) 2 B.C.-1 B.C.
Ping Di Liu Kan 1-5 Yuan Shi (元始) 1-5
Ru Zi Ying Liu Ying 6-8 Ju She (居攝) 6- October 8
   Chu Shi (初始) November 8-December 8
the Xin Dynasty by Wang Mang 9-23 Shi Jian Guo (始建國) 9- 13
   Tian Feng (天鳳) 14-19

   Di Huang (地皇) 20-23
Geng Shi Di Liu Xuan 23-25 Geng Shi (更始) 23-25

the Western Han Dynasty

Right after the unification


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