George Gurdjieff
George Ivanovich Gurdjieff (1872? - 1949), born in Alexandropol, Armenia (then of the Russian Empire), traveled to many parts of the world before returning to Russia and teaching in Moscow in 1913. Around 1919, he moved to Tbilisi, and then in 1922, established the Institute for the Harmonious Development of Man in Paris. Timelines facts and whereabouts are uncertain,fictionalised or deliberately obscured for many time periods. A master of languages, disguise and "work on self"(also known as The Work ), there are many eyewitness accounts of miraculous occurrences in his presence.
He is best known from the published works of his students, such as P. D. Ouspensky (who wrote "In Search of the Miraculous" about his experiences as a student of Gurdjieff) and Maurice Nicol , but he also published three books of his own ("Beelzebub's Tales to his Grandson", "Meetings with Remarkable Men", and "Life is Real Only Then, When I Am"). His teachings have much in common with the teachings of Zen and other Hindu/Buddhist traditions, centering around the idea of working on oneself for the purpose of becoming more conscious and more in control of one's being. It has been demonstrated that his ideas were even more in line with the Sufi tradition.
His teachings are called the 4th way.