Timeline of the history of Islam (16th century)
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- 1500: In the Burji Mamluks empire, Zahir Kanauh overthrown by Ashraf Gan Balat.
- 1501: Ismail I establishes the Safavid dynasty in Persia, and the Twelve-Imam Shi'ism becomes the state religion.
- 1507: The Portuguese under d'Albuquerque establish strongholds in the Persian Gulf.
- 1508: Turkomans of the White Sheep empire, End of the White Sheep dynasty and the annexation of their territories by the Safavids.
- 1517: The Ottoman Sultan Selim Yavuz ("the Grim") defeats the Mamluks and conquers Egypt.
- 1520: The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent begins.
- 1526: Louis of Hungary dies at the Battle of Mohács. The Battle of Panipat in India, and the Moghul conquest; Babur makes his capital at Delhi and Agra.
- 1529: Unsuccessful Ottoman siege of Vienna.
- 1550: The architect Sinan builds the Suleiman Mosque in Istanbul. The rise of the Muslim kingdom of Atjeh in Sumatra. Islam spreads to Java, the Moluccas, and Borneo.
- 1556: The death of Suleiman the Magnificent.
- 1568: Alpujarra uprising of the Moriscos (Muslims forcibly converted to Catholicism) in Spain.
- 1571: The Ottomans are defeated at the naval Battle of Lepanto, and their dominance in the Mediterranean is brought to a close.
- 1578: The Battle of the Three Kings at Qasr al-Kabir in Morocco. King Sebastian of Portugal is killed.
- 1588: Reign of Safavid Sultan Shah Abbas I begins.
- 1591: Mustaili Ismailis split into Sulaymanis and Daudis.