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Cree

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Darrend1967 (talk | contribs) at 23:37, 29 October 2019 (→First Nation communities: Adding/improving reference(s)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
For other uses, see Cree (disambiguation).
"Nehiyaw" redirects here. For the children's book author, see Glecia Bear.

Cree
Néhinaw, Néhiyaw, etc.
Total population
392,420 (2016 census)
Including Atikamekw and Innu
Regions with significant populations
Canada, United States
Alberta95,300
Saskatchewan89,990
Manitoba66,895
Quebec58,640
Ontario36,750
British Columbia35,885
Montana3,323
Newfoundland and Labrador3,255
Northwest Territories2,195
Nova Scotia1,780
Languages
Cree, Cree Sign Language, English, French
Religion
Anglicanism, Pentecostalism, Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Métis, Oji-Cree, Ojibwe, Innu

The Cree (Template:Lang-cr, Néhiyaw, etc; Template:Lang-fr) are one of the largest groups of First Nations in North America.

In Canada, over 350,000 people are Cree or have Cree ancestry.[2] The major proportion of Cree in Canada live north and west of Lake Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Northwest Territories.[3] About 27,000 live in Quebec.[4]

In the United States, Cree people historically lived from Lake Superior westward. Today, they live mostly in Montana, where they share the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation with Ojibwe (Chippewa) people.[5]

The documented westward migration over time has been strongly associated with their roles as traders and hunters in the North American fur trade.[6]

Sub-groups / Geography

The Cree are generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and region. These divisions do not necessarily represent ethnic sub-divisions within the larger ethnic group:

  • Naskapi and Montagnais (together known as the Innu) are inhabitants of an area they refer to as Nitassinan. Their territories comprise most of the present-day political jurisdictions of eastern Quebec and Labrador. Their cultures are differentiated, as some of the Naskapi are still caribou hunters and more nomadic than many of the Montagnais. The Montagnais have more settlements. The total population of the two groups in 2003 was about 18,000 people, of which 15,000 lived in Quebec. Their dialects and languages are the most distinct from the Cree spoken by the groups west of Lake Superior.
  • Atikamekw are inhabitants of the area they refer to as Nitaskinan (Our Land), in the upper St. Maurice River valley of Quebec (about 300 km north of Montreal). Their population is around 4,500.
  • East Cree – Grand Council of the Crees; approximately 18,000 Cree (Iyyu in Coastal Dialect / Iynu in Inland Dialect) of Eeyou Istchee and Nunavik regions of Northern Quebec.[7]
  • Moose Cree – Moose Factory[8] in the Cochrane District, Ontario; this group lives on Moose Factory Island, near the mouth of the Moose River, at the southern end of James Bay. ("Factory" used to refer to a trading post.)[9]
  • Swampy Cree – this group lives in northern Manitoba along the Hudson Bay coast and adjacent inland areas to the south and west, and in Ontario along the coast of Hudson Bay and James Bay. Some also live in eastern Saskatchewan around Cumberland House. It has 4,500 speakers.
  • Woods Cree – a group in northern Alberta and Saskatchewan.
  • Plains Cree – a total of 34,000 people in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Montana.

Due to the many dialects of the Cree language, the people have no modern collective autonym. The Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves using modern forms of the historical nêhiraw, namely nêhiyaw and nêhirawisiw, respectively. Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais all refer to themselves using modern dialectal forms of the historical iriniw, meaning 'man.' Moose Cree use the form ililiw, coastal East Cree and Naskapi use iyiyiw (variously spelled iiyiyiu, iiyiyuu, and eeyou), inland East Cree use iyiniw (variously spelled iinuu and eenou), and Montagnais use ilnu and innu, depending on dialect. The Cree use "Cree," "cri," "Naskapi, or "montagnais" to refer to their people only when speaking French or English.[10]

File:Crimapo.png
The linguistic subdivisions and geography of the Cree

Political aboriginal organization

Historical

Nēhiyaw camp near Vermilion, Alberta, in 1871

As hunter-gatherers, the basic unit of organization for Cree peoples was the lodge, a group of perhaps eight or a dozen people, usually the families of two separate but related married couples, who lived together in the same wigwam (domed tent) or tipi (conical tent), and the band, a group of lodges who moved and hunted together. In the case of disagreement lodges could leave bands, and bands could be formed and dissolved with relative ease, but as there is safety in numbers, all families would want to be part of some band, and banishment was considered a very serious punishment. Bands would usually have strong ties to their neighbours through intermarriage and would assemble together at different parts of the year to hunt and socialize together. Besides these regional gatherings, there was no higher-level formal structure, and decisions of war and peace were made by consensus with allied bands meeting together in council. People could be identified by their clan, which is a group of people claiming descent from the same common ancestor; each clan would have a representative and a vote in all important councils held by the band (compare: Anishinaabe clan system).[11]

Each band remained independent of each other. However, Cree-speaking bands tended to work together and with their neighbours against outside enemies. Those Cree who moved onto the Great Plains and adopted bison hunting, called the Plains Cree, were allied with the Assiniboine and the Saulteaux in what was known as the "Iron Confederacy", which was a major force in the North American fur trade from the 1730s to the 1870s. The Cree and the Assiniboine were important intermediaries in the Indian trading networks on the northern plains.[3]

When a band went to war, they would nominate a temporary military commander, called a okimahkan. loosely translated as "war chief". This office was different from that of the "peace chief", a leader who had a role more like that of diplomat. In the run-up to the 1885 North-West Rebellion, Big Bear was the leader of his band, but once the fighting started Wandering Spirit became war leader.

Contemporary

There have been several attempts to create a national political organization that would represent all Cree peoples, at least as far back as a 1994 gathering at the Opaskwayak Cree First Nation reserve.[12]

Name

The name "Cree" is derived from the Algonkian-language exonym Kirištino˙, which the Ojibwa used for tribes around Hudson Bay. The French colonists and explorers, who spelled the term Kilistinon, Kiristinon, Knisteneaux,[13][14] Cristenaux, and Cristinaux, used the term for numerous tribes which they encountered north of Lake Superior, in Manitoba, and west of there.[15] The French used these terms to refer to various groups of peoples in Canada, some of which are now better distinguished as Severn Anishinaabe (Ojibwa), who speak dialects different from the Algonquin.[16]

Depending on the community, the Cree may call themselves by the following names: the nēhiyawak, nīhithaw, nēhilaw, and nēhinaw; or ininiw, ililiw, iynu (innu), or iyyu. These names are derived from the historical autonym nēhiraw (of uncertain meaning) or from the historical autonym iriniw (meaning "person"). Cree using the latter autonym tend to be those living in the territories of Quebec and Labrador.[10]

Language

Main article: Cree language
Cree language.

The Cree language (also known in the most broad classification as Cree-Montagnais, Cree-Montagnais-Naskapi, to show the groups included within it) is the name for a group of closely related Algonquian languages[3] spoken by approximately 117,000 people across Canada, from the Northwest Territories to Labrador. It is the most widely spoken aboriginal language in Canada.[17] The only region where Cree has official status is in the Northwest Territories, together with eight other aboriginal languages.[18][19]

The two major groups: Nehiyaw and Innu, speak a mutually intelligible Cree dialect continuum, which can be divided by many criteria. In a dialect continuum, "It is not so much a language, as a chain of dialects, where speakers from one community can very easily understand their neighbours, but a Plains Cree speaker from Alberta would find a Quebec Cree speaker difficult to speak to without practice."[20]

One major division between the groups is that the Eastern group palatalizes the sound /k/ to either /ts/ (c) or to /tʃ/ (č) when it precedes front vowels. There is also a major difference in grammatical vocabulary (particles) between the groups. Within both groups, another set of variations has arisen around the pronunciation of the Proto-Algonquian phoneme *l, which can be realized as /l/, /r/, /y/, /n/, or /ð/ (th) by different groups. Yet in other dialects, the distinction between /eː/ (ē) and /iː/ (ī) has been lost, merging to the latter. In more western dialects, the distinction between /s/ and /ʃ/ (š) has been lost, both merging to the former. "Cree is a not a typologically harmonic language. Cree has both prefixes and suffixes, both prepositions and postpositions, and both prenominal and postnominal modifiers (e.g. demonstratives can appear in both positions)."[21]

Golla lists Cree as one of 55 languages that have more than 1,000 speakers and which are being actively acquired by children.[22]

Illustration of a Snake woman (left) and a Nehiyaw woman (right), c. 1840–1843, Karl Bodmer

Identity and ethnicity

In Canada

Cree Indian, taken by G. E. Fleming, 1903

The Cree are the largest group of First Nations in Canada, with 220,000 members and 135 registered bands.[23] Together, their reserve lands are the largest of any First Nations group in the country.[23] The largest Cree band and the second largest First Nations Band in Canada after the Six Nations Iroquois is the Lac La Ronge Band in northern Saskatchewan.

Given the traditional Cree acceptance of mixed marriages, it is acknowledged by academics that all bands are ultimately of mixed heritage and multilingualism and multiculturalism was the norm. In the West, mixed bands of Cree, Saulteaux and Assiniboine, all partners in the Iron Confederacy, are the norm. However, in recent years, as indigenous languages have declined across western Canada where there were once three languages spoken on a given reserve, there may now only be one. This has led to a simplification of identity, and it has become "fashionable" for bands in many parts of Saskatchewan to identify as "Plains Cree" at the expense of a mixed Cree-Salteaux history. There is also a tendency for bands to recategorize themselves as "Plains Cree" instead of Woods Cree or Swampy Cree. Neal McLeod argues this is partly due to the dominant culture's fascination with Plains Indian culture as well as the greater degree of written standardization and prestige Plains Cree enjoys over other Cree dialects.[12]

The Métis[24] (from the French, Métis - of mixed ancestry) are people of mixed ancestry, such as Nehiyaw (or Anishinaabe) and French, English, or Scottish heritage. According to Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada, the Métis were historically the children of French fur traders and Nehiyaw women or, from unions of English or Scottish traders and northern Dene women (Anglo-Métis). Generally in academic circles, the term Métis can be used to refer to any combination of persons of mixed Native American and European heritage, although historical definitions for Métis remain. Canada's Indian and Northern Affairs broadly define Métis as those persons of mixed First Nation and European ancestry, while The Métis National Council defines a Métis as "a person who self-identifies as Métis, is distinct from other Aboriginal peoples, is of historic Métis Nation Ancestry and who is accepted by the Métis Nation".[25]


In the United States

At one time the Cree lived in northern Minnesota, North Dakota and Montana. Today American Cree are enrolled in the federally recognized Chippewa Cree tribe, located on the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation, and in minority as "Landless Cree" on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation and as "Landless Cree" and "Rocky Boy Cree" on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, all in Montana. The Chippewa Cree share the reservation with the Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians, who form the "Chippewa" (Ojibwa) half of the Chippewa Cree tribe. On the other Reservations, the Cree minority share the Reservation with the Assiniboine, Gros Ventre and Sioux tribes. Traditionally, the southern limits of the Cree territory in Montana were the Missouri River and the Milk River.[26]

First contact

The Cree were first contacted by Europeans in 1682, at the mouth of the Nelson and Hayes rivers in what is now northern Manitoba, by a Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) party traveling about 100 miles (160 km) inland. In the south, contact was later. In 1732 in what is now northwestern Ontario, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye, met with an assembled group of 200 Cree warriors near present-day Fort Frances, as well as with the Monsoni,[27] (a branch of the Ojibwe). Both groups had donned war paint in preparation to an attack on the Dakota and another group of Ojibwe.[28]

After acquiring firearms from the HBC, the Cree moved as traders into the plains, acting as middlemen with the HBC.

First Nation communities

Ethnobotany

The Hudson Bay Cree use a decoction of the leaves of Kalmia latifolia for diarrhea, but they consider the plant to be poisonous.[145]

Hudson Bay Cree use decoction.

Woods Cree subgroup

The Woods Cree make use of Ribes glandulosum using a decoction of the stem, either by itself or mixed with wild red raspberry, to prevent clotting after birth, eat the berries as food, and use the stem to make a bitter tea.[146] They make use of Vaccinium myrtilloides, using a decoction of leafy stems used to bring menstruation and prevent pregnancy, to make a person sweat, to slow excessive menstrual bleeding, to bring blood after childbirth, and to prevent miscarriage. They also use the berries to dye porcupine quills, eat the berries raw, make them into jam and eat it with fish and bannock, and boil or pound the sun-dried berries into pemmican.[147] They use the berries of the minus subspecies of Vaccinium myrtilloides to colour porcupine quills, and put the firm, ripe berries on a string to wear as a necklace.[148] They also incorporate the berries the minus subspecies of Vaccinium myrtilloides into their cuisine. They store the berries by freezing them outside during the winter, mix the berries with boiled fish eggs, livers, air bladders and fat and eat them, eat the berries raw as a snack food, and stew them with fish or meat.[148]

Notable Cree people

Mähsette Kuiuab, chief of the Cree, 1840–1843, Karl Bodmer.
Buffy Sainte-Marie, Cree singer-songwriter, performing in Norway, 2012.

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ Raeside, Rob (6 January 2018). "Canada - Indigenous Peoples (Canada)". Flags of the World.
  2. ^ "2016 Canadian Census". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "Cree". The Canadian Encyclopedia (online ed.). Historica Canada. 9 October 2018.
  4. ^ "2016 Canada Census". Statistics Canada. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  5. ^ "Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage". Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation.
  6. ^ Mackenzie, Alexander (1903). Voyages from Montreal Through the Continent of North America to the Frozen and Pacific Oceans in 1789 and 1793. New York: A. S. Barnes & Company at Project Gutenberg
  7. ^ "Les Amérindiens du Canada" [Amerindians of Canada] (in French). Authentik Canada.
  8. ^ a b "Moose Cree First Nation community profile". Archived from the original on 10 December 2008.
  9. ^ First Nations (Map). Government of Ontario.
  10. ^ a b Honigmann, John J. (1981). "West Main Cree". In June Helm; William C. Sturtevant (eds.). Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. Volume 6: Subarctic. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian. p. 227. ISBN 978-0-16-004578-3. David H. Pentland, "Synonymy" {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  11. ^ Dorian, Jon (30 October 2012). "Traditional Cree Nation Custom Council". Kaministikominahiko-skak Cree Nation.
  12. ^ a b Maclead, Neal (2000). "Plains Cree Identity: Borderlands, Ambiguous Genealogies and Narratives Irony" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Native Studies. 20 (2): 437–454. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 June 2017.
  13. ^ McLeod, Neal. "Cree". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. University of Saskatchewan. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  14. ^ Mackenzie, Alexander (1931). Milo Quaife (ed.). Alexander Mackenzie's voyage to the Pacific ocean in 1793. The Lakeside Press, R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co.
  15. ^ Thompson, David (1971). "Life with the Nahathaways". Travels in western North America, 1784-1812. Macmillan of Canada. p. 109. The French Canadians...call them 'Krees', a name which none of the Indians can pronounce ...
  16. ^ Greeberg, Adolph M.; Morrison, James (1982). "Group Identities in the Boreal Forest: The Origin of the Northern Ojibwa". Ethnohistory. 29 (2): 75–102. JSTOR 481370.
  17. ^ "Canada: 2006 Census". Statistics Canada.
  18. ^ "Languages Overview". Indigenous Languages and Education Secretariat. Government of Northwest Territories. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  19. ^ "Languages of Canada". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. Retrieved 21 September 2008. Note: The western group of languages includes Swampy Cree, Woods Cree and Plains Cree. The eastern language is called Moose Cree.
  20. ^ "Cree". Language Geek. Retrieved 21 September 2008.
  21. ^ Bakker, Peter (2013). "Diachrony and typology in the history of Cree (Algonquian, Algic)". In Folke Josephson; Ingmar Söhrman (eds.). Diachronic and Typological Perspectives on Verbs. Studies in Language Companion Series. Vol. 134. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 223. ISBN 978-90-272-7181-5.
  22. ^ Golla, Victor (2007). "North America". In Christopher Moseley (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. Routledge. pp. 1–96. ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0.
  23. ^ a b "Source". canadiangeographic.ca. Canadian Geographic. Archived from the original on 14 April 2006. Retrieved 28 October 2005.
  24. ^ "The Métis". Canada's First People. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  25. ^ "Métis Nation Citizenship". Métis National Council. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  26. ^ "Cree". Crystalinks.com.
  27. ^ Theresa, Schenck (1994). "Identifying The Ojibwe". Algonquian Papers. 25: 396.
  28. ^ Hlady, Walter M. (1960). "Indian Migrations in Manitoba and the West". MHS Transactions. Series 3. 17. Manitoba Historical Society.
  29. ^ "Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  30. ^ "Mushuau Innu First Nation". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  31. ^ "Les Innus de Ekuanitshit". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  32. ^ "Innu Takuaikan Uashat Mak Mani-Utenam". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  33. ^ "La Nation Innu Matimekush-Lac John". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  34. ^ "Première Nation des Innus de Nutashkuan". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  35. ^ "Montagnais de Pakua Shipi". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  36. ^ "Montagnais de Unamen Shipu". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  37. ^ "Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  38. ^ "Première Nation des Pekuakamiulnuatsh". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  39. ^ "Bande des Innus de Pessamit". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  40. ^ "Innue Essipit". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  41. ^ "Atikamekw d'Opitciwan". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  42. ^ "Les Atikamekw de Manawan". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  43. ^ "Conseil des Atikamekw de Wemotaci". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  44. ^ "Cree Nation of Chisasibi". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  45. ^ "Eastmain". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  46. ^ "Cree Nation of Mistissini". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  47. ^ "Cree Nation of Nemaska". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  48. ^ "Oujé-Bougoumou Cree Nation". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  49. ^ "The Crees of the Waskaganish First Nation". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  50. ^ "Waswanipi". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  51. ^ "Cree Nation of Wemindji". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  52. ^ "Première nation de Whapmagoostui". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  53. ^ "Washaw Sibi". Grand Council of the Crees (Eeyou Istchee) / Cree Nation Government. 2019.
  54. ^ Loon, Joshua (28 February 2014). "Washaw Sibi Cree Nation finds home, after decades scattered". CBC News.
  55. ^ "Brunswick House". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  56. ^ "Chapleau Cree First Nation". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  57. ^ "Constance Lake". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  58. ^ a b "Anger mounts as Kashechewan First Nation declares state of emergency due to flooding". CBC News. 14 April 2019.
  59. ^ a b c "Albany". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  60. ^ "Matachewan". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  61. ^ "Missanabie Cree". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  62. ^ "Moose Cree First Nation". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  63. ^ "Taykwa Tagamou Nation". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  64. ^ "Attawapiskat". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  65. ^ a b "Chemawawin Cree Nation". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  66. ^ "Cumberland House Cree Nation". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  67. ^ "Fisher River". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  68. ^ "Fort Severn". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  69. ^ "About". Fox Lake Cree Nation. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  70. ^ "Fox Lake". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  71. ^ "Misipawistik Cree Nation".
  72. ^ a b "Mosakahiken Cree Nation".
  73. ^ "Norway House Cree Nation". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  74. ^ a b "Opaskwayak Cree Nation".
  75. ^ a b Thompson, Christian. "Red Earth First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  76. ^ "Sapotaweyak Cree Nation".
  77. ^ "Shamattawa First Nation".
  78. ^ a b Thompson, Christian. "Shoal Lake First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  79. ^ "Tataskweyak Cree Nation". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  80. ^ "War Lake First Nation".
  81. ^ "Weenusk".
  82. ^ "Wuskwi Sipihk First Nation".
  83. ^ "York Factory First Nation".
  84. ^ "Barren Lands".
  85. ^ "Bunibonibee Cree Nation".
  86. ^ "God's Lake First Nation".
  87. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Lac la Ronge Indian Band". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  88. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Montreal Lake Cree Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  89. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Peter Ballantyne Cree First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  90. ^ "Manto Sipi Cree Nation".
  91. ^ "Marcel Colomb First Nation".
  92. ^ "Mathias Colomb".
  93. ^ "Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation".
  94. ^ "O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation".
  95. ^ "Cross Lake Band of Indians".
  96. ^ "Tataskweyak Cree Nation".
  97. ^ a b Thompson, Christian. "Canoe Lake First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  98. ^ "Fort McMurray #468 First Nation". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  99. ^ "Kapawe'no First Nation". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  100. ^ "Woodland Cree First Nation".
  101. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Cowessess First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  102. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Little Black Bear First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  103. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Muscowpetung First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  104. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Nekaneet Cree First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  105. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Ochapowace First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  106. ^ Thompson, Christian. "One Arrow First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  107. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Peepeekisis First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  108. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Starblanket First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  109. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Ocean Man First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  110. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Pheasant's Rump Nakota First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  111. ^ Thompson, Christian. "White Bear First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  112. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Kahkewistahaw Band". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  113. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Okanese Reserve". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  114. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Pasqua First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  115. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Sakimay First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  116. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Day Star First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  117. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Kawacatoose First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  118. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Muskowekwan First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  119. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Piapot Cree First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  120. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Big Island Lake First Nation (Joseph Big Head)". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  121. ^ "Frog Lake". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  122. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Lucky Man Cree First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  123. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Moosomin First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  124. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Mosquito, Grizzly Bear's Head, Lean Man First Nations". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  125. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Muskeg Lake Cree Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  126. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Pelican Lake First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  127. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Muskoday First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  128. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Sturgeon Lake First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  129. ^ "Thunderchild First Nation". First Nation Profiles. Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. 26 September 2019.
  130. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Waterhen Lake First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  131. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Witchekan Lake First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  132. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Onion Lake First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  133. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Ahtahkakoop First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  134. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Mistawasis First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  135. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Beardy's and Okemasis First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  136. ^ Thompson, Christian. "James Smith Cree Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  137. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Peter Chapman First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  138. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Little Pine First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  139. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Poundmaker Cree First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  140. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Red Pheasant First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  141. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Sweet Grass First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  142. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Big River Cree First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  143. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Island Lake Band (Ministikwan Indian Reserve)". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  144. ^ Thompson, Christian. "Makwa Sahgaiehcan First Nation". Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
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