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Substrate in Romanian

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The Romanian language contains about 200-300 words considered by many Romanian scholars to be of Dacian language origin. A few of these also have cognates in the Albanian language. Some of these etymologies are more controversial than others: because there are no significant surviving written examples of the Dacian language, it is difficult to verify, and because the Dacian language may have been relatively close to Latin, some of these words (e.g. "mare" for "large") could be transformations of Latin words.

Examples of such words in Romanian are:

  • abur - "steam", "vapour"; Albanian "avull"
  • agale - "walking slowly"; Albanian "ngadalë" (or Greek "αγάλια")
  • amurg - "dusk"; see murg
  • baban- "big, plump"
  • baci- "shepherd"
  • bagă- "to put in, to stick in"
  • bală, balaur - "dragon" "monster"; Albanian "bollë" (meaning snake)
  • baligă - "manure"; Albanian "bajgë"
  • baltă - "puddle", "swamp"; Albanian "baltë" means "puddle, mud"
  • barză - "stork"; Albanian "bardhë" (meaning white)
  • băiat - "boy"
  • bârsă - "part of the plough" (for the actual definition see the DEX); Albanian "vërz"
  • beregată - "throat"
  • brad - "fir"; Albanian "bredh"
  • brânză -"cheese"
  • brâu - "belt", "girdle"; Albanian "bres", "brezi"
  • broască - "frog"; Albanian "breshkë" means 'tortoise' or 'turtle', Latin "brosca" meant 'frog'
  • buc - "remaining chaff after the hemp seeds or the linseeds have been winnowed"; Albanian "byk"
  • bucuros - "happy"; "bukurosh" in Albanian is "beautiful"/"handsome" (male)
  • bufniţă - "owl"; Albanian "buf"
  • bulz - "ball of corn mush"; Albanian "bulez"
  • bunget - "thicket"; Albanian "bunk"
  • burduf -"sack" (related to burtă)
  • burtă - "belly"; Albanian "bark";
  • buză - "lip"; this word has the same meaning in Albanian.
  • caraban - "Rhinoceros beetle" (Oryctes nasicornis); Albanian "karabishte"
  • căciulă - "cap"; Albanian "kësulë"
  • căpuşă - "tick" (insect); Albanian "këpushë"
  • cătun - "hamlet"; Albanian "katun"
  • ceafă - "nape"; Albanian "qafë"
  • cioc - "beak"; Albanian "çok", "sqep"
  • coclauri - "deserted, far places"
  • copac - "tree"; Albanian "kopaç/e" = beating
  • copil - "child"; in Albanian "kopil" and Serbian and Croatian "kopile"= bastard
  • cioară - "crow"; Albanian "sorrë"
  • ciot - "gnarl", "knot" (wood)
  • ciută - "hind"; Albanian "shutë"
  • daltă -"chisel"; Albanian "daltë" same meaning
  • damb- " a small hill, a mound"
  • doină - "melancholy folk song"; Latvian "daina" with the same meaning
  • droaie - "crowd", "a lot of"; Albanian "druaj" is to be afraid or shy
  • fărâmă - "crumb"; Albanian "thërrime"
  • fluier - "pipe"
  • a fluiera - "to whistle"; see fluier
  • fluture - "butterfly"; Albanian "flutur"
  • gard - "fence"; Albanian "gardh"
  • gata - "ready"; Albanian "gati"
  • gălbează - "sheep liver fluke" (Fasciola hepatica); Albanian "kël'bazë", "gël'bazë" means phlegm
  • a (se) găti - "to dress up", "to cook", "to prepare", "to finish"; Albanian "gatit" (see also gata)
  • gheară - "claw", "talon"; Albanian "kthetër"
  • ghimpe - "thorn"; Albanian "gjëmp", "gjemb"
  • ghionoaie - "woodpecker"; Albanian "gjon" (meaning owl)
  • ghiuj - "old (weak) man", "old dotard"; Albanian "gjysh" (meaning grandfather)
  • gorun - "sessile oak" (Quercus petraea); IE root "*gwalan-" (oak)
  • grapă - "harrow"; Albanian "grep", "gërepë" (meaning fishing rod or hook of the fishing rod
  • gresie - "gritstone", "sandstone", "whetstone"; Albanian "gëresë"
  • groapă - "hole", "pit"; Albanian "gropë/gropa"
  • grumaz - "neck"; in Albanian, "gurmaz" is throat
  • grunz - "piece of hard and crumbly substance"; Albanian "krunde" is bran
  • a se gudura - "to fawn"; Albanian "gudutis"
  • guşă - "goiter", "crop"; Albanian "gushë" (with the same meaning or meaning "Adam's apple") (Note: both Albanian and Romanian may originate from the Latin "geusiae")
  • a hămesi - "to starve"; Albanian "hamës" is a gluttonous
  • lai - "black or black mixed with white"; Albanian "laj" is to wash
  • lăbărţa -"to grow larger, to swell, to become deformed"
  • a licări/licuri - "to sparkle"
  • mal - "bank", "shore"; Albanian "mal" (meaning mountain), "Mal i Zi" = "Montenegro" (Albanian "zi" black)
  • mare - "big" (or Latin "mas", "maris")
  • mazăre - "pea"; Albanian "modhullë"
  • măgar - "donkey"; Albanian "gomar"
  • măgură - "hill", "knoll"; Albanian "magulë"
  • mălai - "corn flour" (perhaps derived from mei "millet", Albanian "miell")
  • mămăligă - "corn mush" (perhaps derived from mălai)
  • mărar - "dill"; Greek "μάραθρον"
  • mătrăgună - "mountain laurel"; Albanian "matërgonë"
  • mătură - "broom"
  • mânz - "colt"; Albanian "mëz", Thracian "mezenai" (characters written on an amulet depicting a man riding a horse), Messapian "manzana" a deity to whom young horses were offered
  • mânzare - "sheep giving milk"; Albanian "mëzore"
  • mâţă - "cat", "kitten"; Albanian "mace", Serbian "mačka"
  • melc - "snail"
  • mire/mireasă - "groom"/"bride"; Albanian "mirë" (meaning good)
  • a (se) mişca - "to move"
  • moaşă - "midwife"; same origin as moş
  • molid - "spruce fir"; Albanian "molikë"
  • moş - "old man"; in Albanian "mosha" = age, "moshuar" = of old age
  • motan - "tomcat"
  • mugur - "bud" (biol.); Albanian "mugull"
  • mură - (regional) "gland, ganglion on the chest or the neck of some animals"; according to the Albanian "mullë"
  • murg - "bay" (color), "bay horse"; Albanian "murg" = monk
  • a muşca - "to bite"
  • oare - (roughly) "really", "isn't it"; Latin "volet", Albanian "vallë"
  • olog - "lame, crippled", "lame man, cripple"; Albanian "ulok"
  • pală - (hay) "quantity of hay held by a pitchfork", (wind) "breeze"
  • păstaie - "pod", "seedcase"; Albanian "pistajë", "bishtajë"
  • pârâu, pârău - "brook"; Albanian "përrua" (and/or from the Romanian "râu", which originates from the Latin word "rivus")
  • prunc - "baby"; cf. Latin "princeps" which meant "first, foremost"
  • pupăză - "hoopoe"; Albanian "pupëzë"
  • raţă - "duck"; Albanian "rosë" (also Serbo-Croat "raca", Friulian "raze", Basque "eratz")
  • a răbda - "to be patient,to endure"
  • răgaz - "rest", "respite"
  • rânză - "gizzard", "stomach"; Albanian "rrëndës" (meaning rennet)
  • sâmbure - "stone", "pit"; Albanian "sumbull", "thumbull"
  • scrum - "ashes"; Albanian "shkrumb" is , Bulgarian "скрум"
  • a speria - "to scare" (or from the unattested Latin word expavorare)
  • stână - "sheepfold"; in Albanian "stan" means "dairy", "dairy farm"
  • stâncă - "rock"
  • strugure - "grape"; Anc. Greek root "τρυγ-" vineyard
  • strungă - "enclosure"; in Albanian "shtrungë"
  • sută - "hundred"; Sanskrit "satam", Lithuanian "simtas" (see Satem)
  • şold -"hip", "hip socket"
  • şopârlă - "lizard"; Albanian "zhapi"/"zhapik"
  • tare - "hard" or "loud" (or from the Latin word talus/talum meaning 'anklebone, knucklebone')
  • tărăboi - "noise", "uproar"; Albanian "tërboj" is to enrage; Anc. Greek "θόρυβος" meant 'noise, uproar'
  • ţap - "he-goat"; Albanian "cjap", Serbo-Croat "cap"
  • ţarc - "fold", "pen"; Albanian "thark"; Greek "tsarkos"
  • ţăruş - "stake", "picket"; in Albanian "thur" means "to knit"
  • ţeapă - "pole", "pale", "stake"; in Albanian "thep" means "sharp edge"
  • ţigaie - "(about the sheep's hear) soft, oil-like"; Greek "σιγάλος" (soft)
  • ţugui - "peak", "point"
  • ţuica -"plum brandy"
  • ţurţur -"icicle"
  • urdă - "soft cottage cheese" (incorporating whey)
  • varză - "cabbage" (or from the Latin word viridia)
  • vatră - "hearth"; Albanian "vatër"
  • văpaie - "flame", "blaze"; Albanian "vapë" is heat
  • viezure - "badger"; Albanian "vjedull"
  • zară, zer - "whey"; Albanian "dhallë"
  • zbarli - "of the hair when it is raised and spiked up; frightened; enraged"
  • a zbarci - "to wrinkle"; Anc. Greek "pharkis" meant 'wrinkle'; Bulgarian 'zbrkvam' same meaning, yet such a word is not found in any other slavic language
  • a zburda - "to sport"; IE root "*s-bhurdh-", Anc. Greek "σπυρτhίζο" (about animals, mainly horses) to run with jumps
  • zgardă - "dog collar"; Albanian "shkardhë"
  • zgau - "uterus", "thoracic cavity", "hole"; Albanian "zgavër" means "hole" (or from Latin excavare, 'to hollow out')
  • zgură - "slag", "cinder"; Albanian "zgjyrë", Bulgarian "з
  • zvăpăiat -"crazy, mischeivous, agitated" (related to văpaie)

References

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