International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia: Difference between revisions
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* [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000064240 Abu Simbel: now or never], 1961, [[UNESCO Courier]] |
* [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000064240 Abu Simbel: now or never], 1961, [[UNESCO Courier]] |
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* [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000074755 Victory in Nubia: the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time], 1980, [[UNESCO Courier]] |
* [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000074755 Victory in Nubia: the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time], 1980, [[UNESCO Courier]] |
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* {{cite book | last=Säve-Söderbergh | first=Torgny | authorlink=Torgny Säve-Söderbergh|title=Temples and Tombs of Ancient Nubia: The International Rescue Campaign at Abu Simbel, Philae and Other Sites | publisher=Thames and Hudson | year=1987 | isbn=978-92-3-102383-5 | url=https:// |
* {{cite book | last=Säve-Söderbergh | first=Torgny | authorlink=Torgny Säve-Söderbergh|title=Temples and Tombs of Ancient Nubia: The International Rescue Campaign at Abu Simbel, Philae and Other Sites | publisher=Thames and Hudson | year=1987 | isbn=978-92-3-102383-5 | url=https://archive.org/details/templestombsofan0000unse/ | access-date=2022-10-12}} |
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* [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366692?posInSet=35&queryId=413a9f97-1e8c-4761-9c3a-f317d976e08c Success stories], 2019, UNESCO |
* [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366692?posInSet=35&queryId=413a9f97-1e8c-4761-9c3a-f317d976e08c Success stories], 2019, UNESCO |
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Revision as of 08:22, 4 November 2022
Location | Aswan Governorate, Egypt |
---|---|
Region | Nubia |
Official name | Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae |
Type | Cultural |
Criteria | i, iii, vi |
Designated | 1979 (3rd session) |
Reference no. | 88 |
Region | Arab States |
The International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia was the relocation of 22 monuments in Lower Nubia, in southern Egypt and northern Sudan, between 1960 and 1980. The success of the project, in particular the creation of a coalition of 50 countries behind the project, led to the creation 1972 World Heritage Convention, and thus to the modern system of World Heritage Sites.[1]
The project began as a result of the building of the Aswan Dam, at the Nile's first cataract (shallow rapids), a location which defined the traditional boundary of Ancient Egypt and Nubia. The building of the dam was to result in the creation of Lake Nasser, which would submerge the banks of the Nile along its entire 479 km (298 mi) length south of the dam – flooding the entire area of historical Lower Nubia. Vittorino Veronese, director general of UNESCO described it in 1960: "It is not easy to choose between a heritage of the past and the present well-being of a people, living in need in the shadow of one of history’s most splendid legacies, it is not easy to choose between temples and crops."[2]
It was described in the UNESCO Courier as "the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time".[3]
In April 1979, the monuments were inscribed on the World Heritage List as the Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae.
Description
In 1959, an international donations campaign to save the monuments of Nubia began: the southernmost relics of this ancient human civilization were under threat from the rising waters of the Nile that were about to result from the construction of the Aswan High Dam.
The number of relocated monuments have been stated as 22[4] or 24[5] depending on how an individual site is defined. The list of relocated monuments is as follows:
Two temple groups moved nearby to nearly identical sites:[5]
- Abu Simbel (two temples)
- Philae temple complex
Eleven temples rebuilt and grouped in three oases overlooking Lake Nasser:[5]
- Temple of Amada
- Temple of Derr
- Tomb of Pennut at Aniba
- Temple of Kalabsha (excluding its gate, see below)
- Temple of Gerf Hussein
- Kiosk of Qertassi
- Temple of Beit el-Wali
- Temple of Dakka
- Temple of Maharraqa
- Temple of Wadi es-Sebua
Seven temples placed in two museums:[5]
- Nubian Museum, Aswan
- Horemheb Temple at Abu Oda
- Temple of Aksha, Sudan
- The temples in the fortified town of Buhen
- The temples at Semna East and West fortresses
Five sent to Western museums as “grants-in-return” for technical and financial assistance:[5]
- Temple of Debod (Madrid, Spain)
- Temple of Dendur (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, United States)
- Temple of Taffeh (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden, the Netherlands)
- Temple of Ellesyia (Museo Egizio, Turin, Italy)
- Kalabsha Gate (Egyptian Museum of Berlin, Germany) - part of the Temple of Kalabsha
Timeline
Diplomacy | Relocation work | Aswan Dam | |
---|---|---|---|
6 April 1959 | Egypt appeals to UNESCO | ||
24 October 1959 | Sudan appeals to UNESCO | ||
9 January 1960 | Work on the Aswan High Dam officially begun | ||
8 March 1960 | Director-General of Unesco appeals to the international community | ||
Summer 1960 | Temples of Taffa, Dabod and Kertassi dismantled by the Egyptian Antiquities Service | ||
Nov. Dec. 1962 | Unesco's General Conference creates Executive Committee for the International Campaign | ||
1962-63 | Temple of Kalabsha dismantled, transferred and re-erected | ||
Spring 1964 | Work begins on transfer of Abu Simbel temples | ||
14 May 1964 | Diversion of Nile to feed the turbines of the High Dam | ||
September 1964 | Lake Nasser begins to fill | ||
22 September 1968 | Completion of the Abu Simbel operation | ||
6 November 1968 | UNESCO launches International Campaign to save the Temples of Philae | ||
1970 | Construction of Aswan High Dam completed | ||
1972 | Work begins on Philae rescue operation; monuments to be transferred to nearby island of Agilkia | ||
May 1974 | Cofferdam around the island of Philae is completed and water is pumped out | ||
April 1977 | Foundations of the Philae monuments ready on the island of Agilkia and reconstruction work begins | ||
August 1979 | Completed at Agilkia | ||
10 March 1980 | Overall project completion |
Abu Simbel
One scheme to save the Abu Simbel temples was based on an idea by William MacQuitty to build a clear freshwater dam around the temples, with the water inside kept at the same height as the Nile. There were to be underwater viewing chambers. In 1962 the idea was made into a proposal by architects Jane Drew and Maxwell Fry and civil engineer Ove Arup.[6] They considered that raising the temples ignored the effect of erosion of the sandstone by desert winds. However, the proposal, though acknowledged to be extremely elegant, was rejected.
The salvage of the Abu Simbel temples began in 1964 by a multinational team of archeologists, engineers and skilled heavy equipment operators working together under the UNESCO banner; it cost some US$40 million at the time (equal to $300 million in 2017 dollars). Between 1964 and 1968, the entire site was carefully cut into large blocks (up to 30 tons, averaging 20 tons), dismantled, lifted and reassembled in a new location 65 metres higher and 200 metres back from the river, in one of the greatest challenges of archaeological engineering in history.[7] Some structures were even saved from under the waters of Lake Nasser.
Wider archaeological campaign
Given the impending flooding of a wide area, Egypt and Sudan encouraged archaeological teams from across the world to carry out work as broadly as possible. Approximately 40 teams from across the world came to the region, to explore and area of approximately 500km in length.[8]
World Heritage Site
In April 1979, the monuments were inscribed on the World Heritage List as the "Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae". The inscribed area includes ten sites, five of which were relocated (all south of the city of Aswan, and five of which remain in their original position (near to the city of Aswan):[9]
Relocated sites, south of Aswan[9]
Sites in their original location, north of Aswan[9] – although these five sites are grouped within the "Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae", they are neither Nubian, nor between Abu Simbel and Philae
- Qubbet el-Hawa (Old and Middle Kingdom Tombs)
- Ruins of town of Elephantine
- Stone quarries and Unfinished obelisk, Aswan
- Monastery of St. Simeon, Aswan
- Fatimid Cemetery of Aswan
Gallery
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Egyptian Government offer to gift monuments overseas in the 1960 UNESCO Courier
-
Egyptian and Sudanese declarations in the 1960 UNESCO Courier
-
List of monuments at risk in the 1960 UNESCO Courier
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List of monuments relocated in the 1980 UNESCO Courier
-
Philae Island in the 1961 UNESCO Courier
-
List of sites excavated in addition to the monuments relocated in the 1980 UNESCO Courier
-
Abu Simbel in the 1961 UNESCO Courier
-
1961 UNESCO Courier
-
List of Monuments to be Relocated in the 1961 UNESCO Courier
Bibliography
UNESCO publications
- A Common trust: the preservation of the ancient monuments of Nubia, 1960, UNESCO CUA.60/D.22/A
- Save the treasures of Nubia: UNESCO launches a world appeal, 1960, UNESCO Courier
- Abu Simbel: now or never, 1961, UNESCO Courier
- Victory in Nubia: the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time, 1980, UNESCO Courier
- Säve-Söderbergh, Torgny (1987). Temples and Tombs of Ancient Nubia: The International Rescue Campaign at Abu Simbel, Philae and Other Sites. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-92-3-102383-5. Retrieved 2022-10-12.
- Success stories, 2019, UNESCO
Other publications
- Allais, Lucia (2012). "The Design of the Nubian Desert: Monuments, Mobility, and the Space of Global Culture". Governing by Design: Architecture, Economy, and Politics in the Twentieth Century. The Aggregate Architectural History Collaborative. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 179-. ISBN 978-0-8229-7789-6. Retrieved 2022-10-12. See also: [1]
References
- ^ The World Heritage Convention: "The event that aroused particular international concern was the decision to build the Aswan High Dam in Egypt, which would have flooded the valley containing the Abu Simbel temples, a treasure of ancient Egyptian civilization. In 1959, after an appeal from the governments of Egypt and Sudan, UNESCO launched an international safeguarding campaign. Archaeological research in the areas to be flooded was accelerated. Above all, the Abu Simbel and Philae temples were dismantled, moved to dry ground and reassembled. The campaign cost about US$80 million, half of which was donated by some 50 countries, showing the importance of solidarity and nations' shared responsibility in conserving outstanding cultural sites. Its success led to other safeguarding campaigns, such as saving Venice and its Lagoon (Italy) and the Archaeological Ruins at Moenjodaro (Pakistan), and restoring the Borobodur Temple Compounds (Indonesia). Consequently, UNESCO initiated, with the help of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), the preparation of a draft convention on the protection of cultural heritage."
- ^ A Common trust: the preservation of the ancient monuments of Nubia, 1960, UNESCO CUA.60/D.22/A, page 22
- ^ Victory in Nubia: the greatest archaeological rescue operation of all time
- ^ File:International Campaign to Save the Monuments of Nubia.pdf
- ^ a b c d e Allais 2012, p. 179.
- ^ Fry Drew Knight Creamer, 1978, London, Lund Humphries
- ^ Spencer, Terence (1966). The Race to Save Abu Simbel Is Won. Life magazine, December 2, 1966.
- ^ Säve-Söderbergh 1987, p. 205.
- ^ a b c Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Nubian Monuments from Abu Simbel to Philae". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2022-10-12.