María Urquides - Revision history

Smasongarrison: Category:American women educators, typo(s) fixed: masters degrees → master's degrees, bachelors and master's degrees → bachelor's and master's degrees

2023-07-15T14:05:13Z

Category:American women educators, typo(s) fixed: masters degrees → master's degrees, bachelors and master's degrees → bachelor's and master's degrees

Jaguarnik: /* Early life and education */ typo

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Early life and education: typo

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	== Early life and education ==		== Early life and education ==
	Urquides was born in the [[Barrio Libre]] district of [[Tucson, Arizona]], United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book \|title=Latinas in the United States: a historical encyclopedia \|date=2006 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|editor=Vicki Ruíz \|editor2=Virginia Sánchez Korrol \|isbn=0-253-11169-2 \|location=Bloomington \|oclc=74671044}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> She was the youngest of five surviving children of her parents, Mariana Legara and Hilario Urquides. Three of her siblings died at an early age. Both of her parents came from ~~Tuscon~~ families of Mexican descent.<ref name=":12" />		Urquides was born in the [[Barrio Libre]] district of [[Tucson, Arizona]], United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book \|title=Latinas in the United States: a historical encyclopedia \|date=2006 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|editor=Vicki Ruíz \|editor2=Virginia Sánchez Korrol \|isbn=0-253-11169-2 \|location=Bloomington \|oclc=74671044}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> She was the youngest of five surviving children of her parents, Mariana Legara and Hilario Urquides. Three of her siblings died at an early age. Both of her parents came from Tucson families of Mexican descent.<ref name=":12" />

	Her father, Hilario, was adopted into an [[Irish Americans\|Irish American]] home after his parents died. Hilario was a founding member of the Alianza Hispano-Americana, established in 1894 to protect Mexicans against [[Empowerment\|disempowerment]] by White American settlers.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=E. \|first=Sheridan, Thomas \|title=Los Tucsonenses. \|date=2016 \|publisher=University of Arizona Press \|isbn=978-0-8165-3442-5 \|oclc=947084109}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal \|last=Melcher \|first=Mary \|year=1999 \|title="This Is Not Right": Rural Arizona Women Challenge Segregation and Ethnic Division, 1925-1950 \|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies \|volume=20 \|issue=2 \|pages=190–214 \|doi=10.2307/3347024 \|jstor=3347024 \|issn=0160-9009}}</ref> At one point, he ran a saloon and owned the Occidental Hotel (previously the Palace Hotel). He later co-founded the Club Demócrato Hispano-Americano (English: Hispanic American Democratic Club) and became involved in local politics. In the early 1900s, he filled multiple city roles, being named constable, deputy sheriff, and town jailer. In 1911, the Tucson mayor assigned Hilario to the last job he would hold, serving for almost three decades as the superintendent of city streets and parks.<ref name=":12" />		Her father, Hilario, was adopted into an [[Irish Americans\|Irish American]] home after his parents died. Hilario was a founding member of the Alianza Hispano-Americana, established in 1894 to protect Mexicans against [[Empowerment\|disempowerment]] by White American settlers.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=E. \|first=Sheridan, Thomas \|title=Los Tucsonenses. \|date=2016 \|publisher=University of Arizona Press \|isbn=978-0-8165-3442-5 \|oclc=947084109}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal \|last=Melcher \|first=Mary \|year=1999 \|title="This Is Not Right": Rural Arizona Women Challenge Segregation and Ethnic Division, 1925-1950 \|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies \|volume=20 \|issue=2 \|pages=190–214 \|doi=10.2307/3347024 \|jstor=3347024 \|issn=0160-9009}}</ref> At one point, he ran a saloon and owned the Occidental Hotel (previously the Palace Hotel). He later co-founded the Club Demócrato Hispano-Americano (English: Hispanic American Democratic Club) and became involved in local politics. In the early 1900s, he filled multiple city roles, being named constable, deputy sheriff, and town jailer. In 1911, the Tucson mayor assigned Hilario to the last job he would hold, serving for almost three decades as the superintendent of city streets and parks.<ref name=":12" />

JEH: /* Early life and education */ Based on context I believe the critical word "not" was missing from the text.

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Early life and education: Based on context I believe the critical word "not" was missing from the text.

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	Her father, Hilario, was adopted into an [[Irish Americans\|Irish American]] home after his parents died. Hilario was a founding member of the Alianza Hispano-Americana, established in 1894 to protect Mexicans against [[Empowerment\|disempowerment]] by White American settlers.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=E. \|first=Sheridan, Thomas \|title=Los Tucsonenses. \|date=2016 \|publisher=University of Arizona Press \|isbn=978-0-8165-3442-5 \|oclc=947084109}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal \|last=Melcher \|first=Mary \|year=1999 \|title="This Is Not Right": Rural Arizona Women Challenge Segregation and Ethnic Division, 1925-1950 \|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies \|volume=20 \|issue=2 \|pages=190–214 \|doi=10.2307/3347024 \|jstor=3347024 \|issn=0160-9009}}</ref> At one point, he ran a saloon and owned the Occidental Hotel (previously the Palace Hotel). He later co-founded the Club Demócrato Hispano-Americano (English: Hispanic American Democratic Club) and became involved in local politics. In the early 1900s, he filled multiple city roles, being named constable, deputy sheriff, and town jailer. In 1911, the Tucson mayor assigned Hilario to the last job he would hold, serving for almost three decades as the superintendent of city streets and parks.<ref name=":12" />		Her father, Hilario, was adopted into an [[Irish Americans\|Irish American]] home after his parents died. Hilario was a founding member of the Alianza Hispano-Americana, established in 1894 to protect Mexicans against [[Empowerment\|disempowerment]] by White American settlers.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=E. \|first=Sheridan, Thomas \|title=Los Tucsonenses. \|date=2016 \|publisher=University of Arizona Press \|isbn=978-0-8165-3442-5 \|oclc=947084109}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal \|last=Melcher \|first=Mary \|year=1999 \|title="This Is Not Right": Rural Arizona Women Challenge Segregation and Ethnic Division, 1925-1950 \|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies \|volume=20 \|issue=2 \|pages=190–214 \|doi=10.2307/3347024 \|jstor=3347024 \|issn=0160-9009}}</ref> At one point, he ran a saloon and owned the Occidental Hotel (previously the Palace Hotel). He later co-founded the Club Demócrato Hispano-Americano (English: Hispanic American Democratic Club) and became involved in local politics. In the early 1900s, he filled multiple city roles, being named constable, deputy sheriff, and town jailer. In 1911, the Tucson mayor assigned Hilario to the last job he would hold, serving for almost three decades as the superintendent of city streets and parks.<ref name=":12" />

	During Urquides' early schooling years in Tucson, English was the required language. Students would be punished if caught speaking other languages, as part of a larger [[Americanization (immigration)\|Americanization]] program.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book \|last=Del Valle \|first=Sandra \|title=Language rights and the law in the United States: finding our voices \|date=2003 \|publisher=Multilingual Matters \|isbn=1-85359-644-2 \|location=Clevedon, UK \|oclc=53061368}}</ref> While she was at [[Tucson High Magnet School\|Tucson High School]], she earned lead roles in theater productions and operettas. Because of her interests in theater and choir, which were traditionally viewed as [[Mexican Americans\|Mexican American]] interests, some of her Mexican classmates labeled her as a "[[Gringo\|gringacita]]."<ref>{{Cite news \|date=August 9, 1992 \|title=Maria Urquides has lived a revolution in 84 years \|work=Arizona Daily Start}}</ref> During most of her school life she was allowed to visit her white friends' homes, both because of domestic restrictions on Mexican girls and because she would not be welcomed by white families.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book \|last=Gonzalez \|first=Elizabeth Quiroz \|title=The education and public career of Maria L. Urquides: a case study of a Mexican American community leader \|date=1986 \|publisher=University of Arizona (dissertation) \|oclc=697295952}}</ref> While at college, Urquides experienced occupational discrimination, being given jobs cleaning the student residence bathrooms until she could secure work singing at a popular local restaurant, [[C.T. Hayden House\|La Casa Vieja]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />		During Urquides' early schooling years in Tucson, English was the required language. Students would be punished if caught speaking other languages, as part of a larger [[Americanization (immigration)\|Americanization]] program.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book \|last=Del Valle \|first=Sandra \|title=Language rights and the law in the United States: finding our voices \|date=2003 \|publisher=Multilingual Matters \|isbn=1-85359-644-2 \|location=Clevedon, UK \|oclc=53061368}}</ref> While she was at [[Tucson High Magnet School\|Tucson High School]], she earned lead roles in theater productions and operettas. Because of her interests in theater and choir, which were traditionally viewed as [[Mexican Americans\|Mexican American]] interests, some of her Mexican classmates labeled her as a "[[Gringo\|gringacita]]."<ref>{{Cite news \|date=August 9, 1992 \|title=Maria Urquides has lived a revolution in 84 years \|work=Arizona Daily Start}}</ref> During most of her school life she was not allowed to visit her white friends' homes, both because of domestic restrictions on Mexican girls and because she would not be welcomed by white families.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book \|last=Gonzalez \|first=Elizabeth Quiroz \|title=The education and public career of Maria L. Urquides: a case study of a Mexican American community leader \|date=1986 \|publisher=University of Arizona (dissertation) \|oclc=697295952}}</ref> While at college, Urquides experienced occupational discrimination, being given jobs cleaning the student residence bathrooms until she could secure work singing at a popular local restaurant, [[C.T. Hayden House\|La Casa Vieja]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />

	She earned a teacher's certificate in 1928 at Tempe State Teachers College, which existed from 1925 to 1929 (now [[Arizona State University]]), graduating as [[valedictorian]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book \|last=Cleere \|first=Jan \|title=Levi's & lace: Arizona women who made history \|date=2011 \|publisher=Rio Nuevo Publishers \|isbn=978-1-933855-53-0 \|location=Tucson, AZ \|oclc=668194058}}</ref> Urquides credited a high school teacher, Mary Balch, for encouraging her to attend college and become a teacher.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> She later earned bachelors and masters degrees at the [[University of Arizona]].<ref name=":0" /> Urquides took some additional graduate courses at the [[University of New Mexico]] and at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], seeking to enhance her course development skills.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last1=Chanin \|first1=Abe \|title=This land these voices: A different view of Arizona history in the words of those who lived it \|last2=Chanin \|first2=Mildred \|publisher=Northland Press \|year=1977 \|isbn=0873581644 \|location=Flagstaff, Arizona \|pages=65–76 \|chapter=The Roots of the Newcomers}}</ref><ref name=":6" />		She earned a teacher's certificate in 1928 at Tempe State Teachers College, which existed from 1925 to 1929 (now [[Arizona State University]]), graduating as [[valedictorian]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book \|last=Cleere \|first=Jan \|title=Levi's & lace: Arizona women who made history \|date=2011 \|publisher=Rio Nuevo Publishers \|isbn=978-1-933855-53-0 \|location=Tucson, AZ \|oclc=668194058}}</ref> Urquides credited a high school teacher, Mary Balch, for encouraging her to attend college and become a teacher.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> She later earned bachelors and masters degrees at the [[University of Arizona]].<ref name=":0" /> Urquides took some additional graduate courses at the [[University of New Mexico]] and at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], seeking to enhance her course development skills.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last1=Chanin \|first1=Abe \|title=This land these voices: A different view of Arizona history in the words of those who lived it \|last2=Chanin \|first2=Mildred \|publisher=Northland Press \|year=1977 \|isbn=0873581644 \|location=Flagstaff, Arizona \|pages=65–76 \|chapter=The Roots of the Newcomers}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

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	During Urquides' early schooling years in Tucson, English was the required language. Students would be punished if caught speaking other languages, as part of a larger [[Americanization (immigration)\|Americanization]] program.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book \|last=Del Valle \|first=Sandra \|title=Language rights and the law in the United States: finding our voices \|date=2003 \|publisher=Multilingual Matters \|isbn=1-85359-644-2 \|location=Clevedon, UK \|oclc=53061368}}</ref> While she was at [[Tucson High Magnet School\|Tucson High School]], she earned lead roles in theater productions and operettas. Because of her interests in theater and choir, which were traditionally viewed as [[Mexican Americans\|Mexican American]] interests, some of her Mexican classmates labeled her as a "[[Gringo\|gringacita]]."<ref>{{Cite news \|date=August 9, 1992 \|title=Maria Urquides has lived a revolution in 84 years \|work=Arizona Daily Start}}</ref> During most of her school life she was allowed to visit her white friends' homes, both because of domestic restrictions on Mexican girls and because she would not be welcomed by white families.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book \|last=Gonzalez \|first=Elizabeth Quiroz \|title=The education and public career of Maria L. Urquides: a case study of a Mexican American community leader \|date=1986 \|publisher=University of Arizona (dissertation) \|oclc=697295952}}</ref> While at college, Urquides experienced occupational discrimination, being given jobs cleaning the student residence bathrooms until she could secure work singing at a popular local restaurant, [[C.T. Hayden House\|La Casa Vieja]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />		During Urquides' early schooling years in Tucson, English was the required language. Students would be punished if caught speaking other languages, as part of a larger [[Americanization (immigration)\|Americanization]] program.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book \|last=Del Valle \|first=Sandra \|title=Language rights and the law in the United States: finding our voices \|date=2003 \|publisher=Multilingual Matters \|isbn=1-85359-644-2 \|location=Clevedon, UK \|oclc=53061368}}</ref> While she was at [[Tucson High Magnet School\|Tucson High School]], she earned lead roles in theater productions and operettas. Because of her interests in theater and choir, which were traditionally viewed as [[Mexican Americans\|Mexican American]] interests, some of her Mexican classmates labeled her as a "[[Gringo\|gringacita]]."<ref>{{Cite news \|date=August 9, 1992 \|title=Maria Urquides has lived a revolution in 84 years \|work=Arizona Daily Start}}</ref> During most of her school life she was allowed to visit her white friends' homes, both because of domestic restrictions on Mexican girls and because she would not be welcomed by white families.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book \|last=Gonzalez \|first=Elizabeth Quiroz \|title=The education and public career of Maria L. Urquides: a case study of a Mexican American community leader \|date=1986 \|publisher=University of Arizona (dissertation) \|oclc=697295952}}</ref> While at college, Urquides experienced occupational discrimination, being given jobs cleaning the student residence bathrooms until she could secure work singing at a popular local restaurant, [[C.T. Hayden House\|La Casa Vieja]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />

	She earned a teacher's certificate in 1928 at Tempe State Teachers College, which existed from ~~1925–1929~~ (now [[Arizona State University]]), graduating as [[valedictorian]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book \|last=Cleere \|first=Jan \|title=Levi's & lace: Arizona women who made history \|date=2011 \|publisher=Rio Nuevo Publishers \|isbn=978-1-933855-53-0 \|location=Tucson, AZ \|oclc=668194058}}</ref> Urquides credited a high school teacher, Mary Balch, for encouraging her to attend college and become a teacher.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> She later earned bachelors and masters degrees at the [[University of Arizona]].<ref name=":0" /> Urquides took some additional graduate courses at the [[University of New Mexico]] and at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], seeking to enhance her course development skills.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last1=Chanin \|first1=Abe \|title=This land these voices: A different view of Arizona history in the words of those who lived it \|last2=Chanin \|first2=Mildred \|publisher=Northland Press \|year=1977 \|isbn=0873581644 \|location=Flagstaff, Arizona \|pages=65–76 \|chapter=The Roots of the Newcomers}}</ref><ref name=":6" />		She earned a teacher's certificate in 1928 at Tempe State Teachers College, which existed from 1925 to 1929 (now [[Arizona State University]]), graduating as [[valedictorian]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book \|last=Cleere \|first=Jan \|title=Levi's & lace: Arizona women who made history \|date=2011 \|publisher=Rio Nuevo Publishers \|isbn=978-1-933855-53-0 \|location=Tucson, AZ \|oclc=668194058}}</ref> Urquides credited a high school teacher, Mary Balch, for encouraging her to attend college and become a teacher.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> She later earned bachelors and masters degrees at the [[University of Arizona]].<ref name=":0" /> Urquides took some additional graduate courses at the [[University of New Mexico]] and at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], seeking to enhance her course development skills.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last1=Chanin \|first1=Abe \|title=This land these voices: A different view of Arizona history in the words of those who lived it \|last2=Chanin \|first2=Mildred \|publisher=Northland Press \|year=1977 \|isbn=0873581644 \|location=Flagstaff, Arizona \|pages=65–76 \|chapter=The Roots of the Newcomers}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

	== Teaching career and community work ==		== Teaching career and community work ==
	Urquides worked at three different schools during her forty-six year career as an educator. She taught for the first twenty years at Davis Elementary, a segregated school serving Mexican American and [[Yaqui]] children.<ref name=":6" /> While she made efforts to enhance student learning and to improve the school grounds, her efforts were largely dismissed or directly rejected.<ref name=":6" /> In 1948 she was transferred to Sam Hughes Elementary which served mostly White and economically privileged students. At her new position, she began to directly observe and question the social and economic differences between schools and the corresponding decisions making about educational practices.<ref name=":0" />		Urquides worked at three different schools during her forty-six-year career as an educator. She taught for the first twenty years at Davis Elementary, a segregated school serving Mexican American and [[Yaqui]] children.<ref name=":6" /> While she made efforts to enhance student learning and to improve the school grounds, her efforts were largely dismissed or directly rejected.<ref name=":6" /> In 1948 she was transferred to Sam Hughes Elementary which served mostly White and economically privileged students. At her new position, she began to directly observe and question the social and economic differences between schools and the corresponding decisions making about educational practices.<ref name=":0" />

	Beyond her work in education, Urquides organized local women to improve their community. Organizing with local women, she cleared and improved an unused plot of land to create Oury Park in the Barrio Anita neighborhood (renamed David G. Herrera and Ramon Quiroz Park in 2001).<ref name=":6" /> They successfully secured [[Works Progress Administration]] funding in order to add a community swimming pool.<ref name=":4" /> Several Mexican American women then came together more formally to start a social improvement group, Club Adelante. She led this group to work on projects, including constructing a local library.<ref name=":6" /> In 1960, she added her name to a short list of community leaders stumping for Senator [[John F. Kennedy]] in the local Spanish newspaper.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=November 4, 1960 \|title=Para Presidente vote por: John F. Kennedy \|pages=7 \|work=El Sol: Semanario Popular Independiente}}</ref>		Beyond her work in education, Urquides organized local women to improve their community. Organizing with local women, she cleared and improved an unused plot of land to create Oury Park in the Barrio Anita neighborhood (renamed David G. Herrera and Ramon Quiroz Park in 2001).<ref name=":6" /> They successfully secured [[Works Progress Administration]] funding in order to add a community swimming pool.<ref name=":4" /> Several Mexican American women then came together more formally to start a social improvement group, Club Adelante. She led this group to work on projects, including constructing a local library.<ref name=":6" /> In 1960, she added her name to a short list of community leaders stumping for Senator [[John F. Kennedy]] in the local Spanish newspaper.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=November 4, 1960 \|title=Para Presidente vote por: John F. Kennedy \|pages=7 \|work=El Sol: Semanario Popular Independiente}}</ref>
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	== Selected service and recognitions ==		== Selected service and recognitions ==
	Several US ~~Presidents~~ appointed Urquides to educational roles. In 1950, [[Harry S. Truman]] appointed Urquides to the [[White House Conference on Children and Youth]], and a decade later [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] reappointed Urquides.<ref name=":1" /> In 1970, [[Richard Nixon\|Richard M. Nixon]] asked her to once again serve on that committee. In 1966, President John F. Kennedy appointed her to the State Advisory Committee to the Civil Rights Commission. At the request of the [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] administration, Urquides joined the National Advisory Committee to the Commissioner of Education on Mexican-American Education.<ref name=":1" />		Several US presidents appointed Urquides to educational roles. In 1950, [[Harry S. Truman]] appointed Urquides to the [[White House Conference on Children and Youth]], and a decade later [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] reappointed Urquides.<ref name=":1" /> In 1970, [[Richard Nixon\|Richard M. Nixon]] asked her to once again serve on that committee. In 1966, President John F. Kennedy appointed her to the State Advisory Committee to the Civil Rights Commission. At the request of the [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] administration, Urquides joined the National Advisory Committee to the Commissioner of Education on Mexican-American Education.<ref name=":1" />

	In recognition of her service, Urquides received awards and recognitions from her community, national and regional organizations, and state universities. In 1977, a local elementary school designed to serve disabled students was named in honor of Urquides.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Lynn-Urquides Elementary School \|url=https://lynnurquideses.tusd1.org/}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal \|last=De La Trinidad \|first=Maritza \|date=May 4, 2015 \|title=Mexican Americans and the push for culturally relevant education: the bilingual education movement in Tucson, 1958–1969 \|journal=History of Education \|volume=44 \|issue=3 \|pages=316–338 \|doi=10.1080/0046760X.2014.1002015 \|s2cid=216591843 \|issn=0046-760X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Grossman \|first=Djamila \|date=August 24, 2006 \|title=Pueblo High celebrates 50 years \|pages=B3 \|work=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref> She was the first Mexican American woman to have a school named after her in the state of Arizona.<ref name=":4" /> University of Arizona Education awards the Maria Urquides Laureate Award each year to faculty committed to bilingual education.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=November 2, 1995 \|title=Award created: In honor of Maria Urquides \|pages=3B \|work=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref> The Mexican American Student Association at the University of Arizona provides annual scholarships in her name.<ref name=":4" />		In recognition of her service, Urquides received awards and recognitions from her community, national and regional organizations, and state universities. In 1977, a local elementary school designed to serve disabled students was named in honor of Urquides.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Lynn-Urquides Elementary School \|url=https://lynnurquideses.tusd1.org/}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal \|last=De La Trinidad \|first=Maritza \|date=May 4, 2015 \|title=Mexican Americans and the push for culturally relevant education: the bilingual education movement in Tucson, 1958–1969 \|journal=History of Education \|volume=44 \|issue=3 \|pages=316–338 \|doi=10.1080/0046760X.2014.1002015 \|s2cid=216591843 \|issn=0046-760X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news \|last=Grossman \|first=Djamila \|date=August 24, 2006 \|title=Pueblo High celebrates 50 years \|pages=B3 \|work=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref> She was the first Mexican American woman to have a school named after her in the state of Arizona.<ref name=":4" /> University of Arizona Education awards the Maria Urquides Laureate Award each year to faculty committed to bilingual education.<ref>{{Cite news \|date=November 2, 1995 \|title=Award created: In honor of Maria Urquides \|pages=3B \|work=Arizona Daily Star}}</ref> The Mexican American Student Association at the University of Arizona provides annual scholarships in her name.<ref name=":4" />

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	{{Short description\|American educator}}		{{Short description\|American educator (1908–1994)}}
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	== Early life and education ==		== Early life and education ==
	Urquides was born in the [[Barrio Libre]] district of [[Tucson, Arizona~~\|Tucson~~]]~~, Arizona~~, United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book \|title=Latinas in the United States: a historical encyclopedia \|date=2006 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|editor=Vicki Ruíz \|editor2=Virginia Sánchez Korrol \|isbn=0-253-11169-2 \|location=Bloomington \|oclc=74671044}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> She was the youngest of five surviving children of her parents, Mariana Legara and Hilario Urquides. Three of her siblings died at an early age. Both of her parents came from Tuscon families of Mexican descent.<ref name=":12" />		Urquides was born in the [[Barrio Libre]] district of [[Tucson, Arizona]], United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book \|title=Latinas in the United States: a historical encyclopedia \|date=2006 \|publisher=Indiana University Press \|editor=Vicki Ruíz \|editor2=Virginia Sánchez Korrol \|isbn=0-253-11169-2 \|location=Bloomington \|oclc=74671044}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> She was the youngest of five surviving children of her parents, Mariana Legara and Hilario Urquides. Three of her siblings died at an early age. Both of her parents came from Tuscon families of Mexican descent.<ref name=":12" />

	Her father, Hilario, was adopted into an [[Irish Americans\|Irish American]] home after his parents died. Hilario was a founding member of the Alianza Hispano-Americana, established in 1894 to protect Mexicans against [[Empowerment\|disempowerment]] by White American settlers.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=E. \|first=Sheridan, Thomas \|title=Los Tucsonenses. \|date=2016 \|publisher=University of Arizona Press \|isbn=978-0-8165-3442-5 \|oclc=947084109}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal \|last=Melcher \|first=Mary \|date=1999 \|title="This Is Not Right": Rural Arizona Women Challenge Segregation and Ethnic Division, 1925-1950 \|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies \|volume=20 \|issue=2 \|pages=190–214 \|doi=10.2307/3347024 \|jstor=3347024 \|issn=0160-9009}}</ref> At one point, he ran a saloon and owned the Occidental Hotel (previously the Palace Hotel). He later co-founded the Club Demócrato Hispano-Americano (English: Hispanic American Democratic Club) and became involved in local politics. In the early 1900s, he filled multiple city roles, being named constable, deputy sheriff, and town jailer. In 1911, the Tucson mayor assigned Hilario to the last job he would hold, serving for almost three decades as the superintendent of city streets and parks.<ref name=":12" />		Her father, Hilario, was adopted into an [[Irish Americans\|Irish American]] home after his parents died. Hilario was a founding member of the Alianza Hispano-Americana, established in 1894 to protect Mexicans against [[Empowerment\|disempowerment]] by White American settlers.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=E. \|first=Sheridan, Thomas \|title=Los Tucsonenses. \|date=2016 \|publisher=University of Arizona Press \|isbn=978-0-8165-3442-5 \|oclc=947084109}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal \|last=Melcher \|first=Mary \|date=1999 \|title="This Is Not Right": Rural Arizona Women Challenge Segregation and Ethnic Division, 1925-1950 \|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies \|volume=20 \|issue=2 \|pages=190–214 \|doi=10.2307/3347024 \|jstor=3347024 \|issn=0160-9009}}</ref> At one point, he ran a saloon and owned the Occidental Hotel (previously the Palace Hotel). He later co-founded the Club Demócrato Hispano-Americano (English: Hispanic American Democratic Club) and became involved in local politics. In the early 1900s, he filled multiple city roles, being named constable, deputy sheriff, and town jailer. In 1911, the Tucson mayor assigned Hilario to the last job he would hold, serving for almost three decades as the superintendent of city streets and parks.<ref name=":12" />

HapHaxion at 19:33, 24 November 2022

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	\| birth_place = [[Tucson, Arizona]], U.S.		\| birth_place = [[Tucson, Arizona]], U.S.
	\| death_date = {{Death date and age\|1994\|06\|16\|1908\|12\|08}}		\| death_date = {{Death date and age\|1994\|06\|16\|1908\|12\|08}}
	\| death_place =		\| death_place = Tucson, Arizona, U.S.
	\| occupation = Educator		\| occupation = Educator
	\| years_active = 1928–1977		\| years_active = 1928–1977
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	[[Category:University of Arizona alumni]]		[[Category:University of Arizona alumni]]
	[[Category:Place of death missing]]

Neveselbert (mobile): added Category:Place of death missing using HotCat

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added Category:Place of death missing using HotCat

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	\| birth_date = {{Birth date\|1908\|12\|08}}		\| birth_date = {{Birth date\|1908\|12\|08}}
	\| birth_place = [[Tucson, Arizona]], US		\| birth_place = [[Tucson, Arizona]], U.S.
	\| death_date = {{Death date and age\|1994\|06\|16\|1908\|12\|08}}		\| death_date = {{Death date and age\|1994\|06\|16\|1908\|12\|08}}
			\| death_place =
	\| occupation = Educator		\| occupation = Educator
	\| years_active = 1928–1977		\| years_active = 1928–1977

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	Her father, Hilario, was adopted into an [[Irish Americans\|Irish American]] home after his parents died. Hilario was a founding member of the Alianza Hispano-Americana, established in 1894 to protect Mexicans against [[Empowerment\|disempowerment]] by White American settlers.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=E. \|first=Sheridan, Thomas \|title=Los Tucsonenses. \|date=2016 \|publisher=University of Arizona Press \|isbn=978-0-8165-3442-5 \|oclc=947084109}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal \|last=Melcher \|first=Mary \|year=1999 \|title="This Is Not Right": Rural Arizona Women Challenge Segregation and Ethnic Division, 1925-1950 \|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies \|volume=20 \|issue=2 \|pages=190–214 \|doi=10.2307/3347024 \|jstor=3347024 \|issn=0160-9009}}</ref> At one point, he ran a saloon and owned the Occidental Hotel (previously the Palace Hotel). He later co-founded the Club Demócrato Hispano-Americano (English: Hispanic American Democratic Club) and became involved in local politics. In the early 1900s, he filled multiple city roles, being named constable, deputy sheriff, and town jailer. In 1911, the Tucson mayor assigned Hilario to the last job he would hold, serving for almost three decades as the superintendent of city streets and parks.<ref name=":12" />		Her father, Hilario, was adopted into an [[Irish Americans\|Irish American]] home after his parents died. Hilario was a founding member of the Alianza Hispano-Americana, established in 1894 to protect Mexicans against [[Empowerment\|disempowerment]] by White American settlers.<ref>{{Cite book \|last=E. \|first=Sheridan, Thomas \|title=Los Tucsonenses. \|date=2016 \|publisher=University of Arizona Press \|isbn=978-0-8165-3442-5 \|oclc=947084109}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal \|last=Melcher \|first=Mary \|year=1999 \|title="This Is Not Right": Rural Arizona Women Challenge Segregation and Ethnic Division, 1925-1950 \|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies \|volume=20 \|issue=2 \|pages=190–214 \|doi=10.2307/3347024 \|jstor=3347024 \|issn=0160-9009}}</ref> At one point, he ran a saloon and owned the Occidental Hotel (previously the Palace Hotel). He later co-founded the Club Demócrato Hispano-Americano (English: Hispanic American Democratic Club) and became involved in local politics. In the early 1900s, he filled multiple city roles, being named constable, deputy sheriff, and town jailer. In 1911, the Tucson mayor assigned Hilario to the last job he would hold, serving for almost three decades as the superintendent of city streets and parks.<ref name=":12" />

	During Urquides' early schooling years in Tucson, English was the required language. Students would be punished if caught speaking other languages, as part of a larger [[Americanization (immigration)\|Americanization]] program.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book \|last=Del Valle \|first=Sandra \|title=Language rights and the law in the United States: finding our voices \|date=2003 \|publisher=Multilingual Matters \|isbn=1-85359-644-2 \|location=Clevedon, UK \|oclc=53061368}}</ref> While she was at [[Tucson High Magnet School\|Tucson High School]], she earned lead roles in theater productions and operettas. Because of her interests in theater and choir, which were traditionally viewed as [[Mexican Americans\|Mexican American]] interests, some of her Mexican classmates labeled her as a "[[Gringo\|gringacita]]."<ref>{{Cite news \|date=August 9, 1992 \|title=Maria Urquides has lived a revolution in 84 years \|work=Arizona Daily Start}}</ref> During most of her school life she was allowed to visit her white friends' homes, both because of domestic restrictions on Mexican girls and because she would not be welcomed by white families.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book \|last=Gonzalez \|first=Elizabeth Quiroz \|title=The education and public career of Maria L. Urquides: a case study of a Mexican American community leader \|date=1986 \|publisher=University of Arizona (dissertation) \|oclc=697295952}}</ref> While at college, Urquides experienced occupational discrimination, being given jobs cleaning the student residence bathrooms until she could secure work singing at a popular local restaurant, [[C.T. Hayden House\|La Casa Vieja]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />		During Urquides' early schooling years in Tucson, English was the required language. Students would be punished if caught speaking other languages, as part of a larger [[Americanization (immigration)\|Americanization]] program.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite book \|last=Del Valle \|first=Sandra \|title=Language rights and the law in the United States: finding our voices \|date=2003 \|publisher=Multilingual Matters \|isbn=1-85359-644-2 \|location=Clevedon, UK \|oclc=53061368}}</ref> While she was at [[Tucson High Magnet School\|Tucson High School]], she earned lead roles in theater productions and operettas. Because of her interests in theater and choir, which were traditionally viewed as [[Mexican Americans\|Mexican American]] interests, some of her Mexican classmates labeled her as a "[[Gringo\|gringacita]]."<ref>{{Cite news \|date=August 9, 1992 \|title=Maria Urquides has lived a revolution in 84 years \|work=Arizona Daily Start}}</ref> During most of her school life she was not allowed to visit her white friends' homes, both because of domestic restrictions on Mexican girls and because she would not be welcomed by white families.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book \|last=Gonzalez \|first=Elizabeth Quiroz \|title=The education and public career of Maria L. Urquides: a case study of a Mexican American community leader \|date=1986 \|publisher=University of Arizona (dissertation) \|oclc=697295952}}</ref> While at college, Urquides experienced occupational discrimination, being given jobs cleaning the student residence bathrooms until she could secure work singing at a popular local restaurant, [[C.T. Hayden House\|La Casa Vieja]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" />

	She earned a teacher's certificate in 1928 at Tempe State Teachers College, which existed from 1925 to 1929 (now [[Arizona State University]]), graduating as [[valedictorian]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book \|last=Cleere \|first=Jan \|title=Levi's & lace: Arizona women who made history \|date=2011 \|publisher=Rio Nuevo Publishers \|isbn=978-1-933855-53-0 \|location=Tucson, AZ \|oclc=668194058}}</ref> Urquides credited a high school teacher, Mary Balch, for encouraging her to attend college and become a teacher.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> She later earned bachelors and masters degrees at the [[University of Arizona]].<ref name=":0" /> Urquides took some additional graduate courses at the [[University of New Mexico]] and at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], seeking to enhance her course development skills.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last1=Chanin \|first1=Abe \|title=This land these voices: A different view of Arizona history in the words of those who lived it \|last2=Chanin \|first2=Mildred \|publisher=Northland Press \|year=1977 \|isbn=0873581644 \|location=Flagstaff, Arizona \|pages=65–76 \|chapter=The Roots of the Newcomers}}</ref><ref name=":6" />		She earned a teacher's certificate in 1928 at Tempe State Teachers College, which existed from 1925 to 1929 (now [[Arizona State University]]), graduating as [[valedictorian]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book \|last=Cleere \|first=Jan \|title=Levi's & lace: Arizona women who made history \|date=2011 \|publisher=Rio Nuevo Publishers \|isbn=978-1-933855-53-0 \|location=Tucson, AZ \|oclc=668194058}}</ref> Urquides credited a high school teacher, Mary Balch, for encouraging her to attend college and become a teacher.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6" /> She later earned bachelors and masters degrees at the [[University of Arizona]].<ref name=":0" /> Urquides took some additional graduate courses at the [[University of New Mexico]] and at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], seeking to enhance her course development skills.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book \|last1=Chanin \|first1=Abe \|title=This land these voices: A different view of Arizona history in the words of those who lived it \|last2=Chanin \|first2=Mildred \|publisher=Northland Press \|year=1977 \|isbn=0873581644 \|location=Flagstaff, Arizona \|pages=65–76 \|chapter=The Roots of the Newcomers}}</ref><ref name=":6" />

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