Motilla del Azuer: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 39°02′36″N 3°29′51″W / 39.04333°N 3.49750°W / 39.04333; -3.49750
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{{short description|Bronze Age archaeological site in Spain}}
{{short description|Bronze Age archaeological site in Spain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox ancient site
{{Infobox ancient site
|name = Motilla del Azuer
| name = Motilla del Azuer
|image = File:Motilla del Azuer (29425303165).jpg
| image = File:Motilla del Azuer (29425303165).jpg
|alt =
| alt =
|caption = Overhead view in August 2016
| caption = Overhead view in August 2016
|map_type = Spain Castilla-La Mancha
| map_type = Spain Castilla-La Mancha
|map_size =
| map_size =
|relief = yes
| relief = yes
|map_caption =
| map_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|39|02|35.91|N|3|29|50.59|W|type:landmark_region:GB-WIL|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|39|02|36|N|3|29|51|W|type:landmark_region:GB-WIL|display=inline,title}}
|location = [[Daimiel]], in the [[Province of Ciudad Real]], [[Spain]]
| location = [[Daimiel]], in the [[Province of Ciudad Real]], Spain
|region = [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
| region = [[Castilla–La Mancha]]
|type =
| type =
|part_of =
| part_of =
|length =
| length =
|width =
| width =
|area =
| area =
|height =
| height =
|builder =
| builder =
|material =
| material =
|built = [[Bronze Age]]
| built = [[Bronze Age]]
|abandoned =
| abandoned =
|epochs =
| epochs =
|cultures =
| cultures =
|dependency_of =
| dependency_of =
|occupants =
| occupants =
|event =
| event =
|excavations =
| excavations =
|archaeologists =
| archaeologists =
|condition =
| condition =
|ownership =
| ownership =
|management =
| management =
|public_access = Open to the public
| public_access = Open to the public
|website =
| website =
|notes =
| notes =
| designation1 = Spain
| designation1 = Spain
| designation1_offname = Motilla del Azuer
| designation1_offname = Motilla del Azuer
| designation1_type = Non-movable
| designation1_type = Non-movable
| designation1_criteria = Monument
| designation1_criteria = ''Zona Arqueológica''
|designation1_date = {{Start date and age|2013|06|20|df=yes}}
| designation1_date = {{Start date and age|2013|06|20|df=yes}}
|designation1_number =
| designation1_number =
|designation1_partof =
| designation1_partof =
|designation1_free1name =
| designation1_free1name =
|designation1_free1value =
| designation1_free1value =
| designation2 =
| designation2 =
| designation2_offname=
| designation2_offname=
| designation2_date =
| designation2_date =
| designation2_number =
| designation2_number =
}}
}}


The '''Motilla del Azuer''' is a prehistoric fortification dating from the [[Bronze Age]] in the municipality of [[Daimiel]], in the [[Province of Ciudad Real]], [[Castilla–La Mancha]], [[Spain]].
The '''Motilla del Azuer''' is a prehistoric fortification dating from the [[Bronze Age]] in the municipality of [[Daimiel]], in the [[Province of Ciudad Real]], [[Castilla–La Mancha]], Spain.


Extensive field work has been carried out since 1974 and was ongoing in 2021.<ref name=Molina>T. Nájera, G. Aranda, M. Sánchez, M. Haro,,[http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/aranda306/ "Recent fieldwork at the Bronze Age fortified site of Motilla del Azuer (Daimiel, Spain)"] [[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] 79 (December 2005)</ref> On 20 June 2013 the site was declared a "[[Bien de Interés Cultural]]" (asset of cultural interest) to [[archaeology]].<ref name=Aa>"Acuerdo de aprobación, Motilla del Azuer, localizada en Daimiel (Ciudad Real)" in ''Diario Oficial de Castilla-La Mancha'' (Official Gazette of Castilla-La Mancha), Issue nº 127, 3 July 2013, declaring Motilla del Azuer to be a "Bien de Interés Cultural, con categoría de Zona Arqueológica"</ref>
Extensive field work has been carried out since 1974 and was ongoing in 2021.<ref name=Molina>T. Nájera, G. Aranda, M. Sánchez, M. Haro,,[http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/aranda306/ "Recent fieldwork at the Bronze Age fortified site of Motilla del Azuer (Daimiel, Spain)"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160716112249/http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/aranda306/ |date=16 July 2016 }} [[Antiquity (journal)|Antiquity]] 79 (December 2005)</ref> On 20 June 2013 the site was declared a "[[Bien de Interés Cultural]]" (asset of cultural interest) to [[archaeology]].<ref name=Aa>"Acuerdo de aprobación, Motilla del Azuer, localizada en Daimiel (Ciudad Real)" in ''Diario Oficial de Castilla-La Mancha'' (Official Gazette of Castilla-La Mancha), Issue nº 127, 3 July 2013, declaring Motilla del Azuer to be a "Bien de Interés Cultural, con categoría de Zona Arqueológica"</ref>


==Context==
==Context==
[[File:2021-08-13, Visita del yacimiento arqueológico de Motilla del Azuer en Daimiel - 51376267440.jpg|thumb|Archeological dig in August 2021]]
[[File:2021-08-13, Visita del yacimiento arqueológico de Motilla del Azuer en Daimiel - 51376267440.jpg|thumb|Archeological dig in August 2021]]
The artificial mounds known as [[Motillas]] are the remains of one of the most unusual types of prehistoric settlement on the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. They are found in the [[La Mancha]] region and date from the Bronze Age, between about 2200 and 1500 BC. The mounds are between four and ten metres high and were originally fortifications with a central plan and several concentric lines of walls. They are found around the La Mancha plain, generally some four to five kilometers apart, in an area of river plains and depressed areas where, until recent times, there were many lagoons and marshes. The special characteristic of this site and the massiveness of its fortifications, with masonry walls more than eight meters high, make the Azuer settlement one of the most notable Bronze Age survivals of the Iberian Peninsula.<ref name=Molina/><ref name=FD/>
The artificial mounds known as [[motillas]] are the remains of one of the most unusual types of prehistoric settlement on the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. They are found in the [[La Mancha]] region and date from the Bronze Age, between about 2200 and 1500 BC. The mounds are between {{convert|4|and|10|m|spell=in}} high and were originally fortifications with a central plan and several concentric lines of walls. They are found around the La Mancha plain, generally some {{convert|4|to|5|km|spell=in}} apart, in an area of [[Floodplain|river plains]] and [[lowland]] where, until recent times, there were many lagoons and marshes. The special characteristic of this site and the massiveness of its fortifications, with masonry walls more than {{convert|8|m|spell=in}} high, make the Azuer settlement one of the most notable Bronze Age survivals of the Iberian Peninsula.<ref name=Molina/><ref name=FD/>


During the Bronze Age, these fortified settlements played an important role in the management and control of local economies. Inside the walls was a water supply from a well, large-scale storage and processing of cereals, the housing of livestock, and the production of ceramics. Other handicrafts were also carried out.<ref name=Molina/><ref name=FD/>
During the Bronze Age, these fortified settlements played an important role in the management and control of local economies. Inside the walls was a water supply from a well, large-scale storage and processing of cereals, the housing of livestock, and the production of ceramics. Other handicrafts were also carried out.<ref name=Molina/><ref name=FD/>
Line 62: Line 63:
==Description==
==Description==
[[File:La Motilla del Azuer - 41409747482.jpg|thumb|View of the complex in 2017]]
[[File:La Motilla del Azuer - 41409747482.jpg|thumb|View of the complex in 2017]]
The mound at Azuer has a diameter of about forty metres. On it stand a tower, three concentric lines of walls, and a large courtyard. The central core is a masonry tower with a square floor plan, the east and west walls of which still stand more than ten metres high. Entrance to the interior is by ramps within narrow masonry corridors.<ref name=Molina/><ref name=FD/>
The mound at Azuer has a diameter of about {{convert|40|m|spell=in}}. On it stand a tower, three concentric lines of walls, and a large courtyard. The central core is a masonry tower with a square floor plan, the east and west walls of which still stand more than {{convert|10|m|spell=in}} high. Entrance to the interior is by ramps within narrow masonry corridors.<ref name=Molina/><ref name=FD/>


Within the walls are large spaces, a patio and two large enclosures separated by an intermediate wall. Inside the patio, which has a trapezoidal plan, is a well which goes down through the alluvial terrace to the water table. This was in use throughout the occupation of the site and currently reaches to a depth of at least sixteen metres.<ref name=Molina/><ref name=FD/>
Within the walls are large spaces, a patio and two large enclosures separated by an intermediate wall. Inside the patio, which has a [[trapezoidal]] plan, is a well which goes down through the alluvial terrace to the water table. This was in use throughout the occupation of the site and currently reaches to a depth of at least {{convert|16|m|spell=in}}.<ref name=Molina/><ref name=FD/>


The intermediate enclosure occupies the western half of the fortification, between the intermediate wall and the outer face of a corridor surrounding the tower. The function of this enclosure changed during the different phases of occupation of the site, being sometimes used as a stabling area for sheep, goats, and pigs, and sometimes as a warehouse for barley and wheat. It has rectangular silos built of masonry and mud, a system replaced by storage in large vases and [[esparto]] baskets in the later phases of occupation.<ref name=Molina/><ref name=FD/>
The intermediate enclosure occupies the western half of the fortification, between the intermediate wall and the outer face of a corridor surrounding the tower. The function of this enclosure changed during the different phases of occupation of the site, being sometimes used as a stabling area for sheep, goats, and pigs, and sometimes as a warehouse for barley and wheat. It has rectangular silos built of masonry and mud, a system replaced by storage in large vases and [[esparto]] baskets in the later phases of occupation.<ref name=Molina/><ref name=FD/>
Line 70: Line 71:
The outermost line of walls are of great interest, as there has been a collapse inwards, raising questions about the dynamics and constructive systems of the site. Inside the enclosure between the outer and intermediate walls, there are many circular or oval ovens, with masonry plinths and vaulted clay covers, as well as rectangular silos for grain, which were built throughout the occupation of the site.<ref name=Molina/><ref name=FD/>
The outermost line of walls are of great interest, as there has been a collapse inwards, raising questions about the dynamics and constructive systems of the site. Inside the enclosure between the outer and intermediate walls, there are many circular or oval ovens, with masonry plinths and vaulted clay covers, as well as rectangular silos for grain, which were built throughout the occupation of the site.<ref name=Molina/><ref name=FD/>


The outermost circular wall has in its last phase of construction a cyclopean face of limestone blocks. Access to the interior of the fortification from the settlement area was through corridors parallel to the walls. The living area was located outside the walls, within a radius of about fifty meters. The houses have an oval or rectangular floor plan, with masonry plinths, clay elevations, and embedded posts. Associated with the houses are large open areas of storage and work space, with a high concentration of pits and remains of fireplaces or ovens, and areas of [[midden]]s.<ref name=Molina/><ref name=FD/>
The outermost circular wall has in its last phase of construction a [[cyclopean]] face of limestone blocks. Access to the interior of the fortification from the settlement area was through corridors parallel to the walls. The living area was located outside the walls, within a radius of about {{convert|50|m|spell=in}}. The houses have an oval or rectangular floor plan, with masonry plinths, clay elevations, and embedded posts. Associated with the houses are large open areas of storage and work spaces, with a high concentration of pits and remains of fireplaces or ovens, and areas of [[midden]]s.<ref name=Molina/><ref name=FD/>


==Cemetery==
==Cemetery==
There is also a [[cemetery]] at the site, covering most of the area of ​​the settlement, following a common pattern in most [[Iberian Peninsula|peninsular]] cultures of the Bronze Age. The dead were buried in a crouching position, inside simple graves or graves lined with masonry walls or slabs, sometimes attached to the walls of the houses or to the outer defensive walls. Some children were buried in pots. Few [[grave goods]] have been found, apart from the exceptional cases of adults buried with ceramic vessels. Such finds include a dagger with [[arsenical bronze]] rivets and a [[punch (tool)|punch]] of the same metal.<ref name=FD>Fundación Dalpa, "Patrimonio de Castilla la Mancha, La Motilla del Azuer: la Edad de Bronce en la Mancha", ''Memoria Historia'' XVII (2009), 93-96</ref><ref name=Molina/>
There is also a cemetery at the site, covering most of the area of the settlement, following a common pattern in most [[Iberian Peninsula|peninsular]] cultures of the Bronze Age. The dead were buried in a crouching position, inside simple graves or graves lined with masonry walls or slabs, sometimes attached to the walls of the houses or to the outer defensive walls. Some children were buried in pots. Few [[grave goods]] have been found, apart from the exceptional cases of adults buried with ceramic vessels. Such finds include a dagger with [[arsenical bronze]] rivets and a [[punch (tool)|punch]] of the same metal.<ref name=FD>Fundación Dalpa, "Patrimonio de Castilla la Mancha, La Motilla del Azuer: la Edad de Bronce en la Mancha", ''Memoria Historia'' XVII (2009), 93-96</ref><ref name=Molina/>


==Investigations and restoration work==
==Investigations and restoration work==
Since 1974, a team from the [[University of Granada]], directed by Trinidad Nájera Colino and Fernando Molina González,<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2008-01-archaeologists-reconstruct-life-bronze-age.amp "Archaeologists reconstruct life in the Bronze Age through the site of La Motilla"], phys.org, 24 January 2008, accessed 9 November 2022</ref> had by 2021 undertaken fourteen seasons of archaeological fieldwork, with the first research phase lasting until 1986. There was a pause of several years, and fieldwork started again in 2000 and was still in progress in 2021.<ref name=Molina/>
Since 1974, a team from the [[University of Granada]], directed by Trinidad Nájera Colino and Fernando Molina González,<ref>[https://phys.org/news/2008-01-archaeologists-reconstruct-life-bronze-age.amp "Archaeologists reconstruct life in the Bronze Age through the site of La Motilla"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109061259/https://phys.org/news/2008-01-archaeologists-reconstruct-life-bronze-age.amp |date=9 November 2022 }}, phys.org, 24 January 2008, accessed 9 November 2022</ref> had by 2021 undertaken fourteen seasons of archaeological fieldwork, with the first research phase lasting until 1986. There was a pause of several years, and fieldwork started again in 2000 and was still in progress in 2021.<ref name=Molina/>


The work has led to consolidation and restoration projects.<ref name=Molina/>
The work has led to consolidation and restoration projects.<ref name=Molina/>


An interdisciplinary [[Hydrogeology|hydrogeological]] study in 2014 found a relationship between the geological substrate and the distribution of the motillas at Daimiel, considering also that they may be the most ancient system of groundwater collection in Iberia. The study concluded that the motillas were built in the Bronze Age during the [[4.2-kiloyear event|4.2-kiloyear BP aridification event]], due to a period of prolonged and severe drought, and that the building of defended settlements around wells was "a successful solution that continued for about one millennium and formed the main part of the processes of change towards a more complex and hierarchical society".<ref>M. Mejías Moreno, L. Benítez de Lugo Enrich, J. del Pozo Tejado, J. Moraleda Sierra, [https://www.igme.es/boletin/2014/125_4/5_%20Articulo%203.pdf "The first uses of groundwater in the Iberian Peninsula: the Daimiel motillas in the Bronze Age of La Mancha"], in ''Boletín Geológico y Minero'' 125 (4) (2014), 455-474</ref>
An interdisciplinary [[Hydrogeology|hydrogeological]] study in 2014 found a relationship between the geological substrate and the distribution of the motillas at Daimiel, considering also that they may be the most ancient system of groundwater collection in Iberia. The study concluded that the motillas were built in the Bronze Age during the [[4.2-kiloyear event|4.2-kiloyear BP aridification event]], due to a period of prolonged and severe drought, and that the building of defended settlements around wells was "a successful solution that continued for about one millennium and formed the main part of the processes of change towards a more complex and hierarchical society".<ref>M. Mejías Moreno, L. Benítez de Lugo Enrich, J. del Pozo Tejado, J. Moraleda Sierra, [https://www.igme.es/boletin/2014/125_4/5_%20Articulo%203.pdf "The first uses of groundwater in the Iberian Peninsula: the Daimiel motillas in the Bronze Age of La Mancha"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109054826/https://www.igme.es/boletin/2014/125_4/5_%20Articulo%203.pdf |date=9 November 2022 }}, in ''Boletín Geológico y Minero'' 125 (4) (2014), 455-474</ref>


==Notes==
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Motilla del Azuer}}
{{Commonscat|Motilla del Azuer}}
[[Category:Archaeological cultures of Southwestern Europe]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures of Southwestern Europe]]

Revision as of 22:57, 24 November 2022

Motilla del Azuer
Overhead view in August 2016
Motilla del Azuer is located in Castilla-La Mancha
Motilla del Azuer
Shown within Castilla-La Mancha
LocationDaimiel, in the Province of Ciudad Real, Spain
RegionCastilla–La Mancha
Coordinates39°02′36″N 3°29′51″W / 39.04333°N 3.49750°W / 39.04333; -3.49750
History
FoundedBronze Age
Site notes
Public accessOpen to the public
Official nameMotilla del Azuer
TypeNon-movable
CriteriaZona Arqueológica
Designated20 June 2013; 10 years ago (2013-06-20)

The Motilla del Azuer is a prehistoric fortification dating from the Bronze Age in the municipality of Daimiel, in the Province of Ciudad Real, Castilla–La Mancha, Spain.

Extensive field work has been carried out since 1974 and was ongoing in 2021.[1] On 20 June 2013 the site was declared a "Bien de Interés Cultural" (asset of cultural interest) to archaeology.[2]

Context

Archeological dig in August 2021

The artificial mounds known as motillas are the remains of one of the most unusual types of prehistoric settlement on the Iberian Peninsula. They are found in the La Mancha region and date from the Bronze Age, between about 2200 and 1500 BC. The mounds are between four and ten metres (13 and 33 ft) high and were originally fortifications with a central plan and several concentric lines of walls. They are found around the La Mancha plain, generally some four to five kilometres (2.5 to 3.1 mi) apart, in an area of river plains and lowland where, until recent times, there were many lagoons and marshes. The special characteristic of this site and the massiveness of its fortifications, with masonry walls more than eight metres (26 ft) high, make the Azuer settlement one of the most notable Bronze Age survivals of the Iberian Peninsula.[1][3]

During the Bronze Age, these fortified settlements played an important role in the management and control of local economies. Inside the walls was a water supply from a well, large-scale storage and processing of cereals, the housing of livestock, and the production of ceramics. Other handicrafts were also carried out.[1][3]

Description

View of the complex in 2017

The mound at Azuer has a diameter of about forty metres (130 ft). On it stand a tower, three concentric lines of walls, and a large courtyard. The central core is a masonry tower with a square floor plan, the east and west walls of which still stand more than ten metres (33 ft) high. Entrance to the interior is by ramps within narrow masonry corridors.[1][3]

Within the walls are large spaces, a patio and two large enclosures separated by an intermediate wall. Inside the patio, which has a trapezoidal plan, is a well which goes down through the alluvial terrace to the water table. This was in use throughout the occupation of the site and currently reaches to a depth of at least sixteen metres (52 ft).[1][3]

The intermediate enclosure occupies the western half of the fortification, between the intermediate wall and the outer face of a corridor surrounding the tower. The function of this enclosure changed during the different phases of occupation of the site, being sometimes used as a stabling area for sheep, goats, and pigs, and sometimes as a warehouse for barley and wheat. It has rectangular silos built of masonry and mud, a system replaced by storage in large vases and esparto baskets in the later phases of occupation.[1][3]

The outermost line of walls are of great interest, as there has been a collapse inwards, raising questions about the dynamics and constructive systems of the site. Inside the enclosure between the outer and intermediate walls, there are many circular or oval ovens, with masonry plinths and vaulted clay covers, as well as rectangular silos for grain, which were built throughout the occupation of the site.[1][3]

The outermost circular wall has in its last phase of construction a cyclopean face of limestone blocks. Access to the interior of the fortification from the settlement area was through corridors parallel to the walls. The living area was located outside the walls, within a radius of about fifty metres (160 ft). The houses have an oval or rectangular floor plan, with masonry plinths, clay elevations, and embedded posts. Associated with the houses are large open areas of storage and work spaces, with a high concentration of pits and remains of fireplaces or ovens, and areas of middens.[1][3]

Cemetery

There is also a cemetery at the site, covering most of the area of the settlement, following a common pattern in most peninsular cultures of the Bronze Age. The dead were buried in a crouching position, inside simple graves or graves lined with masonry walls or slabs, sometimes attached to the walls of the houses or to the outer defensive walls. Some children were buried in pots. Few grave goods have been found, apart from the exceptional cases of adults buried with ceramic vessels. Such finds include a dagger with arsenical bronze rivets and a punch of the same metal.[3][1]

Investigations and restoration work

Since 1974, a team from the University of Granada, directed by Trinidad Nájera Colino and Fernando Molina González,[4] had by 2021 undertaken fourteen seasons of archaeological fieldwork, with the first research phase lasting until 1986. There was a pause of several years, and fieldwork started again in 2000 and was still in progress in 2021.[1]

The work has led to consolidation and restoration projects.[1]

An interdisciplinary hydrogeological study in 2014 found a relationship between the geological substrate and the distribution of the motillas at Daimiel, considering also that they may be the most ancient system of groundwater collection in Iberia. The study concluded that the motillas were built in the Bronze Age during the 4.2-kiloyear BP aridification event, due to a period of prolonged and severe drought, and that the building of defended settlements around wells was "a successful solution that continued for about one millennium and formed the main part of the processes of change towards a more complex and hierarchical society".[5]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k T. Nájera, G. Aranda, M. Sánchez, M. Haro,,"Recent fieldwork at the Bronze Age fortified site of Motilla del Azuer (Daimiel, Spain)" Archived 16 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine Antiquity 79 (December 2005)
  2. ^ "Acuerdo de aprobación, Motilla del Azuer, localizada en Daimiel (Ciudad Real)" in Diario Oficial de Castilla-La Mancha (Official Gazette of Castilla-La Mancha), Issue nº 127, 3 July 2013, declaring Motilla del Azuer to be a "Bien de Interés Cultural, con categoría de Zona Arqueológica"
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Fundación Dalpa, "Patrimonio de Castilla la Mancha, La Motilla del Azuer: la Edad de Bronce en la Mancha", Memoria Historia XVII (2009), 93-96
  4. ^ "Archaeologists reconstruct life in the Bronze Age through the site of La Motilla" Archived 9 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine, phys.org, 24 January 2008, accessed 9 November 2022
  5. ^ M. Mejías Moreno, L. Benítez de Lugo Enrich, J. del Pozo Tejado, J. Moraleda Sierra, "The first uses of groundwater in the Iberian Peninsula: the Daimiel motillas in the Bronze Age of La Mancha" Archived 9 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine, in Boletín Geológico y Minero 125 (4) (2014), 455-474