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[[ja:ノベル]]
<p><h1>Lahore </h1></p>
[[de:Novell]]
<h2> Historical Background </h2>
<p> Lahore is one of the developed cities of Pakistan with a historical background. The city is known for the textile industries which plays an important part in the Countries economy. The City has a great historical significance as it played an important part in the independence of Pakistan. The idea of an independent Pakistan was considered seriously at the Lahore Resolution 1941. </p>


'''Novell''' is an [[United States of America|American]] high technology corporation specialising in [[network]] and [[internet]] [[software]] products, traditionally directory-enabled networking. In 2001 the company made a net loss of $273 million on sales of $1.04 billion, including a $208 million investment impairment charge.
<p> This busy, polluted metropolis (pop. 6,040,000) was once the capital of the Mughal Empire. It has some of Pakistan's best sights, including the Tomb of Emperor Jahangir (with its beautiful surrounding gardens), the narrow streets of the Old Town, the Bara Dari Pavilion, the Shish Mahal (Palace of Mirrors) and the Lahore Fort (where a sound-and-light show is held several times a week). The city also has two beautiful gardens: the Shalimar (designed by the architect of the Taj Mahal) and Jinnah (a lively city park).
Some other places we've enjoyed include the 350-year-old, white-marble-and-pink-sandstone Badshahi Mosque (the country's second largest, after the King Faisal Mosque in Islamabad) and the Lahore Museum (16 galleries containing carpets, Korans and 1,500 miniature paintings). Kim's gun (Zamzama), made famous by Rudyard Kipling, is in front of Punjab University.
Lahore is a fun city to walk through. Be sure to visit some of the small markets and shops (the Anarkali, Kashmiri and Qissa Khawani bazaars will keep you busy) and spend time at the British-built Mall. If you're in Lahore in late February or early March, try to see the National Horse and Cattle Show, Pakistan's version of a rodeo, featuring equestrian competitions, camel and tent-pegging displays, dancers from the provinces and music concerts. But the city's most popular festival, also held in late February, is basant. The principal activity during this weekend-long festival is kite-flying -- there are literally thousands in the sky, even at night. Plan at least two nights in Lahore.</p>
<p>Half- and full-day trips outside Lahore include excursions to Hiran Minar, a tower built by Emperor Jahangir (25 mi/40 km away), and Changa Manga (42 mi/68 km south), which has tiny mosques (the drive there, past fields of mustard, is very colorful). 150 mi/240 km southeast of Islamabad.</p>


The company began as Novell Data Systems Inc. in 1979, a hardware manufacturer producing [[CP/M]] based systems. In January 1983 the company was renamed Novell Inc. and [[Raymond J. Noorda|Ray Noorda]] became the head of the firm. Also in 1983 the company introduced its most significant product, the multi-platform [[network operating system]] (NOS) [[NetWare]].
<h2> Geographical Background </h2>


The company based its network protocol on [[Xerox network services|XNS]] and created its own standards from IDP and SPP which it named [[IPX]] (Internet Packet eXchange) and [[SPX]] (Sequenced Packet eXchange). File and print services ran on the NCP (NetWare Core Protocol) over IPX as did routing information (RIP) and services information (SAP). To accompany this Novell touted Novell DOS, a [[MS-DOS]] alike.
<p>LAHORE is a Municipal city, has been the capital of Punjab for nearly a thousand years, and the administrative head-quarters of a Division and District of the same name. It is situated one mile to the south of the river Ravi, and some 23 miles from the eastern border of the district. The city is built in the form of a parallelogram, the area within the walls, exclusive of the citadel, being about 461 acres. It stands on the alluvial plain traversed by the river Ravi. The city is slightly elevated above the plain, and has a high ridge within it, running east and west on its northern side. The whole of this elevated ground is composed of the accumulated debris of many centuries. The river, which makes a very circuitous bend from the East, passes in a semi-circle to the North of Lahore. </p>
<p>Lahore has a friendly, relaxed atmosphere. It is a fine place to watch the world rush by. The improbable mix of painted trucks, cars, bullock carts, buses, handcarts, scooters with whole families. A classical city, according to the words of Noor Jahan.</p>
<h4>"I have purchased Lahore with my life, By giving my life for Lahore, Actually I have purchased another Paradise," Empress Noor Jahan</h4>


The company did extremely well throughout the 1980s, acting aggressively to increase the market initially by selling the expensive [[ethernet card]]s at cost, by 1990 Novell had an almost monopoly position in NOS for any business requiring a network. But Novell was also diversifying unwisely, moving away from its smaller users to target large corporations, underinvesting in research and leaving their key product opaque and difficult to control and administer. In 1993 the company bought [[Unix System Laboratories]] from [[AT&T]], giving them rights to the original [[UNIX]] kernel, apparently in an attempt to strike at [[Microsoft]]. Novell also bought [[WordPerfect]], [[Digital Research]] and [[Quattro Pro]]. UNIX was sold to [[Santa Cruz Operation|SCO]] in 1995, DR went to [[Caldera Systems]] and Wordperfect to [[Corel]].
<h2>Education </h2>
<p>Lahore is also known because of a few good educational institutions. The best institution of the region is LUMS. Further information about LUMS can be found on the following website. <p>
<p>http://www.lums.edu.pk</p>
<p>Here is a list of the top government controlled colleges in Lahore, </p>


As the company performance faded in the face of new competition Noorda was pushed out in 1994 and from around 1996 the company began a belated move into internet enabled products, ditching the proprietary network protocol in favor of native IP. The move was accelerated when [[Eric Schmidt]] became CEO in 1997 and the result was NetWare 5 and the associated [[directory service]]s through [[Novell Directory Services]]. With falling revenues the company pushed hard at net services and platform interoperability.
<h4>GOVT. COLLEGE LAHORE</h4>
ANARKALI BAZAAR
7228344,7353792
<h4>GOVT. APWA COLLEGE FOR WOMEN</h4>
JAIL ROAD
7586960


In July 2001 Novell acquired the consulting company Cambridge Technology Partners to become their sales unit. The CEO of that firm, Jack Messman, soon became head of Novell as well.
<h4>GOVT. BOYS COMPREHENSIVE HIGHER SECONDRY SCHOOL
GHORAY SHAH ROAD </h4>


In August 2003 Novell acquired [[Ximian]], a developer of [[open source]] [[Linux]] applications. This is significant because Novell plans to move its [[NetWare]] product to the [[Linux kernel]] by the time of its next release.
<h4>GOVT. COLLEGE FOR WOMEN</h4>
WAHDAT COLONY
7584477


In November 2003 Novell acquired [[SuSE]], a developer of a leading [[Linux]] distribution.
<h4>GOVT. COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
BAGHBANPURA</h4>
6552597
<h4>GOVT COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
SHADBAGH</h4>
7281000


== External links ==
<h4>GOVT COLLEGE BAGHBANPURA
* http://www.novell.com/
BAGHBANPURA</h4>
330078
<h4>GOVT COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
BAND ROAD</h4>
7722698

<h4>GOVT COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
TIMBER MARKET</h4>
7722735
<h4>GOVT. COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
SAMANABAD</h4>
7650815

Revision as of 21:00, 11 December 2003


Novell is an American high technology corporation specialising in network and internet software products, traditionally directory-enabled networking. In 2001 the company made a net loss of $273 million on sales of $1.04 billion, including a $208 million investment impairment charge.

The company began as Novell Data Systems Inc. in 1979, a hardware manufacturer producing CP/M based systems. In January 1983 the company was renamed Novell Inc. and Ray Noorda became the head of the firm. Also in 1983 the company introduced its most significant product, the multi-platform network operating system (NOS) NetWare.

The company based its network protocol on XNS and created its own standards from IDP and SPP which it named IPX (Internet Packet eXchange) and SPX (Sequenced Packet eXchange). File and print services ran on the NCP (NetWare Core Protocol) over IPX as did routing information (RIP) and services information (SAP). To accompany this Novell touted Novell DOS, a MS-DOS alike.

The company did extremely well throughout the 1980s, acting aggressively to increase the market initially by selling the expensive ethernet cards at cost, by 1990 Novell had an almost monopoly position in NOS for any business requiring a network. But Novell was also diversifying unwisely, moving away from its smaller users to target large corporations, underinvesting in research and leaving their key product opaque and difficult to control and administer. In 1993 the company bought Unix System Laboratories from AT&T, giving them rights to the original UNIX kernel, apparently in an attempt to strike at Microsoft. Novell also bought WordPerfect, Digital Research and Quattro Pro. UNIX was sold to SCO in 1995, DR went to Caldera Systems and Wordperfect to Corel.

As the company performance faded in the face of new competition Noorda was pushed out in 1994 and from around 1996 the company began a belated move into internet enabled products, ditching the proprietary network protocol in favor of native IP. The move was accelerated when Eric Schmidt became CEO in 1997 and the result was NetWare 5 and the associated directory services through Novell Directory Services. With falling revenues the company pushed hard at net services and platform interoperability.

In July 2001 Novell acquired the consulting company Cambridge Technology Partners to become their sales unit. The CEO of that firm, Jack Messman, soon became head of Novell as well.

In August 2003 Novell acquired Ximian, a developer of open source Linux applications. This is significant because Novell plans to move its NetWare product to the Linux kernel by the time of its next release.

In November 2003 Novell acquired SuSE, a developer of a leading Linux distribution.

External links