Finland Swedish

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 213.243.157.114 (talk) at 07:59, 4 July 2004 (→‎Ethnicity: I believe it is factually incorrect to generalize that claim to each member of the minority.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Finland-Swedish is a variety of Swedish. Until the mid-19th century it was the sole language of jurisdiction, administration and higher education in Finland. In 1892 Finnish became an official language and gained a status comparable to that of Swedish, and at Finland's independence in 1917 Finnish clearly dominated in government and society.

Finland has since then been a bilingual country with a Swedish-speaking minority, speaking Finland-Swedish, living mostly in the coastal areas of southern and south-western Finland [1]. The autonomous island-province of Åland (Finnish: Ahvenanmaa) is an exception, being monolingually Swedish-speaking according to international treaties. It is a matter of definition whether the Swedish spoken on Åland is to be considered Finland-Swedish or not.

Finland-Swedish differs slightly from Swedish spoken in Sweden ("rikssvenska"), most notably for the lack of melodic accent - a trait shared with most Indo-European languages and Finnish. The difference is not more significant than differences between high-prestigious varieties spoken within Sweden. Spelling is identical. In spoken language, especially among young people in Finnish-dominated areas, Finnish words are frequently incorporated.

History

The Swedish-speaking minority of Finland descends chiefly from the settlers who arrived with the Christian missionaries, crusaders and administrators in the early middle ages.

Additionally, the Swedish mother tongue was a great social advantage. Therefore socially ambitious families often raised their children on Swedish, ultimately leading to a situation where the administrative elite had a limited knowledge of Finnish.

Swedish is the mother tongue for about 265,000 persons in Mainland Finland and 25,000 on Åland, or 5.55% of the total population according to official statistics for 2003 [2]. The proportion has been steadily diminishing since the 18th century when approximately 15% of the population had Swedish as the mother tongue (estimation for 1815 [3]).

Ethnicity

The minority speaking Finland-Swedish can, according to standard definitions, be considered an ethnic minority. It's however important to note that they are not to be considered ethnic Swedes.

They call themselves finlandssvenskar, literally "Finland-Swedes", but other translations to English are often favored, as for instance Swedish-speaking Finns in order to circumvent the confusion regarding nationality, citizenship and ethnicity.

The 19th century rise of Fennomani (ethnic Nationalism in its Finnish version) led to the establishment of Finnish as a language of culture, science and administration in Finland. One important aspect is that many families of the Swedish-speaking elite learned Finnish and, championing a total switch of language, made Finnish the mother tongue of their children. Tensions between the Finnish speaking majority and the Swedish speaking minority were inevitable. The minority identified themselves as the vector of Western culture, the link to the western world. In the light of repeated losses of importance and influence of Finland-Swedish in Finland, it was natural for some of the minority to identify Sweden as the mother country capable of intervening against anti-Swedish policies by the government of Finland. As the tensions diminished from the mid-1930s and forth, and as the Winter War had a unifying effect on Finland, it can no longer be said that the Finland-Swedish minority feel closer affiliated to Sweden than to Finland.

Bilingualism

Finland being a bilingual country, according to its constitution, means that citizens of the Finland-Swedish minority have the right to communicate with authorities on their mother tongue.

After an educational reform in the 1970s, both Swedish and Finnish are compulsory school subjects, mandatory in the final examinations: education in the pupil's own language is officially called mother tongue (modersmål in Swedish or äidinkieli in Finnish) and education in the other language is referred to as the other domestic language (andra inhemska språket in Swedish, toinen kotimainen kieli in Finnish). The introduction of mandatory education in Swedish was chiefly intended as a step to avoid further finlandization. In an international context, and compared to the neighbouring countries Sweden, Norway and Estonia, the mandatory education and examination in the 5%-minority's language must be noted as an unusually strong means to support the governmental bilingualism, and is currently (2004) proposed to be laxed.

Being a small minority leads necessarily to a functional bilingualism. Although it might be possible to live your life entirely on Swedish in some towns and municipalities, Finnish is the dominant language in most towns, at most employers and in the main part of Finland. Many find it more convenient to use Finnish when interacting with strangers and known Finnish-speakers. There exists a widely established tacit agreement on using Finnish as discussion language in a group as soon as at least one of the participating persons begin to use Finnish, even if all or all but one of the group is known to be Swedish or to be in sufficient command of Swedish language.

Demographics

  • 9% of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland live on Åland
  • 6% live in purely Swedish-speaking towns and municipalities of Continental Finland
  • 35% live in bilingual towns and municipalities where Swedish dominates
  • 44% live in bilingual towns and municipalities where Finnish dominates
  • 6% live in purely Finnish-speaking towns and municipalities

In addition, about 60,000 Swedish-speaking Finns are estimated to have emigrated to Sweden during the second half of the 20th century.

List of notable Swedish-speaking Finns

See also

External links