Apex predator
Apex predators (also alpha predators or superpredators) are predators that are not themselves preyed upon as a species in the wild. These species are often at the end of long food chains, where they have a crucial role in maintaining and determining the health of ecosystems. Even if not dangerous to humans, they are formidable predators in their respective niches.
Apex predators often have a special place in human culture and they have come to represent aspects of nature that humans find important and often appear in heraldry. The eagle was the symbol of the Roman Empire and is the animal symbol of the United States of America; a lion has so served ancient Assyria and modern Great Britain; bears have symbolized Russia for centuries despite revolutionary changes. Some, such as tigers and lions, are hunted by humans for trophies or used in Chinese medicine. Two apex predators are often human companions: dogs and cats exist mostly as pets; the talents that these two creatures show as hunters are either useful in their own right or make them adept at interacting with humans. Humans also qualify as apex predators.
Even the most efficient of these creatures (humans excluded) have difficult ecological niches to fill; any loss of abilities makes them vulnerable to other predators, even of their own species, and starvation. Disappearance of their usual prey often leads to their demise as populations. Toxic substances in the food chain such as DDT and mercury often concentrate in apex predators to the detriment of reproduction to an extent impossible in creatures lower in the food chain.
List of apex predators
- Kingdom Animalia: Animals
- Phylum Cnidaria: Jellyfish, corals, sea anemones and hydras
- Phylum Mollusca: Clams, oysters, mussels, snalis, slugs, octopuses, squids, etc.
- Class Cephalopoda: Octopuses, cuttlefish, squid and nautilises
- Order Octopoda: Giant octopus
- Class Gastropoda: Slugs, snails and other "stomach-foot" creatures
- Family Conidae: Cone shells
- Class Cephalopoda: Octopuses, cuttlefish, squid and nautilises
- Phylum Arthropoda: Insects, arachnids, crustaceans, centipedes, millipedes and other "joint-legged animals"
- Class Arachnida: Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, etc.
- Order Araneae: Spiders
- Family Theraphosidae: Tarantulas and bird-eating spiders
- Order Araneae: Spiders
- Class Insecta: Insects
- Order Hymenoptera: Bees, wasps, sawflies, and ants
- Family Formicidae: Ants (army ants and fire ants)
- Order Hymenoptera: Bees, wasps, sawflies, and ants
- Class Arachnida: Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, etc.
- Phylum Chordata: Animals with backbones
- Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fishes
- Order Lamniformes: Sharks
- Class Osteichthyes: Bony fishes
- Order Actinopterygii: Ray-Finned Fishes
- Family Acipenseriformes: Sturgeons
- Family Anguilliformes: Moray eels
- Family Characiformes: Piranhas
- Family Gymnotiformes: Electric eels
- Family Esociformes: Pikes
- Family Myctophiformes: Anglerfish
- Family Perciformes: Groupers, jewfish, barracudas, sailfish, swordfish and marlins
- Order Actinopterygii: Ray-Finned Fishes
- Class Amphibia: Amphibians
- Order Caudata: Newts and salamanders
- Family Cryptobranchidae: Giant salamanders
- Order Caudata: Newts and salamanders
- Class Reptilia: Reptiles
- Order Squamata: Lizards and snakes
- Family Boidae: Pythons, boas, and anacondas
- Family Colubridae: Cobras and king snakes
- Family Varanidae: Monitor lizards and the Komodo Dragon
- Order Testudines: Turtles and tortoises
- Family Chelydridae: Snapping turtles
- Order Crocodilia: Crocodiles and alligators
- Order Squamata: Lizards and snakes
- Class Aves: Birds
- Order Falconiformes: Birds of prey - eagles, hawks, falcons, ospreys, condors and secretary birds
- Order Strigiformes: Owls and related species
- Class Mammalia: Mammals
- Order Carnivora: Carnivores
- Order Cetacea: Whales
- Family Physeteridae: Sperm whales
- Family Delphinidae: Dolphins and orcas
- Order Primata: Primates
- Family Hominidae: Humans
- Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fishes
External links
- "Super-predator is regular visitor," The Guardian, June 2, 2005
- "Man-eating lions not aberrant, experts say," National Geographic News, January 4, 2004
- "Making the Case for Man-Eaters," National Geographic Today, October 9, 2003
- "Native Carnivores in the Southern Rockies