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Asarum europaeum

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(Redirected from Asarabacca)

European wild ginger
Flower and emerging spring leaves on a specimen from the Schwäbisch-Fränkischer Forest in Germany
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Piperales
Family: Aristolochiaceae
Genus: Asarum
Species:
A. europaeum
Binomial name
Asarum europaeum

Asarum europaeum, commonly known as asarabacca, European wild ginger, hazelwort, and wild spikenard, historically cabarick, is a species of flowering plant in the birthwort family Aristolochiaceae, native to large parts of temperate Europe, and also cultivated in gardens. It is a creeping evergreen perennial with glossy green, kidney shaped leaves and solitary dull purple flowers hidden by the leaves. Though its roots have a ginger aroma, it is not closely related to the true culinary ginger Zingiber officinale, which originates in tropical Asian rainforests. It is sometimes harvested for use as a spice or a flavoring. In former days, it was used in snuff and also medicinally as an emetic and cathartic. [1][2] The FDA warns against consuming Asarum, as it is nephrotoxic and contains the potent carcinogen aristolochic acid.[3][4] [5]

Description

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The prostrate stems are 10–15 centimetres (3.9–5.9 in) long, each bearing two reniform leaves with long petioles. The leaves are about 10 cm wide. The upper surface of the leaves is shiny, and they have a pepper-like taste and smell. There are also 2 to 3 stipules present that occur in two rows opposite each other on the stem. The flowers are solitary, terminal and nodding. The flower tube is composed of fused tepals that ends with 3 petal-like projections that are brownish towards their ends and dark purple toward the centre. There are 12 stamens present. The flowers emerge in the late winter and spring.[6]

Distribution and habitat

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Asarum europaeum has a wide distribution in Europe. It ranges from southern Finland and northern Russia south to southern France, Italy, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, North Macedonia and Bulgaria. It is absent from the British Isles and Scandinavia, and also from northwestern Germany[6] and the Netherlands. Within Europe, the plant is grown outside of its range in the United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and the Netherlands.[7]

It occurs mostly in deciduous woodland or coniferous forests, especially in calcareous (chalky) soils.

Subspecies

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There are two recognised subspecies other than the type, including A. europaeum ssp. caucasicum, which is confined to the southwestern Alps, and A. europaeum ssp. italicum, which is found in central and northern Italy as well as in the Skopska Crna Gora mountains of North Macedonia and Kosovo.

Cultivation

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A. europaeum is quite shade-tolerant and is often employed as groundcover where little else will grow. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[8]

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  • Leaves
    Leaves
  • A. Europaeum in the UBC Botanical Garden
    A. Europaeum in the UBC Botanical Garden
  • Flower, Moscow region, Russia (Bff 2010)
    Flower, Moscow region, Russia (Bff 2010)
  • Leaf adaxial side.
    Leaf adaxial side.
  • Leaf abaxial side.
    Leaf abaxial side.

References

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  1. ^ Seidemann, Johannes (July 2005). World Spice Plants: Economic Usage, Botany, Taxonomy (1 ed.). Germany: Springer. p. 57. ISBN 3-540-22279-0.
  2. ^ Katzer, Gernot. "Geographic Spice Index". Gernot Katzer’s Spice Pages.
  3. ^ Schaneberg BT, Applequist WL, Khan IA (October 2002). "Determination of aristolochic acid I and II in North American species of Asarum and Aristolochia". Pharmazie. 57 (10): 686–9. PMID 12426949.
  4. ^ "Aristolochic Acid: FDA Warns Consumers to Discontinue Use of Botanical Products that Contain Aristolochic Acid". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 11 April 2001. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009.
  5. ^ Health Canada advising not to use products labelled to contain Aristolochia Archived February 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine.
  6. ^ a b Schmeil, Otto; Fitschen, Jost; Seybold, Siegmund (2006). Flora von Deutschland, 93. Auflage (in German). Wiebelsheim: Quelle & Meyer Verlag. p. 190. ISBN 3-494-01413-2.
  7. ^ T. G. Tutin; V. H. Heywood; N. A. Burges; D. H. Valentine; S. M. Walters; D. A. Webb (eds.). "Asarum europaeum". Flora Europaea. Cambridge University Press.
  8. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Asarum europaeum". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 12 January 2018.

Bibliography

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Chemistry

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Ecology

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Ethnobotany

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Pathology

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  • Jork, H.; Schutt, P. (March 1972). "Einfluss des Nährstoffangebotes auf die Morphologie und auf die Zusammensetzung des Ätherischen Öles von Asarum europaeum". Planta Medica. 21 (3): 265–276. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1099600. PMID 5081815.

Pharmacology

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Taxonomy

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Toxicology

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  • Han, Jiayin; Xian, Zhong; Zhang, Yushi; Liu, Jing; Liang, Aihua (11 June 2019). "Systematic Overview of Aristolochic Acids: Nephrotoxicity, Carcinogenicity, and Underlying Mechanisms". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 10: 648. doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00648. PMID 31244661.
  • Cartus, Alexander T.; Stegmüller, Simone; Simson, Nadine; Wahl, Andrea; Neef, Sylvia; Kelm, Harald; Schrenk, Dieter (14 August 2015). "Hepatic Metabolism of Carcinogenic β-Asarone". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 28 (9): 1760–1773. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00223.
  • Jaspersen-Schib, R.; Theus, L.; Guirguis-Oeschger, M.; Meier, Peter J. (July 1996). "Serious plant poisonings in Switzerland 1966-1994. Case analysis from the Swiss Toxicology Information Center". Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. 126 (29): 1277–1284.
  • Hasheminejad, G.; Caldwell, John (April 1994). "Genotoxicity of the alkenylbenzenes alpha- and beta-asarone, myristicin and elimicin as determined by the UDS assay in cultured rat hepatocytes". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 32 (4): 321–330. doi:10.1016/0278-6915(94)90003-8 (inactive 5 June 2025).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2025 (link)
  • Brändle, W.; Gurtner, B.; Wegmann, T. (August 1969). "Hemiparesis in an abortion attempt with hazelwort tea decoction (Asarum europaeum)". Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. 99 (32): 1161–1163.
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