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Lubomirskiidae

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Lubomirskiidae
Lubomirskia baicalensis; Museum specimen
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class: Demospongiae
Order: Spongillida
Family: Lubomirskiidae
W. Weltner, 1895[1]
Synonyms

Lubomirskinae Weltner, 1895 Lubomirskidae Rezvoi, 1936

Lubomirskiidae is a family of freshwater sponges from Lake Baikal in Russia, endemic to the lake,[2] though there are unconfirmed reports from Lake Jegetai-Kul in the Western Sayan,[3] along with the Bering Sea and the sea surrounding Kamchatka.[4]

Description

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Lubomirskia baikalensis (the most abundant species), Baikalospongia bacillifera and B. intermedia are unusually large for freshwater sponges and can reach 1 m (3.3 ft) or more.[5][6] These three are also the most common sponges in Lake Baikal.[5] Lubomirskiid sponges are perennial,[4] and may grow in multiple ways; they may encrust their substrate (cortical growth), or grow up into either a form low to the substrate (cushion-shaped) or a tall branching one.[4][3] Growth is slow, around 1–2 centimetres (0.39–0.79 in) per year.[3] Their skeleton is typically "multispicular alveolate-reticulate". Their megasclere spicules consist of spiny oxeas and strongyles, and they do not develop microscleres.[4] Spongin is present throughout their body, such as the tips of their spicules,[verify][7] though this protein may be absent in some parts of the body. Going through a grade of Lubomirskia-Baikalospongia-Swartschewskia, the ectosomal skeleton ranges from "tufts" of spicule "from the primary fibres" to "hard and well-developed", while the choanosomal skeleton ranges from regularly anisotropic to "sparsely developed".[4] Using this same grade, the consistency of the sponge's body ranges from elastic to fragile, though individuals of all species range from rigid to soft or flabby.[4]

L. baikalensis of varying states; Top: Healthy, Left: Diseased, Right: Necrosed

Lubomirskiidae is endemic to Lake Baikal, being commonly found throughout the lake from depths of 2–533 metres (6 ft 7 in – 1,748 ft 8 in), though the various species have optimal habitat ranges where they can become abundant and dominate the ecosystem.[4] Some species, such as L. abietina, B. martisoni, and B. fungiformis, have wide depth ranges; they are recorded close to the surface (10, 8, and 4.5 metres (33, 26, and 15 ft) deep respectively) and down in the "abyssal zone" of the lake (930, 840, and 1,100 metres (3,050, 2,760, and 3,610 ft) deep respectively).[8] This family lacks the gemmules characteristic of Spongillids, which restricts them to sexual reproduction; along with their reliance on larval dispersal, this reproductive cycle is thought to have restricted them, along with fellow Spongillid families Malawispongiidae and Metschnikowiidae, within the ancient hydrographic basins and waterways that they are native to.[4]

As typical of sponges in general, Lubomirskiids are filter feeders, which may make them useful as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution.[9] Most sponges in the lake are typically green when alive because of photosynthetic microorganisms which symbiotically live within their tissues (zoochlorella, both dinoflagellates and Chlorophyta), but can also be brownish or yellowish.[10] In 2011, cases of discolored sponges were first reported, where some stands would acquire a "dirty pink" color;[11] these "bleached" sponges (similar to coral bleaching) experience a shift in their microbiome; an increase in cyanobacteria numbers is often observed.[12] This bleaching disease risks the health of the sponge population in the lake as the Chlorophyta experience mass death,[13] with the diseased sponges eventually undergoing necrosis. The death of sponges would affect the community of sponges and eventually the entire ecosystem of the lake itself.[14]

Genera and species

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The family contains four genera and sixteen species.[1] The different genera are distinguished by the characters of their megascleres,[4] though molecular analysis may be more reliable as megasclere character states overlap between species and genera.[15] Microsatellite markers may be the most reliable method of determining the phylogeny of these sponges.[16]

A number of phylogenetic analyses have been made to elaborate on the interrelationships of Lubomirskiidae;[18][19][20][21] with some recent analyses having recovered the polyphyly of Baikalospongia.[17][22]

References

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  1. ^ a b de Voogd, N.J.; Alvarez, B.; Boury-Esnault, N.; Carballo, J.L.; Cárdenas, P.; Díaz, M.-C.; Dohrmann, M.; Downey, R.; Hajdu, E.; Hooper, J.N.A.; Kelly, M.; Klautau, M.; Manconi, R.; Morrow, C.C. Pisera, A.B.; Ríos, P.; Rützler, K.; Schönberg, C.; Vacelet, J.; van Soest, R.W.M. (2021). "Lubomirskiidae Weltner, 1895". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 24 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Paradina; Kulikova; Suturin; and Saibatalova (2003). The Distribution of Chemical Elements in Sponges of the Family Lubomirskiidae in Lake Baikal. International Symposium - Speciation in Ancient Lakes, SIAL III - Irkutsk 2002. Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen 4: 151-157.
  3. ^ a b c "Baikal Museum: Sponges". isu.ru (in Russian). БИОЛОГО-ПОЧВЕННЫЙ ФАКУЛЬТЕТ ИРКУТСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО УНИВЕРСИТЕТА (Irkutsk State University). Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Manconi, Renata; Pronzato, Roberto (2002). "Suborder Spongillina subord. nov.: Freshwater Sponges". Systema Poriferaa: A Guide to the Classification of Sponges. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. pp. 921–970. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_97. ISBN 978-1-4615-0747-5. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  5. ^ a b Kaluzhnaya; Belikov; Schröder; Rothenberger; Zapf; Kaandorp; Borejko; Müller; and Müller (2005). Dynamics of skeleton formation in the Lake Baikal sponge Lubomirskia baicalensis. Part I. Biological and biochemical studies. Naturwissenschaften 92: 128–133.
  6. ^ Belikov; Kaluzhnaya; Schröder; Müller; and Müller (2007). Lake Baikal endemic sponge Lubomirskia baikalensis: structure and organization of the gene family of silicatein and its role in morphogenesis. Porifera Research: Biodiversity, Innovation and Sustainability, pp. 179-188.
  7. ^ M. M. Kozhov (М.М. Кожов) (1972). Очерки по байкаловедению (in Russian). Irkutsk: East-Siberian Publishing House (Восточно-Сибирское Книжное Издательство). pp. 118–278. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  8. ^ Sitnikova, Tatiana; Kiyashko, Serguei; Bukshuk, Natalia; Zemskaya, Tamara; Khlystov, Oleg; Moore, Marianne V. (June 2016). "Stable isotope signatures and distribution of deepwater sponges in Lake Baikal". Hydrobiologia. 773 (1): 11–22. Bibcode:2016HyBio.773...11S. doi:10.1007/s10750-016-2674-1. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  9. ^ Yakhnenko, Alena; Zinicovscaia, Inga; Yushin, Nikita; Chaligava, Omari; Nebesnykh, Ivan; Grozdov, Dmitrii; Khanaev, Igor; Duliu, Octavian G.; Maikova, Olga; Kravchenko, Elena (September 2022). "Endemic sponge Lubomirskia baikalensis as a bioindicator of chemical elements pollution in Lake Baikal". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 182. Bibcode:2022MarPB.18214025Y. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114025. ISSN 0025-326X. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  10. ^ Müller; and Grachev, eds. (2009). Biosilica in Evolution, Morphogenesis, and Nanobiotechnology: Case Study Lake Baikal, pp. 81-110. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-3-540-88551-1.
  11. ^ Bormotov, Aleksei E. "What Has Happened to Lake Baikal Sponges?". scfh.ru/. INFOLIO. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  12. ^ Itskovich, Valeria; Kaluzhnaya, Oxana; Glyzina, Olga; Prathiviraj, Ragothaman; Seghal Kiran, George; Selvin, Joseph (2021). "Microbiome Changes of Endemic Lake Baikal Sponges during Bleaching Syndrome Development". Diversity. 13 (12): 653. Bibcode:2021Diver..13..653I. doi:10.3390/d13120653.
  13. ^ Lubov Chernogor; Elizaveta Klimenko; Igor Khanaev; Sergei Belikov (May 26, 2020). "Microbiome analysis of healthy and diseased sponges Lubomirskia baicalensis by using cell cultures of primmorphs". Microbiology. 8: e9080. doi:10.7717/peerj.9080. PMC 7258933. PMID 32518718.
  14. ^ Khanaev, Igor V.; Kravtsova, Lyubov S.; Maikova, Olga O.; Bukshuk, Natalya A.; Sakirko, Mariya V.; Kulakova, Nina V.; Butina, Tatyana V.; Nebesnykh, Ivan A.; Belikov, Sergei I. (February 2018). "Current state of the sponge fauna (Porifera: Lubomirskiidae) of Lake Baikal: Sponge disease and the problem of conservation of diversity". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 44 (1): 77–85. Bibcode:2018JGLR...44...77K. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2017.10.004. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  15. ^ VALERIA B. ITSKOVICH; OXANA V. KALUZHNAYA; ELENA VEYNBERG; DIRK ERPENBECK (23 July 2015). "Endemic Lake Baikal sponges from deep water. 1: Potential cryptic speciation and discovery of living species known only from fossils". Zootaxa. 3990 (1). doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3990.1.7. PMID 26250223. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  16. ^ Alena Yakhnenko; Yurij Bukin; Igor Khanaev; Valeria Itskovich (9 July 2024). "Genetic diversity studies of Baikal endemic sponges at the interspecies and population levels using high-resolution microsatellite markers". Aquatic Sciences. 86 (3): 85. Bibcode:2024AqSci..86...85Y. doi:10.1007/s00027-024-01096-5. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  17. ^ a b Natalia Bukshuk; Olga O. Maikova (January 2020). "A new species of Baikal endemic sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae, Spongillida, Lubomirskiidae)". ZooKeys (906): 113–130. Bibcode:2020ZooK..906..113B. doi:10.3897/zookeys.906.39534. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  18. ^ Kenny, Nathan J.; Itskovich, Valeria B. (2021). "Phylogenomic inference of the interrelationships of Lake Baikal sponges". Systematics and Biodiversity. 19 (2): 209–217. Bibcode:2021SyBio..19..209K. doi:10.1080/14772000.2020.1827077. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  19. ^ Maikova, Olga; Khanaev, Igor; Belikov, Sergei; Sherbakov, Dmitry (28 October 2014). "Two hypotheses of the evolution of endemic sponges in Lake Baikal (Lubomirskiidae)". Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 53 (2): 175–179. doi:10.1111/jzs.12086. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  20. ^ Maikova, Olga; Sherbakov, Dmitry; Belikov, Sergei (August 2016). "The complete mitochondrial genome of Baikalospongia intermedia (Lubomirskiidae): description and phylogenetic analysis". Mitochondrial DNA Part B, Resources. 1 (1): 569–570. doi:10.1080/23802359.2016.1172273. PMID 33490409. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  21. ^ Schroder, H. C.; Efremova, S. M.; Itskovich, V. B.; Belikov, S.; Masuda, Y.; Krasko, A.; Muller, I. M.; Muller, W. E. G. (April 2003). "Molecular phylogeny of freshwater sponges in Lake Baikal". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 41 (2): 80–86. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0469.2003.00199.x. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
  22. ^ Radnaeva, Larisa D.; Bazarsadueva, Selmeg V.; Taraskin, Vasiliy V.; Tulokhonov, Arnold K. (February 2020). "First data on lipids and microorganisms of deepwater endemic sponge Baikalospongia intermedia and sediments from hydrothermal discharge area of the Frolikha Bay (North Baikal, Siberia)". Journal of Great Lakes Research. 46 (1): 67–74. Bibcode:2020JGLR...46...67R. doi:10.1016/j.jglr.2019.09.021. Retrieved 5 June 2025.
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Pictures of live sponges and spicules

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