Battle of Aror

Battle of Aror
	Part of Umayyad conquest of Sindh
	; Indus river near Aror
Date	711 AD
Location	Aror, Sindh27°39′00″N 68°59′00″E / 27.65°N 68.9833°E
Result	Umayyad victory
Belligerents
Umayyad Caliphate	Kingdom of Sindh
Commanders and leaders
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim	Raja Dahir †
Strength
20,000	20,000–25,000; 50,000 (modern estimates)
	class=notpageimage\| Location within Sindh Battle of Aror (Pakistan)

The Battle of Aror took place in 711 AD between the Umayyad forces under Muhammad ibn al-Qasim and the army of the Brahmin dynasty of Sindh under Raja Dahir. At the Battle of Aror (Rohri) Muhammad ibn al-Qasim was met by Dahir's forces in battle.^[3] It was the last military conflict involving Raja Dahir, whose army was defeated by the Umayyads near the Indus River and Dahir was killed.

Battle

The battle took place on the left bank of the Indus. The names of that place on those occasions were Jiwar, Bet, and Rawer.^[4] After besieging Debal, Muhammad ibn Qasim joined with 2,000 cavalry from Persia in addition to the rest of his forces making it 20,000-strong, and marched towards Aror. He was opposed by Raja Dahir's forces. According to the Chach Nama, the strength of the forces was 20,000-25,000. According to modern historians such as K. S. Lal, the forces included not less than 50,000 men.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Qasim, seeing the imbalance, took advantage of the ground. He waited for Dahir to attack after getting in a good position. During the battle, a fireball struck Dahir's elephant, and the elephant bore Dahir off the field.^[8] Even though Dahir fought, he was killed by an arrow in his neck and his army faced high casualties, resulting in an Umayyad victory.^[9]^[10]

Aftermath

After the victory, Muhammed ibn Qasim found the body of Raja Dahir and sent it to Al-Hajjaj. He later dispatched his army to besiege the fort of Rewar.^[9] Since his son had retreated to Brahmanabad in war, the queen of Raja Dahir, Rani Bai committed jauhar to avoid being captured by the army of Mohammed Qasim.^[7]

References

^ Khushalani, Gobind (2006). Chachnamah Retold : An Account Of The Arab Conquest Of Sindh. Bibliophile South Asia. p. 127. ISBN 9788185002682.
^ Sāvitrī Kotūmal Mansukhānī, Rāmu Amarlaʻlu Panjvāṇī (2002). Sindh land of hope and glory. Har-anand publication. p. 103. ISBN 9788124108468.
^ Wink, André (2002) [first published 1990], Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, Brill, ISBN 9780391041738, pp=201–205.
^ Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Soc. 1887. pp. 330–331.
^ Rapson, Edward James; Haig, Sir Wolseley; Burn, Sir Richard; Dodwell, Henry (1958). The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig. S. Chand. p. 5.
^ Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8160-6184-6.
^ ^a ^b Lal, Kishori Saran (1984). Early Muslims in India. Books & Books. pp. 14–19. ISBN 978-81-85016-08-5.
^ ^a ^b Satyapal; Chandra, Prabodh (1946). Sixty Years of Congress: India Lost; India Regained, a Detailed Record of Its Struggle for Freedom. Lion Press. pp. 32–36.
^ ^a ^b Mehta, J. L. Vol. Iii: Medieval Indian Society And Culture. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 12. ISBN 978-81-207-0432-9.
^ Kadyan, Amir (2020-04-02). Know The Jat. BlueRose Publishers. p. 10.

[1] Khushalani, Gobind (2006). Chachnamah Retold : An Account Of The Arab Conquest Of Sindh. Bibliophile South Asia. p. 127. ISBN 9788185002682.

[2] Sāvitrī Kotūmal Mansukhānī, Rāmu Amarlaʻlu Panjvāṇī (2002). Sindh land of hope and glory. Har-anand publication. p. 103. ISBN 9788124108468.

[2004Wink1-3] Wink, André (2002) [first published 1990], Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World, Vol 1: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam, Brill, ISBN 9780391041738, pp=201–205.

[4] Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Soc. 1887. pp. 330–331.

[5] Rapson, Edward James; Haig, Sir Wolseley; Burn, Sir Richard; Dodwell, Henry (1958). The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig. S. Chand. p. 5.

[6] Wynbrandt, James (2009). A Brief History of Pakistan. Infobase Publishing. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8160-6184-6.

[:0-7] Lal, Kishori Saran (1984). Early Muslims in India. Books & Books. pp. 14–19. ISBN 978-81-85016-08-5.

[:1-8] Satyapal; Chandra, Prabodh (1946). Sixty Years of Congress: India Lost; India Regained, a Detailed Record of Its Struggle for Freedom. Lion Press. pp. 32–36.

[:2-9] Mehta, J. L. Vol. Iii: Medieval Indian Society And Culture. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 12. ISBN 978-81-207-0432-9.

[10] Kadyan, Amir (2020-04-02). Know The Jat. BlueRose Publishers. p. 10.

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