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Douglas Kell

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Douglas Kell
CBE FRSB FLSW
Douglas Kell in 2014
Born
Douglas Bruce Kell

(1953-04-07) 7 April 1953 (age 72)[4]
NationalityBritish
EducationBradfield College
Alma materUniversity of Oxford (BA, DPhil)
Known forCEO of BBSRC
Spouse
Antje Wagner
​
(m. 1989)​
[4]
Children3[4]
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisThe Bioenergetics of Paracoccus denitrificans (1978)
Doctoral advisor
  • Stuart Ferguson[2]
  • Philip John
Doctoral students
Websitedbkgroup.org Edit this at Wikidata

Douglas Bruce Kell CBE FRSB FLSW[5] (born 7 April 1953)[4] is a British biochemist and Professor of Systems Biology in the Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, University of Liverpool part of the Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology [6] at the University of Liverpool. He was previously at the School of Chemistry at the University of Manchester, based in the Manchester Institute of Biotechnology (MIB)[7] where he founded and led the Manchester Centre for Integrative Systems Biology (MCISB). He served as chief executive officer (CEO) of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) from 2008 to 2013.[8][9][10][11][12][13]

Education and early life

[edit]

Kell was privately educated at Hydneye House in Sussex[14] and Bradfield College in Berkshire where he was top scholar. He graduated from the University of Oxford with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Biochemistry in 1975 with a distinction in chemical pharmacology, where he was an undergraduate student of St John's College, Oxford. He stayed in Oxford for his Doctor of Philosophy degree, completed in 1978 with a thesis on the bioenergetics of the microbe Paracoccus denitrificans, supervised by Stuart Ferguson[2][15] and Philip John.[16]

Research and career

[edit]

From 1978 to 2002 he worked at Aberystwyth University, moving to the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST) in 2002 as an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) / Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Research Chair in Bioanalytical Sciences. (UMIST merged with the Victoria University of Manchester in 2004, to become the University of Manchester.) He moved to the University of Liverpool in 2018 to work in the Johnston Laboratories, which represented the world's first department of biochemistry at a University.

Kell's primary research interests are in systems biology,[17] synthetic biology[18] and computational biology.[1] He led the consensus program to model the yeast metabolic network. He has also been involved in the development of multivariate scientific instrumentation and the attendant machine learning software (his first paper on artificial neural networks[19] was in 1992). He has written extensively on the role of microbes (often dormant[20][21]) as agents of supposedly 'non-communicable', chronic infectious diseases.[22] This led to the discovery[23] of the Rpf Resuscitation promoting factor that acts as a 'wake=up' molecule for organisms such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of tuberculosis. His publications are mostly open access and widely cited, with an H-index at Google Scholar in excess of 130.[1] According to Google Scholar[1] his most cited peer-reviewed research papers are in functional genomics,[24] metabolomics[25][26](a word he coinvented with Steve Oliver[27]), and the yeast genome.[28] He has also been involved in research to create a robot scientist[29] in collaboration with Ross King, Stephen Muggleton and Steve Oliver, as well as several projects in systems biology.[30][31][32][33][34] He is involved in the study of membrane transporters, and their necessary involvement in the transmembrane uptake of pharmaceutical drugs.[35][36][37] He tends to choose scientific problems in which the prevailing orthodoxy is clearly incorrect. To this end, he has recently returned to the study of bioenergetics, summarising the detailed evidence against the prevailing wisdom of chemiosmotic coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation, replacing it with a protet-based model.[38][39]

He is a strong believer[40] in the importance of systematic reviews in Science, especially where they synthesise disparate evidence into a coherent picture. Examples include the role of unliganded iron in disease,[41][42][43][44] amyloidogenic blood clotting,[45] the protein-mediated transport of pharmaceutical drugs,[46] electron transport-linked phosphorylation,[47][48] nutraceuticals such as ergothioneine,[49] lactoferrin[50] and kynurenic acid,[51] creativity and innovation,[52] single cell analysis,[53] biological dielectrics,[54] phliosophical questions such as hypothesis-dependent vs data-driven science [55] and why people believe nonsense despite the facts,[56] explainable AI,[57] doing omics analyses better.[58]

With his collaborator Resia Pretorius, Kell discovered the amyloidogenic clotting of blood,[59][60] involving the amyloidogenic self-assembly of the clotting protein fibrin into highly stable β-sheets that — unlike regular clots — are resistant to plasmin, the enzyme responsible for breaking up clots (fibrinolysis).[61] They report that such amyloidogenic clotting appears to be mostly caused by infectious agents, even in (a large variety of) supposedly non-infectious diseases.[62] Kell and Pretorius report that such fibrin amyloid microclots (fibrinaloids) seem to be of major significance in long COVID.[63] They also recently discovered that the clots removed from patients following an [ischaemic stroke] are amyloid in nature,[64] which would explain their resistance to fibrinolysis and their likely production via accretion of fibrinaloid microclots. Full links at,[65] and links to all publications at.[66] A new direction is the recognition[67] of the involvement of the Traditional Chinese Medicine concept of Blood Stasis in a large variety of these chronic inflammatory diseases.

In 1988, he was a founding director] of Aber Instruments,[68] based at Aberystwyth Science Park (originally at the Centre for Alternative Technology (CAT), Machynlleth, Wales). In 2019 he was a co-founding director of Mellizyme Ltd, now Epoch Biodesign;[69] he left the company in 2023. He cofounded PhenUTest Ltd (now innotivedx) in 2021. He is an Associated Scientific Director of the Centre for Biosustainability at the Technical University of Denmark, where he runs the Flux Optimisation and Bioanalytics Group.

Kell's research has been funded by the European Union (EU), the BBSRC, the Medical Research Council (MRC) and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC).[70][71] His former doctoral students and/or postdoctoral researchers include Pedro Mendes[3] and Roy Goodacre. His monograph Belief: the baggage behind our being was published in 2018.[72][73]

Awards and honours

[edit]

Kell was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2014 New Year Honours, for services to science and research.[5] Kell is also a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales (FLSW), a Fellow of the Royal Society of Biology (FRSB) and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (FAAS).[74]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Douglas Kell publications indexed by Google Scholar Edit this at Wikidata
  2. ^ a b Kell, D.; John, P.; Ferguson, S. (1978). "The protonmotive force in phosphorylating membrane vesicles from Paracoccus denitrificans. Magnitude, sites of generation and comparison with the phosphorylation potential". The Biochemical Journal. 174 (1): 257–266. doi:10.1042/bj1740257. PMC 1185905. PMID 212022.
  3. ^ a b Mendes, Pedro Pedrosa (1994). Computer simulation of the dynamics of biochemical pathways (PhD thesis). University of Aberystwyth. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d Anon (2024). "Kell, Prof. Douglas Bruce". Who's Who (176th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2736. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.42346. ISBN 9781399409452. OCLC 1402257203. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  5. ^ a b "No. 60728". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2013. p. 9.
  6. ^ "ISMIB – University of Liverpool". www.liverpool.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 April 2025.
  7. ^ Kell, Douglas (2012). "Prof Douglas Kell, research profile - personal details". University of Manchester. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  8. ^ "19 June 2012 - Reappointment of Chief Executive for the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council - News - BBSRC". Archived from the original on 26 June 2012.
  9. ^ Van Noorden, Richard (24 November 2008). "Interview: Douglas Kell". Chemistry World. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
  10. ^ Interview with Douglas Kell on the website of the Royal Society of Chemistry
  11. ^ Douglas Kell author profile page at the ACM Digital Library
  12. ^ Douglas Kell publications from Europe PubMed Central Edit this at Wikidata
  13. ^ Kell, D. B.; Lurie-Luke, E (2015). "The virtue of innovation: Innovation through the lenses of biological evolution". Journal of the Royal Society Interface. 12 (103): 20141183. doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.1183. PMC 4305420. PMID 25505138.
  14. ^ "Hydneye House - a set on Flickr". Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  15. ^ "Prof Stuart Ferguson Page - Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013.
  16. ^ Kell, Douglas Bruce (1978). The bioenergetics of paracoccus denitrificans. ora.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 863351446. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.461649. Free access icon
  17. ^ Kell, DB (2006). "Metabolomics, modelling and machine learning in systems biology towards an understanding of the languages of cells. The 2005 Theodor Bücher lecture". FEBS J. 273 (5): 873–894. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05136.x. PMID 16478464.
  18. ^ Currin, A; Swainston, N; Day, PJ; Kell, DB (2015). "Synthetic biology for the directed evolution of protein biocatalysts: navigating sequence space intelligently". Chem Soc Rev. 44 (5): 1172–1239. doi:10.1039/C4CS00351A. PMC 4349129. PMID 25503938.
  19. ^ Goodacre, R; Kell, DB; Bianchi, G (1992). "Neural networks and olive oil" (PDF). Nature. 359 (6396): 594. Bibcode:1992Natur.359..594G. doi:10.1038/359594a0.
  20. ^ Kaprelyants, AS; Gottschal, JC; Kell, DB (1993). "Dormancy in non-sporulating bacteria". FEMS Microbiol Rev. 104 (3–4): 271–286. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1993.tb05871.x. PMID 8318260.
  21. ^ Kell, DB; Kaprelyants, AS; Weichart, DH; Harwood, CR; Barer, MR (1008). "Viability and activity in readily culturable bacteria: a review and discussion of the practical issues". Ant van Leeuw. 73 (2): 169–187. doi:10.1023/A:1000664013047. PMID 0717575.
  22. ^ Kell, DB; Pretorius, E (2018). "No effects without causes. The Iron Dysregulation and Dormant Microbes hypothesis for chronic, inflammatory diseases: evidence and consequences". Biol Rev. 93 (3): 1518–1557. doi:10.1111/brv.12407. PMC 6055827. PMID 29575574.
  23. ^ Mukamolova, GV; Kaprelyants, AS; Young, DI; Young, M; Kell, DB (1998). "A bacterial cytokine". Proc Natl Acad Sci. 95 (15): 8916–8921. Bibcode:1998PNAS...95.8916M. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.15.8916. PMC 21177. PMID 9671779.
  24. ^ Oliver, S. G.; Teusink, L. M.; Broadhurst, B.; Zhang, D.; Hayes, N.; Walsh, A.; Berden, M. C.; Brindle, J. A.; Kell, K. M.; Rowland, D. B.; Westerhoff, J. J.; Van Dam, H. V.; Oliver, K. (2001). "A functional genomics strategy that uses metabolome data to reveal the phenotype of silent mutations". Nature Biotechnology. 19 (1): 45–50. doi:10.1038/83496. PMID 11135551. S2CID 15491882.
  25. ^ Goodacre, R.; Vaidyanathan, S.; Dunn, W. B.; Harrigan, G. G.; Kell, D. B. (2004). "Metabolomics by numbers: Acquiring and understanding global metabolite data". Trends in Biotechnology. 22 (5): 245–252. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2004.03.007. PMID 15109811.
  26. ^ Dunn, WB; Broadhurst, D; Begley, P; Zelena, E; Francis-McIntyre, S; Anderson, N; Brown, N; Knowles, J; Halsall, A; Haselden, JN; Nicholls, A; Wilson, ID; Kell, DB; Goodacre, R; The Husermet Consortium (2011). "Procedures for large-scale metabolic profiling of serum and plasma using gas chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry". Nature Protoc. 6 (7): 1060–1083. doi:10.1038/nprot.2011.335. PMID 21720319.
  27. ^ Oliver, SG; Winson, MK; Kell, DB; Baganz, FM (1998). "Systematic functional analysis of the yeast genome". Trends Biotechnol. 16 (9): 373–378. doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(98)01214-1. PMID 9744112.
  28. ^ Oliver, S.; Winson, M.; Kell, D.; Baganz, F. (1998). "Systematic functional analysis of the yeast genome". Trends in Biotechnology. 16 (9): 373–378. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.33.5221. doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(98)01214-1. PMID 9744112.
  29. ^ King, R. D.; Whelan, K. E.; Jones, F. M.; Reiser, P. G. K.; Bryant, C. H.; Muggleton, S. H.; Kell, D. B.; Oliver, S. G. (2004). "Functional genomic hypothesis generation and experimentation by a robot scientist". Nature. 427 (6971): 247–252. Bibcode:2004Natur.427..247K. doi:10.1038/nature02236. PMID 14724639. S2CID 4428725. Closed access icon
  30. ^ Kell, Douglas (2009). "Journal club: A systems biologist ponders how disparate ideas can sometimes come together beautifully". Nature. 460 (7256): 669. Bibcode:2009Natur.460..669K. doi:10.1038/460669e. PMID 19661875. S2CID 1857476.
  31. ^ Dobson, P. D.; Smallbone, K.; Jameson, D.; Simeonidis, E.; Lanthaler, K.; Pir, P.; Lu, C.; Swainston, N.; Dunn, W. B.; Fisher, P.; Hull, D.; Brown, M.; Oshota, O.; Stanford, N. J.; Kell, D. B.; King, R. D.; Oliver, S. G.; Stevens, R. D.; Mendes, P. (2010). "Further developments towards a genome-scale metabolic model of yeast". BMC Systems Biology. 4: 145. doi:10.1186/1752-0509-4-145. PMC 2988745. PMID 21029416.
  32. ^ Pir, P.; Gutteridge, A.; Wu, J.; Rash, B.; Kell, D. B.; Zhang, N.; Oliver, S. G. (2012). "The genetic control of growth rate: A systems biology study in yeast". BMC Systems Biology. 6: 4. doi:10.1186/1752-0509-6-4. PMC 3398284. PMID 22244311.
  33. ^ Douglas Kell at DBLP Bibliography Server Edit this at Wikidata
  34. ^ Douglas Kell publications indexed by the Scopus bibliographic database. (subscription required)
  35. ^ Kell, DB; Oliver, SG (2014). "How drugs get into cells: tested and testable predictions to help discriminate between transporter-mediated uptake and lipoidal bilayer diffusion". Front Pharmacol. 5 (9): 273–280. doi:10.3389/fphar.2014.00231. PMC 4215795. PMID 25108914.
  36. ^ "How Drugs Really Get Into Cells: Why Passive Bilayer Diffusion is a Myth". 30 April 2020. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021.
  37. ^ Kell, DB (2021). "The transporter-mediated cellular uptake and efflux of pharmaceutical drugs and biotechnology products: how and why phospholipid bilayer transport is negligible in real biomembranes". Molecules. 26 (18): 5826. doi:10.3390/molecules26185629. PMC 8470029. PMID 34577099.
  38. ^ Kell, Douglas Bruce (9 February 2020). "Protet_PCT model of ETP".
  39. ^ Kell, Douglas B. (2021). "A protet-based, protonic charge transfer model of energy coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation". Advances in Microbial Physiology. Vol. 78. Elsevier. pp. 1–177. doi:10.1016/bs.ampbs.2021.01.001. ISBN 9780128246016. ISSN 0065-2911. PMID 34147184. S2CID 234894761.
  40. ^ Kell, DB (2012). "Reviews turn facts into understanding". Nature. 490 (7418): 37. doi:10.1038/490037e. PMID 23038456.
  41. ^ Kell, DB (2009). "Iron behaving badly: inappropriate iron chelation as a major contributor to the aetiology of vascular and other progressive inflammatory and degenerative diseases". BMC Med Genom. 2: 2. arXiv:0808.1371. doi:10.1186/1755-8794-2-2. PMC 2672098. PMID 19133145.
  42. ^ Kell, DB (2010). "Towards a unifying, systems biology understanding of large-scale cellular death and destruction caused by poorly liganded iron: Parkinson's, Huntington's, Alzheimer's, prions, bactericides, chemical toxicology and others as examples". Arch Toxicol. 577 (11): 825–889. Bibcode:2010ArTox..84..825K. doi:10.1007/s00204-010-0577-x. PMC 2988997. PMID 20967426.
  43. ^ Kell, DB; Pretorius, E (2014). "Serum ferritin is an important inflammatory disease marker, as it is mainly a leakage product from damaged cells". Metallomics. 6 (4): 748–773. doi:10.1039/c3mt00347g. PMID 24549403.
  44. ^ Kell, DB; Pretorius, E (2018). "No effects without causes. The Iron Dysregulation and Dormant Microbes hypothesis for chronic, inflammatory diseases: evidence and consequences". Biol Rev. 93 (3): 1518–1557. doi:10.1111/brv.12407. PMC 6055827. PMID 29575574.
  45. ^ Kell, DB; Pretorius, E (2017). "Proteins behaving badly. Substoichiometric molecular control and amplification of the initiation and nature of amyloid fibril formation: lessons from and for blood clotting". Progr Biophys Mol Biol. 123: 16–41. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.08.006. hdl:2263/59001. PMID 27554450.
  46. ^ Dobson, PM; Kell, DB (2008). "Carrier-mediated cellular uptake of pharmaceutical drugs: an exception or the rule?". Nature Rev Drug Disc. 7 (3): 205–220. doi:10.1038/nrd2438. PMID 18309312.
  47. ^ Kell, DB (2021). "A protet-based, protonic charge transfer model of energy coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation". Adv Micr Physiol. Advances in Microbial Physiology. 78: 1–177. doi:10.1016/bs.ampbs.2021.01.001. ISBN 978-0-12-824601-6. PMID 34147184.
  48. ^ Kell, DB (2024). "A protet-based model that can account for energy coupling in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation". BBA. 1865 (4): 149504. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149504. PMID 39153588.
  49. ^ Borodina, I; Kenny, LC; McCarthy, CM; Paramasivan, K; Pretorius, E; Roberts, TJ; can der Hoek, SA; Kell, DB (2020). "The biology of ergothioneine, an antioxidant nutraceutical". Nute Res Rev. 33 (2): 190–217. doi:10.1017/S0954422419000301. PMC 7653990. PMID 32051057.
  50. ^ Kell, DB; Heyden, EL; Pretorius, E (2020). "The biology of lactoferrin, an iron-binding protein that can help defend against viruses and bacteria". FrontiersIn Immunol. 11: 1221. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01221. PMC 7271924. PMID 32574271.
  51. ^ Alvs, L de F; Moore, JB; Kell, DB (2024). "The biology and biochemistry of kynurenic acid, a potential nutraceutical with multiple biological effects". Int J Mol Sci. 25 (16): 9082. doi:10.3390/ijms25169082. PMC 11354673. PMID 39201768.
  52. ^ Kell, DB; Lurie-Luke, E (2015). "The virtue of innovation: innovation through the lenses of biological evolution". J R Soc Interf. 12 (103): 20141183. doi:10.1098/rsif.2014.1183. PMC 4305420. PMID 25505138.
  53. ^ Davey, HM; Kell, DB (1 December 1996). "Flow cytometry and cell sorting of heterogeneous microbial populations: the importance of single-cell analyses". Microbiol Rev. 60 (4): 641–696. doi:10.1128/mr.60.4.641-696.1996. PMC 239459. PMID 8987359.
  54. ^ Pethig, R; Kell, DB (1987). "The passive electrical properties of biological systems: their role in physiology, biophysics and biotechnology". Phys Med Biol. 32 (8): 933–070. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/32/8/001. PMID 3306721.
  55. ^ Kell, DB; Oliver, SG (2004). "Here is the evidence, now what is the hypothesis? The complementary roles of inductive and hypothesis-driven science in the post-genomic era". BioEssays. 26 (1): 99–105. doi:10.1002/bies.10385. PMID 14696046.
  56. ^ Kell, DB; Welch, GR (2018). Belief: the baggage behind our being. Open access.
  57. ^ Holzinger, A; Biemann, C; Pattichis, CS; Kell, DB (2017). "What do we need to build explainable AI systems for the medical domain?". p. 1712.09923. arXiv:1712.09923 [cs.AI].
  58. ^ Broadhurst, DI; Kell, DB (2006). "Statistical strategies for avoiding false discoveries in metabolomics and related experiments". Metabolomics. 2 (4): 171–196. doi:10.1007/s11306-006-0037-z.
  59. ^ Pretorius, E; Mbotwe, S; Bester, J; Robinson, C; Kell, DB (2016). "Acute induction of anomalous and amyloidogenic blood clotting by molecular amplification of highly substoichiometric levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide". J R Soc Interf. 13 (122): 20160539. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0539. PMC 5046953. PMID 27605168.
  60. ^ Pretorius, E; Mage, MJ; Hendricks, L; Nkosi, NB; Benson, SR; Kell, DB (2018). "Both lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acids potently induce anomalous fibrin amyloid formation: assessment with novel Amytracker™ stains". J R Soc Interf. 15 (139): 20170941. doi:10.1098/rsif.2017.0941. PMC 5832738. PMID 29445039.
  61. ^ Pretorius E, Mbotwe S, Bester J, Robinson CJ, Kell DB (September 2016). "Acute induction of anomalous and amyloidogenic blood clotting by molecular amplification of highly substoichiometric levels of bacterial lipopolysaccharide". J R Soc Interface. 13 (122): 20160539. doi:10.1098/rsif.2016.0539. PMC 5046953. PMID 27605168.
  62. ^ Kell, Douglas B.; Pretorius, Etheresia (2017). "Proteins behaving badly. Substoichiometric molecular control and amplification of the initiation and nature of amyloid fibril formation: lessons from and for blood clotting". Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 123: 6–41. doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.08.006. hdl:2263/59001. PMID 27554450.
  63. ^ Kell, Douglas B.; Laubscher, Gert Jacobus; Pretorius, Etheresia (23 February 2022). "A central role for amyloid fibrin microclots in long COVID/PASC: origins and therapeutic implications". Biochemical Journal. 479 (4): 537–559. doi:10.1042/BCJ20220016. eISSN 1470-8728. ISSN 0264-6021. PMC 8883497. PMID 35195253.
  64. ^ Grixti, JM; Chandran, A; Pretorius, J; Walker, M; Sekhar, A; Pretorius, E; Kell, DB (2024). "The clots removed from ischaemic stroke patients by mechanical thrombectomy are amyloid in nature". medRxiv. doi:10.1101/2024.11.01.24316555.
  65. ^ Kell, DB. "Long COVID and the role of fibrin amyloid (fibrinaloid) microclots".
  66. ^ Kell, DB. "Publications".
  67. ^ Kell, Douglas B.; Pretorius, Etheresia; Zhao, Huihui (2025). "A Direct Relationship Between 'Blood Stasis' and Fibrinaloid Microclots in Chronic, Inflammatory, and Vascular Diseases, and Some Traditional Natural Products Approaches to Treatment". Pharmaceuticals. 18 (5): 712. doi:10.3390/ph18050712.
  68. ^ "Aber Instruments". aberinstruments.com.
  69. ^ "Epoch BioDesign". epochbiodesign.com.
  70. ^ UK Government Grants awarded to Douglas Kell, via Research Councils UK
  71. ^ Grants awarded to Douglas Kell by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
  72. ^ Kell, Doug (15 March 2018). "We have written a free book (monograph) on why people believe crazy things, including #Brexit ". Twitter @dbkell. Retrieved 19 March 2018.
  73. ^ Kell DB, Welch GR (2018) Belief: the baggage behind our being. OSF preprints doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/PNXCS Open access icon
  74. ^ "AAAS - 2012 Fellows". Archived from the original on 23 March 2013.
Government offices
Preceded by CEO of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
2008–2013 		Succeeded by
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