Drupe
In botany, a drupe (or stone fruit) is a type of fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin, and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a single shell (the pip (UK), pit (US), stone, or pyrena) of hardened endocarp with a seed (kernel) inside. Drupes do not split open to release the seed, i.e., they are indehiscent.[1] These fruits usually develop from a single carpel, and mostly from flowers with superior ovaries[1] (polypyrenous drupes are exceptions).
The definitive characteristic of a drupe is that the hard, woody (lignified) stone is derived from the ovary wall of the flower. In an aggregate fruit, which is composed of small, individual drupes (such as a raspberry), each individual is termed a drupelet, and may together form an aggregate fruit.[2] Such fruits are often termed berries, although botanists use a different definition of berry. Other fleshy fruits may have a stony enclosure that comes from the seed coat surrounding the seed, but such fruits are not drupes.
Flowering plants that produce drupes include coffee, jujube, mango, olive, most palms (including açaí, date, sabal and oil palms), pistachio, white sapote, cashew, and all members of the genus Prunus, including the almond, apricot, cherry, damson, peach, nectarine, and plum.
The term drupaceous is applied to a fruit having the structure and texture of a drupe, but which does not precisely fit the definition of a drupe.[3]
Description
[edit]The boundary between a drupe and a berry is not always clear. Thus, some sources describe the fruit of species from the genus Persea, which includes the avocado, as a drupe,[4] others describe avocado fruit as a berry.[5] One definition of berry requires the endocarp to be less than 2 mm (3⁄32 in) thick, other fruits with a stony endocarp being drupes.[6] In marginal cases, terms such as drupaceous or drupe-like may be used.[6]
A freestone is a drupe with a stone that can easily be removed from the flesh.[7] A clingstone is a drupe having a stone which cannot be easily removed from the flesh.[8] A tryma is a nut-like drupe. Hickory nuts (Carya) and walnuts (Juglans) in the Juglandaceae family grow within an outer husk; these fruits are technically drupes or drupaceous nuts, not true botanical nuts.[5][9]
Many drupes, with their sweet, fleshy outer layer, attract the attention of animals as food, and the plant benefits from the resulting dispersal of its seeds.[10]
Examples
[edit]Typical drupes include apricots, olives, loquat, peaches, plums, cherries, mangoes, pecans, and amlas (Indian gooseberries). Other examples include sloe (Prunus spinosa) and ivy (Hedera helix).[11]
The coconut is a drupe, its mesocarp a dry or fibrous husk, its endocarp a hard shell.[12]
Bramble fruits such as the blackberry and the raspberry are aggregates of drupelets. The fruit of blackberries and raspberries comes from a single flower whose pistil is made up of a number of free carpels.[13] However, mulberries, which closely resemble blackberries, are not aggregates but multiple fruits.[14]
Some drupes occur in clusters, as in palms. Examples include dates, Jubaea chilensis[15] in central Chile and Washingtonia filifera in the Sonoran Desert of North America.[16]
Many gymnosperms like cycads, ginkgos and some cypresses have drupe-like "fruits".[17]
Gallery
[edit]-
Assorted drupes -
The peach is a typical drupe (stone fruit) -
'Elena', a freestone prune plum -
The pit of a nectarine -
Unripe drupes of black pepper -
'Black Butte' blackberry, a bramble fruit of aggregated drupelets -
A ripe areca nut -
Ginkgo "fruits", often noted as drupe-like
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See also
[edit]- Pome (polypyrenous drupe)
References
[edit]- ^ a b Stern, Kingsley R. (1997). Introductory Plant Biology (Seventh ed.). Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown. ISBN 0-07-114448-X.
- ^ "Plants". Ultimate Family Visual Dictionary. New Delhi: DK Pub. 2012. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-0-1434-1954-9.
- ^ "drupaceous adjective". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 20 April 2025.
- ^ Wofford, B. Eugene. "Persea". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America (online). eFloras.org. Retrieved 2017-03-29.
- ^ a b Armstrong, W. P. (2008). "Identification of Major Fruit Types". Retrieved 2023-01-16.
- ^ a b Beentje, Henk (2010). The Kew Plant Glossary. Richmond, Surrey: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. ISBN 978-1-84246-422-9.
- ^ "Free stone". A companion to British arboriculture. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
- ^ "Cling stone". A companion to British arboriculture. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
- ^ Armstrong, W. P. (2009). "Fruits Called Nuts". Retrieved 2023-01-16.
- ^ Meyer, Deborah J. Lionakis. "Seed Development and Structure in Floral Crops". CABI. p. 132. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
In a drupe, the pericarp is divided into three layers: a leathery exocarp, a fleshy mesocarp and a hard endocarp. The endocarp usually surrounds the seed after the fleshy part of the fruit disintegrates (e.g. O. europaea and Prunus L.).
- ^ Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University PressISBN 0-521-04656-4
- ^ "Coconut botany". Agritech Portal. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
- ^ "Bramble or blackberry: Woodlands.co.uk". www.woodlands.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-09-14. Retrieved 2016-02-15.
- ^ "Mulberry tree identification". Tree Guide. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
- ^ C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Chilean Wine Palm: Jubaea chilensis, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Archived October 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Washingtonia filifera". TELCS. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
- ^ Contreras, D.L.; Duijnstee, I.A.P.; Ranks, S.; Marshall, C.R.; Looy, C.V. (February 2017). "Evolution of dispersal strategies in conifers: Functional divergence and convergence in the morphology of diaspores". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. 24: 93–117. Bibcode:2017PPEES..24...93C. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2016.11.002.
External links
[edit]
- Identification of Major Fruit Types (archived)
- Fruits Called Nuts (archived)
- . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.