FOCJ
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Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdictions (FOCJ, also Functional, Overlapping and Competing Jurisdictions) is a moderate form of panarchy advocated by Swiss economists Bruno Frey and Reiner Eichenberger.
Under FOCJ, government operations are divided into multiple organisations each known as a FOCUS. FOCJ are:
- Functional, as they deal with one matter only, such as education, policing, or roads.
- Overlapping, since the individuals or region covered by a FOCUS providing one function might be covered by multiple FOCJ in respect of another function.
- Competing, as FOCJ providing the same function compete with one another. For some functions, each individual may choose which FOCUS will apply to them; however, if the function is territorially bound, each town votes to select its FOCUS. For example, an FOCJ nation may have three police forces, with each town voting as to which of the three shall provide its policing.
- A jurisdiction, because a FOCUS is a separate political unit, and may, for example, levy taxes upon the individuals or towns selecting it.[1][2]
[3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Frey, Bruno; Eichenberger, Reiner (1999), The New Democratic Federalism for Europe – Functional, Overlapping and Competing Jurisdictions, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Cheltenham
- ^ Friedrich, Peter (2010), Legal European company forms to realize FOCJ: Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdictions (PDF), Louvain-la-Neuve: European Regional Science Association (ERSA)
- ^ Friedrich, Peter; Chebotareva, Mariia (2017), Options for Applying Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdictions (FOCJs) for Municipal Cooperation in Russia, IGI Global
- ^ Chebotareva, Mariia; Friedrich, Peter (2017), Microeconomic Models of Overlapping Competing Jurisdictions (FOCJs)
- ^ Popescu, Alina M; Friedrich, Peter, FOCJ as Institution for Population Policy
- ^ Friedrich, Peter; Bartholomae, Florian W (2008), Regional Cooperation by the Use of FOCJ
- ^ Chebotareva, Mariia (2018), APPLICATION OF FUNCTIONAL OVERLAPPING COMPETING JURISDICTIONS CONCEPT TO INTER-MUNICIPAL COOPERATION IN THE RUSSIAN SCHOOL SECTOR
- ^ de Spindler, Jürg (2001), FOCJ-ein staatspolitisches Konzept für eine wirksamere Erfüllung öffentlicher Aufgaben
- ^ Chebotareva, Mariia; Friedrich, Peter, Tax Shifting Decisions of Functional Overlapping Competing Jurisdictions’ Management
- ^ Friedrich, Peter; Reiljan, Janno (2011), New policies in the fiscal reform of Estonian general education
- ^ Smith, Daniel J (2011), Functional, overlapping, competing jurisdictions among fractionalized agents: Medieval Spain
- ^ Kyriacou, Andreas P (2006), Functional, Overlapping, Competing, Jurisdictions and Ethnic Conflict Management, Wiley Online Library
- ^ Vanberg, Viktor J (2000), Functional Federalism: Communal or Individual Right?
- ^ Reiljan, Janno; Friedrich, Peter (2010), Strategies in the Fiscal Reform of Estonian General Education
- ^ Stadelmann, David (2008), Sind FOCJ effizienter als herkömmliche Gemeindestrukturen?: Eine empirische Analyse (PDF), GRIN Verlag
- ^ Ermini, Barbara; Salvati, Luca (2021), Decentralization, administrative reforms and local government performance: The impact of inter-communality in a pre-crisis time