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Cheshunt

Coordinates: 51°42′07″N 0°02′06″W / 51.702°N 0.035°W / 51.702; -0.035
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For the football club, see Cheshunt F.C. For the village in Australia, see Cheshunt, Victoria.

Cheshunt
Clockwise from top: St Mary's Church, Cheshunt Library, Cheshunt station, Cheshunt Lock, and the Broxbourne Borough Council offices
Cheshunt is located in Hertfordshire
Cheshunt
Cheshunt
Location within Hertfordshire
Population45,832 (Census 2011: Built-up area sub division)[1]
OS grid referenceTL358021
• London12 mi (19 km)
District
Shire county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townWALTHAM CROSS
Postcode districtEN7, EN8
Dialling code01992
PoliceHertfordshire
FireHertfordshire
AmbulanceEast of England
UK Parliament
List of places
UK
England
Hertfordshire
51°42′07″N 0°02′06″W / 51.702°N 0.035°W / 51.702; -0.035

Cheshunt (/ˈtʃɛzənt/ CHEZ-ənt) is a town in the Borough of Broxbourne in Hertfordshire, England, 13 miles (21 km) north of Central London on the River Lea and Lee Navigation and directly south of Broxbourne. It contains a section of the Lee Valley Park, including much of the River Lee Country Park. To the north lies Broxbourne and Wormley, Waltham Abbey to the east, Waltham Cross and Enfield to the south, and Cuffley to the west.

Historically an ancient parish in the Hertford hundred of Hertfordshire, it was granted urban district status in 1894. Waltham Cross, which became a separate ecclesiastical parish in 1885, historically formed the southern part of Cheshunt, and remained part of the Cheshunt Urban District until its abolition in 1974. The urban districts of Cheshunt and Hoddesdon merged in 1974 to form the Borough of Broxbourne, the area's current local authority district. Cheshunt was not re-established as a successor parish.

At the 2011 census, Cheshunt had a population of 45,832.

History

[edit]

Cheshunt’s history spans prehistoric settlements to its modern role as a commuter town, shaped by its strategic location along Ermine Street, prominence in horticulture, and transformation through royal associations, industrialisation, and suburban growth.

Prehistoric and Roman period

[edit]

Archaeological evidence indicates human activity in Cheshunt from prehistoric times, with excavations uncovering flint tools and pottery.[2] During the Roman era, Cheshunt’s position along Ermine Street, a major road linking Londinium (London) to Eboracum (York), made it a significant staging post.[3][4][5]

Map of Roman roads in Britannia, with Ermine Street marked in red

Evidence of a Roman settlement, possibly a villa or mansio, includes coins and pottery finds.[6][7] The Roman Urn public house on Crossbrook Street commemorates this heritage.[8] A 2007 Time Team investigation revealed further Roman-era artefacts, confirming noteable Roman presence in Cheshunt.[9][10]

Anglo-Saxon and mediaeval periods

[edit]

The name Cheshunt likely derives from the Anglo-Saxon "ceastel" (fortified place) and "hunt" (hunting ground).[11] By the mediaeval period, Cheshunt was an established manor, recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Cestrehunt," held by the Count of Mortain with a mill, fishery, and extensive agricultural land.[12] St Mary’s Church, constructed in the 12th century with Norman architectural features, became a religious and community focal point.[13][14] The Eleanor Cross at neighbouring Waltham Cross, erected in 1291 by Edward I in memory of Queen Eleanor of Castile, highlights Cheshunt’s proximity to royal routes.[15]

Tudor period

[edit]
An 1836 engraving of Theobalds Palace, a prominent Elizabethan and Jacobean royal residence near Cheshunt, Hertfordshire

Cheshunt gained prominence during the Tudor era, particularly through its association with Queen Elizabeth I. Theobalds Palace, built in the late 15th century by Sir William Cecil, Lord Burghley, became a favoured royal residence.[16][17] Elizabeth I visited frequently, using Theobalds as a retreat during her progresses and spending time there as a princess under house arrest before her ascension.[18][19][20] The palace was later gifted to James I in 1607, who preferred it over other royal residences.[21] The last royal resident to call Theobalds Palace home was King Charles I. Following the victory of Oliver Cromwell and the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, the palace was dismantled, with much of its stone repurposed for other buildings.[22][23]

Cheshunt Great House prior to its destruction by fire in 1965

Cheshunt Great House, another significant Tudor manor, was linked to a succession of noble and notable figures.In 1519, the Great House came into the possession of Cardinal Thomas Wolsey, King Henry VIII chief adviser.[24][25]

17th and 18th centuries

[edit]

During the English Civil War, Cheshunt’s strategic location along Ermine Street made it significant. Theobalds Palace was seized by Parliamentarians, and Oliver Cromwell is said to have visited, with local tradition linking Cheshunt Park to his family.[26][27] The palace was partially demolished post-war, with materials repurposed, though its grounds remain as Cedars Park, now a public space.[28]

In the 18th century, Cheshunt’s economy grew through market gardening, supplying London with produce via the River Lea.[29]

19th century and industrialisation

[edit]

The 19th century marked a significant transformation for Cheshunt, driven by advancements in transportation, horticulture, and education.

Cheshunt, within the Lea Valley, became a key centre for the emerging glasshouse (greenhouse) industry in the mid-19th century. Its fertile soil, mild climate, and proximity to London markets made it ideal for market gardening. The arrival of the Northern and Eastern Railway in 1840 enabled growers to transport fresh produce rapidly to the capital, boosting commercial horticulture.[30][31]

In 1825, the Cheshunt Railway; an experimental overhead monorail—was opened by local entrepreneur Mr Gibbs. Running from his brickworks near Gews Corner to a wharf on the River Lea, it was designed primarily for hauling bricks but also carried passengers, making it the world’s first passenger monorail. The design featured an overhead track with horse-drawn carriages suspended below, with hinged rail sections to accommodate road crossings.[32]

The Northern and Eastern Railway’s extension to Cheshunt in 1840 enhanced connectivity with London, spurring suburban development and integrating the town into the capital’s economic landscape.[33]

Cheshunt also became renowned for rose cultivation. The nursery firm Paul & Son, established in 1806, gained prominence for breeding notable varieties, including the ‘Cheshunt Hybrid’ rose introduced in the 1870s, enhancing the town’s reputation in ornamental gardening.[34]

Education expanded with the Dewhurst School, founded in 1640 by Robert Dewhurst, which added new facilities to meet growing demand in the 19th century.[35][36]

20th century

[edit]

The 20th century marked Cheshunt’s transformation from a rural market town into a key part of London’s commuter belt.[37][38] Culmanating in today with Cheshunt been identified as one of the more favourable commuter towns for those working in London, based on factors such as property prices, travel time, and local amenities.[39]

Greenhouse Industry

[edit]

By the early 20th century, Cheshunt was a major hub of greenhouse production, renowned for cultivating salad crops such as cucumbers and tomatoes. The widespread use of greenhouses led to the Lea Valley region being dubbed the "Glasshouse Capital of Britain" and "London’s Salad Bowl".[40][41] The wider Lea Valley, including Cheshunt, peaked at 1,200 acres of greenhouse cultivation around 1950, the largest in the UK.[42] In 1967, a quarter of the country’s glasshouses were in the area.[43]

A commercial nursery in the Lea Valley area, reflecting the areas horticultural heritage

While small-scale manufacturing and retail expanded, Cheshunt’s horticultural tradition declined in the latter half of the 20th century due to cheaper imports, escalating fuel costs, and pressure from housing development.[44] Many nurseries closed or were converted into residential areas.[45] While Cheshunt’s greenhouse industry has largely diminished, the wider Lea Valley continues to operate around 450 acres of glasshouses, producing approximately 75% of the UK’s crop.[46][47]

War Commemoration

[edit]

In 1923, a war memorial, designed by architect J.W. Hanchett, was erected in Cheshunt to honour local men who died in the First World War and later rededicated to include those from World War II and post-1945 conflicts.[48][49] Located with free access from Victoria Close, it was unveiled on 24 February 1923, attended by local clergy and dignitaries. Annual Remembrance Sunday services continue to be held at the site, reflecting its ongoing role in the community’s civic life.[50]

On 12 August 1944, a Consolidated B-24 Liberator bomber (serial number 42-95023) of the United States Army Air Forces crashed near Maxwells Farm in Cheshunt, killing all ten crew members aboard.[51][52] The crew’s bravery, particularly pilot Lieutenant Ellis, who diverted the aircraft to avoid the town, is commemorated in the naming of Lieutenant Ellis Way.[53] A memorial plaque was unveiled in 2010 near the crash site at the entrance to St Mary’s School, honouring the American crew’s sacrifice.[54][55]

Economic and Urban Development

[edit]

In 1929, Jack Cohen opened one of the first Tesco stores in Cheshunt’s High Street, setting in motion the company’s expansion into a retail giant. Tesco later relocated its corporate headquarters to the town, remaining there until 2016 and contributing significantly to the local economy.[56]

The former Tesco headquarters in Cheshunt, which served as the company’s base until 2016

Following the Second World War, Cheshunt experienced rapid urbanisation as part of Greater London’s overspill housing strategy. Large council estates were developed in areas like Bury Green and Rosedale to meet the demand for affordable housing.[57] Electrification of rail lines and improved commuter links made the town increasingly attractive to those working in the capital.[58]

Education expanded to meet the needs of the growing population, with the founding of Goffs Academy in 1964, while older institutions like Dewhurst St Mary’s Primary School remained active.[59]

21st century

[edit]
Ruins of Theobalds Palace in Cedars Park, Cheshunt, originally built by William Cecil in the 1560s

Cheshunt in the 21st century balances its historical heritage with suburban growth and urban regeneration. Cedars Park, located on the former grounds of Theobalds Palace, serves as a heritage and leisure hub, hosting community events and preserving elements of the Tudor estate.[60]

Until 2004, Temple Bar,a historic gateway from London—stood in Theobalds Park before being returned to the City of London and re-erected in Paternoster Square near St Paul's Cathedral.[61] The listed ruins of Cheshunt Great House and St Mary’s Church remain significant historical landmarks, notable for their architectural and historical value.[62][63]

Temple Bar in Theobalds Park, 2004; relocated to Paternoster Square, London, in 2004

Urban regeneration has revitalised Cheshunt’s public spaces. The restoration of Grundy Park transformed the former leisure complex into a modern green space with enhanced facilities.[64] The Birch Hotel, opened in 2020 on the site of a former conference centre, reflects Cheshunt’s shift towards boutique hospitality and design-led redevelopment.[65]

Although Tesco relocated its headquarters from Cheshunt in 2016, its long-standing presence shaped the town’s economic development.[66] With transport links via the M25 and Cheshunt railway station, Cheshunt remains an established commuter town, balancing suburban expansion with its historic core.[67]

Governance

[edit]

Cheshunt has two tiers of local government, at district and county level: Broxbourne Borough Council and Hertfordshire County Council. There is no parish or town council in Cheshunt, which has been an unparished area since 1974.

Cheshunt
Local Board of Health District (1850–1894)
Urban District (1894–1974)
Coat of arms
Population
 • 18515,579[68]
 • 197144,580[69]
History
 • Created13 July 1850
 • Abolished31 March 1974
 • Succeeded byBroxbourne
 • HQManor House, 22 Turners Hill, Cheshunt
Contained within
 • County CouncilHertfordshire

Historically, the parish of Cheshunt was in the hundred of Hertford. As well as Cheshunt itself, the parish also included Waltham Cross.[68] From 1837 the parish of Cheshunt was included in the Edmonton Poor Law Union.[70][71]

On 13 July 1850 the parish of Cheshunt was made a local board of health district.[72] After elections, the first meeting of the Cheshunt Local Board of Health was held in October 1850, with John Sanders being appointed the first chairman of the board.[73] Under the Local Government Act 1894, Cheshunt Local Board became Cheshunt Urban District Council on 31 December 1894. For the first few years the council used St Mary's Hall on College Road as its offices and meeting place, as the Local Board had done.[74][75]

Around 1901 the council moved to a large 1860s house called the Manor House at 22 Turners Hill (not to be confused with Cheshunt Great House).[76][77] Cheshunt's public library was built in the grounds of the Manor House in 1907.[78]

Cheshunt Urban District Council was granted a coat of arms on 25 November 1944.[79]

Cheshunt Urban District was abolished under the Local Government Act 1972, becoming part of the borough of Broxbourne on 1 April 1974. No successor parish was created for the town, and so it became an unparished area. The Manor House was demolished in the 1980s and Edwards Court built on the site.[80]

Industry

[edit]
Tesco House, former Tesco head office, in Delamare Road, Cheshunt

Cheshunt's best-known employer was Tesco, whose head office was in Delamare Road, Cheshunt for many years. A small store in the town centre is still open today, while "Home 'n' Wear" store, which was situated across the Old Pond in College Road, is now closed.[81] In 1983 a new out-of-town Tesco store located to the north of the town opened, named "Brookfield Farm". It later expanded, a branch of Marks & Spencer was built next door, and the entire estate was renamed "The Brookfield Centre". Tesco announced in 2015 that it would move its headquarters to Welwyn Garden City.[82][83]

In 1959, Colin Chapman moved his fledgling Lotus group of companies, including Lotus Cars and Team Lotus, from its outgrown premises at Hornsey to a purpose-built facility on Delamare Road. Racing cars from here won the first two of its seven constructor championships in (1963 and 1965) before moving to Hethel, Norfolk, in 1966.

North Met Pit, flooded gravel workings

Until the late 1960s the main land use around Cheshunt was for its nursery industry, and many new techniques for growing under glass were developed here. Thomas Rochford had a large concern here, although now almost all the glasshouses have been redeveloped into housing estates. This is often reflected in the names of the roads or estates, such as Rosedale or Thomas Rochford Way. A small amount of nursery trade survives to the west of the town. The neighbouring town of Goffs Oak had a large number of nurseries as well as a large garden centre, but these have since been closed and redeveloped as mid-range housing developments.

The River Lee Navigation passes the east of Cheshunt and was used for the transport of flowers and crops to the London markets for many years until road transport became more viable. A wharf existed just east of the railway on the site now occupied by Herts Young Mariners Base. The Youth Hostel was built on the site of the derelict open-air swimming pool.[84]

"Cheshunt Compound", a fungicide developed at the Cheshunt Research Station, was widely used by amateur and professional gardeners but has been withdrawn from sale in the UK since November 2010 and it is no longer legal to use it.[85] It was a mixture of copper sulphate and ammonium carbonate.[86]

From the end of World War II a large area of the River Lea flood plain was used for sand and gravel extraction which resulted in the creation of the now mature lakes which are popular with anglers, birdwatchers and naturalists. The area now forms part of the 1,000 acres (400 ha) River Lee Country Park and the Turnford and Cheshunt Pits SSSI.

Notable people

[edit]
Cliff Richard performing in Sydney, Australia

Education

[edit]

Cheshunt has four secondary schools: Goffs Academy; Goffs-Churchgate Academy; Haileybury Turnford; and St Mary's Church of England High School.

The non-conformist theological college Cheshunt College moved to Cheshunt in the 1790s from Trevecca, Brecknockshire. It moved to Cambridge in 1905. Between 1909 and 1968 the buildings were occupied by the Church of England's Bishop's College.[91] Since 1972 they have been council offices and formerly a music and business school (typing and accountancy), which had to be demolished due to it being unsafe. In the 1980s parts of the building were so unsafe it was closed and demolished. The main problem was the floors had begun to disintegrate. A new council office was built on the site of the old school. The council chamber and registry office are now in the same building that contains the "Huntingdon Rooms".[citation needed]

Town centre

[edit]

The Old Pond area is located in the centre of Cheshunt and is home to many local businesses. With roads leading to the M25, A10 and towards Broxbourne. The 242, 251 and 310 bus routes pass through the town centre. The Laura Trott Leisure Centre is close by. Before the 2012 London Olympics the Olympic Torch was carried close to the Old Pond by selected and nominated local residents. After the Olympics, gold medal winner Laura Kenny had two postboxes painted gold in her honour, one at the Old Pond.[92]

Demographics

[edit]
Ethnicities in Cheshunt 2011 [93]
Ethnic Groups Cheshunt
White 92.7%
Asian 2.3%
Black 4.2%
Other 0.8%

Sport

[edit]

Cheshunt has its own football club in Cheshunt F.C. who play in the Isthmian League Premier Division. Founded in 1946, their most famous player was Iain Dowie who played for them in the 1980s. F.C. Romania also plays in Cheshunt.Tottenham Hotspur F.C. have also held training grounds in Cheshunt over the years.[citation needed]

The town also has long-established rugby and cricket clubs and a publicly owned 18-hole golf course.[94]

Formerly Grundy Park Leisure Centre, the Laura Trott Leisure Centre was renamed after £4m redevelopment to honour the Olympic gold medallist. Trott attended the launch on the morning before competing in stage four of the first Women's Tour from Cheshunt to Welwyn Garden City.[95]

Cheshunt Community Sports Park includes indoor and outdoor bowls courts. Further bowling facilities are available at Whit Hern Park (lawn bowls) and Cedars Park (boules).

The Cheshunt Hockey Club is based at Haileybury Turnford school.

Media

[edit]

The town is within the BBC London and ITV London region. Television signals are received from the Crystal Palace TV transmitter [96] Local radio stations are BBC Three Counties Radio and Heart Hertfordshire. The town is served by the local newspaper, Cheshunt & Waltham Mercury which is published by the Hertfordshire Mercury.

Transport

[edit]

Rail

[edit]

Cheshunt Station on both the National Rail network and the London Overground network. Services run southbound to Liverpool Street via Tottenham Hale or Seven Sisters and Stratford and northbound to Hertford East, Bishop's Stortford and Cambridge.[97] The station is in Transport For London's Travelcard Zone 8.

Crossrail 2 will connect north-east London to south-west London when constructed and is proposed to stop at Cheshunt station, along with improving the station.[98]

Road

[edit]

Cheshunt is located on the A10 (also known locally as the Great Cambridge Road), which provides links to Junction 25 of the M25 London Orbital Motorway, Central London, Hertford and Cambridge. Also roads lead to Waltham Cross and Waltham Abbey

Bus

[edit]

Cheshunt has a mixture of commercial and Hertfordshire County Council contract services. Most buses operate to Waltham Cross (where there are links to north London and Essex), Hoddesdon and Broxbourne. The towns of Hertford, Harlow, Potters Bar, and Waltham Abbey are also linked to Cheshunt. Buses are operated by Arriva Shires & Essex, Centrebus, Metroline, Sullivan Buses or Vectare.

Cycle

[edit]

The Sustrans National Cycle Route 1 passes through Cheshunt as part of its route connecting Dover to Shetland. The Lee Valley Country Park is a cycle-friendly route that runs along the River Lea, connecting both cyclists and pedestrians to Ware, Hoddesdon, Waltham Abbey, Tottenham and Stratford. As part of the Big Lottery Fund-financed Connect2 project a new cycle link over the A10 was built in 2010, connecting paths to link Theobalds Lane with Lieutenant Ellis Way, named the "Paul Cully Bridge" after a late local civil servant.[99][100][101]

Paul Cully Bridge
Route of the cycle link and new bridge location.
LocationHertfordshire
ProposerSustrans
Cost estimate£1.7 million
GeometryKML

Town twinning

[edit]

Cheshunt is twinned with Stains, Île-de-France, France; north of Paris.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  4. ^ "Ermine Street: The Roman road that transformed Britain". The Telegraph. Retrieved 29 May 2025.
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  76. ^ The house was occupied by a family called Gower in the 1901 census (taken on 31 March 1901), when it is listed as 22 Turners Hill, whilst the Kelly's Directory of 1902 records the council as being based at Manor House.
  77. ^ Kelly's Directory of Hertfordshire. London. 1902. p. 72. Retrieved 19 December 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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