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Hispid hare

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Hispid hare
Chitwan National Park, Nepal
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Leporidae
Genus: Caprolagus
Blyth, 1845
Species:
C. hispidus
Binomial name
Caprolagus hispidus
Hispid hare range
Synonyms[2]

Lepus hispidus J. T. Pearson in Horsfield, 1840

The hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus), also known as the Assam rabbit and bristly rabbit, is a species of rabbit native to South Asia. It is the only species in the genus Caprolagus. Its historic range extended along the southern foothills of the Himalayas. Once thought extinct, it was rediscovered in Assam in 1971 and has been found in isolated populations across India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Today, its habitat is highly fragmented, and the region it occupies is estimated at less than 500 km2 (190 sq mi) extending over an area of 5,000 to 20,000 km2 (1,900 to 7,700 sq mi). Populations experienced a continuing decline due to loss of suitable habitat via increasing agriculture, flood control, and human development. It has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List since 1986.[1]

Taxonomy and etymology

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The hispid hare was placed in the genus Lepus, the hares, on its first description by the British surgeon John Thomas Pearson in 1839, where it was given the scientific name Lepus hispidus. This description was first published in the Calcutta Sporting Magazine, but the first formal account was published by Thomas Horsfield a year later in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society.[3] Pearson noted that the ears of the hispid hare were "so short as not to extend past the fur on its head", but later authors assumed this to be a mistake. The species name hispidus, as well as the common name "hispid hare", refers to the coarseness of the fur,[4] as the term describes something as being rough or covered in stiff hairs.[5] English zoologist Edward Blyth gave the hispid hare a distinct genus, Caprolagus, in 1845 due to its unusual morphology, though he did not provide a reasoning for the name chosen. He noted in particular the unusually rough fur, large and robust skull, diminished eyes and whiskers, strong claws, and equally-proportioned limbs.[4] Later studies in the 21st century confirmed its place as the only species within its genus;[6] the closely related[7] extinct species †Pliosiwalagus sivalensis was once considered to be a member of Caprolagus, but was reclassified in 2002.[8] The type specimen of the hispid hare was taken from the "base of the Boutan [= Bhutan] mountains" in Assam, India, and was described by Blyth in his 1845 description of the new genus,[9] but it is unclear if this specimen exists in any collection today.[10]

Several fossil species have been described that belong in the genus Caprolagus, including the now-reclassified to Pliosiwalagus species †C. sivalensis,[8] which the Swiss zoologist Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major described in 1899 based on specimens found in the Sivalik Hills. Several years earlier, in 1880, C. netscheri was described by German zoologist Hermann Schlegel, though this species was later reclassified as the living Sumatran striped rabbit. Chinese paleontologist Yang Zhongjian described another species, †C. brachypus, in 1927. However, several later authors disagreed on the placement of this species; it is no longer regarded as a member of Caprolagus, and has been regarded as belonging in the genera Alilepus,[11] Hypolagus,[12] and currently Sericolagus.[13][14] Fossils of one extinct species, †C. lapis, which was described by Dutch paleontologist Dirk Albert Hooijer in 1964 and is thought to have lived in Indonesia,[13] may date back 3.6 million years[15] and is the only current fossil Caprolagus.[13] No fossils are known that are assigned to the living hispid hare, C. hispidus, but one specimen was found in 2011 from the Pothohar Plateau that may correspond to it or the genera Pliopentalagus or Pliosiwalagus.[16]

No subspecies of the hispid hare are known.[6] The following cladogram shows the relationships between Caprolagus, other rabbits, and hares, based on a phylogenetic tree from Leandro Iraçabal and colleagues published in 2024:[17]

Leporid phylogeny minus rogue taxa with insufficient information (Bunolagus, Oryctolagus, some species in Sylvilagus)[17]

Description

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1845 illustration of the species

The hispid hare has a harsh and bristly fur coat. The coat is dark brown on the back due to a mixture of black and brown hairs; brown on the chest and whitish on the abdomen.[18] The tail is brown and ranges from 25 to 38 mm (0.98 to 1.50 in) long. The ears of the adult are 54 to 61 mm (2.1 to 2.4 in) long.[6] In body weight, males range from 1,810 to 2,610 g (64 to 92 oz) with a mean of 2,248 g (79.3 oz). Females weigh on average 2,518 g (88.8 oz); a heavily pregnant female weighing 3,210 g (113 oz) was included in this statistical mean weight.[18]

In terms of its skeletal features, the frontal bones of the hispid hare are very wide. There is no clear notch in front of the postorbital processes (bone structures above the eye sockets).[19] At its greatest length, the skull has been measured to be 76 millimetres (3.0 in).[6]

Compared to other lagomorphs, the hispid hare has a very large nose. Its short ears and completely brown tail can be used as indicators to distinguish it from the rufous-tailed hare (Lepus nigricollis ruficaudatus), a subspecies of the Indian hare that occupies the same regions as the hispid hare but has longer ears and a white underside on its tail.[6]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

The historical range of the hispid hare extended from Uttar Pradesh through southern Nepal, the northern region of West Bengal to Assam and into Bangladesh.[18] Today, its distribution is considered to be limited to northern India, southern Nepal, and eastern Bhutan. Its presence in Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh is only known from fecal pellet analysis, and has not been confirmed by any sightings.[6] It was also thought to occur in D'Ering Memorial Wildlife Sanctuary in Arunachal Pradesh, but little evidence of the hispid hare has been found, with the Indian hare being more common in the area.[20]

The hispid hare lives in successional tall grasslands—regions dominated by elephant grass—which provide cover and food.[6] These grassland habitats are highly fragmented.[21] It takes refuge in marshy areas or grasses adjacent to river banks during the dry season, when grassy areas are susceptible to burning.[18] However, populations that take shelter near rivers are threatened by flooding during a monsoon,[6] and the species tends towards dry grasslands more than wet regions with dense grasses.[22]

Behavior and ecology

[edit]
A field of tall brown grasses during the daytime
The hispid hare feeds upon various grasses, including the widespread kans grass (Saccharum spontaneum)

The hispid hare is most active at dawn and dusk. Its average litter size is small,[18] with each litter producing two to three young.[6] Gestation lasts 40 days, and on average 3 litters are produced annually.[23] It is sympatric with the pygmy hog,[24] a biological indicator for the health of its habitat. The hispid hare's predators include birds of prey, cats, civets, jackals, weasels, and foxes.[25] It maintains a relatively small home range of .0042 square kilometres (0.0016 sq mi) on average.[23] The home ranges of male and female rabbits may overlap; females have smaller home ranges than those of males.[6]

The hispid hare is herbivorous, and will eat grasses and leaves within its habitat. It prefers Saccharum spontaneum, Imperata cylindrica,[26] Saccharum narenga,[27] and grasses in the genus Narenga, depending on thte availability of each.[28][6] At least 23 different plant species are eaten by the hispid hare, including the grasses Desmostachya bipinnata and Cynodon dactylon.[29] When feeding on the shoots and roots of plants used for thatching, the hispid hare will break the plant at its base and strip its outer sheath before consumption. Hispid hares likely obtain much of their water through consuming grasses, which during cold seasons may have a water content of over 60%.[28]

Conservation

[edit]
Grassland under a cloudy sky
Shuklaphanta National Park, a protected area where the hispid hare is known to occur

Grassland habitats of the hispid hare are threatened due to overgrazing by cattle.[24] Additionally, the hispid hare is threatened by the cutting and burning of vegetation in its habitat. The species' preference for dry ground and less dense grass leads to activity and population declines in periods of high rainfall and intense vegetation succession or growth. Grassland burning is significantly more threatening to the species during the breeding season. Changes to the grassland habitat in the Terai Arc Landscape due to burning, succession, habitat fragmentation and collection of grasses for thatch[30] has been especially detrimental to herbivores in the region, including the hispid hare.[31][32] Thatch harvesting has also been noted as an unsustainable and habitat-damaging practice in the hispid hare-inhabited Manas National Park.[27]

The hispid hare is known to occur in several protected areas. Prior to its rediscovery in Bornadi Wildlife Sanctuary alongside the pygmy hog in 1971, it was thought to be extinct.[24] Sightings of the rabbit have occurred sporadically since then across its distribution, though the population is in decline due to habitat loss.[33] The hispid hare is known to be present in the grasslands of Shuklaphanta National Park[34] based on pellet records, but its population density is very low (from 0.182 to 0.221 individuals/ha), comparable only with that of Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary (0.087/ha).[35] In January 2016, a hispid hare was recorded in Chitwan National Park for the first time since 1984.[36] Development of controlled burning systems that do not overlap with the breeding season of the hispid hare has been recommended as a potential conservation measure.[31] Additionally, recommendations have been made to continue studying the distribution and ecological significance of the species and to educate communities on its endangered status.[37] Efforts to breed the hispid hare in captivity have been described as "very difficult".[21]

References

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  1. ^ a b c Aryal, A.; Yadav, B. (2019). "Caprolagus hispidus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T3833A45176688. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T3833A45176688.en. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
  2. ^ "Caprolagus hispidus (id=1001077)". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. American Society of Mammalogists. Retrieved 8 May 2025.
  3. ^ Pearson, J. T. (1839). "18. Lepus hispidus". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. VII: 152.
  4. ^ a b Blyth, E. (1845). "Description of Caprolagus, a new genus of leporine mammalia" (PDF). The Annals and Magazine of Natural History; Zoology, Botany, and Geology. 17. London: 163–165.
  5. ^ "Definition of hispid". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 7 May 2025.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Smith, A. T.; Johnston, C. H. (2018). "Caprolagus hispidus (Pearson, 1839) Hispid hare". In Smith, Andrew T.; Johnston, Charlotte H.; Alves, Paulo C.; Hackländer, Klaus (eds.). Lagomorphs: Pikas, Rabbits, and Hares of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 93–95. doi:10.1353/book.57193. ISBN 978-1-4214-2341-8. LCCN 2017004268.
  7. ^ Lopez-Martinez, N. (2008). "The Lagomorph Fossil Record and the Origin of the European Rabbit". In Alves, P. C.; Ferrand, N.; Hackländer, K. (eds.). Lagomorph Biology. Springer. pp. 39–40. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-72446-9_3. ISBN 978-3-540-72446-9.
  8. ^ a b Patnaik, R. (2002). "Pliocene Leporidae (Lagomorpha, Mammalia) from the Upper Siwaliks of India: Implications for phylogenetic relationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 22 (2): 443–452. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0443:PLLMFT]2.0.CO;2.
  9. ^ Abedin, I.; Mukherjee, T.; Kim, A. R.; Kim, H.-W.; Kang, H.-E.; Kundu, S. (2024). "Distribution Model Reveals Rapid Decline in Habitat Extent for Endangered Hispid Hare: Implications for Wildlife Management and Conservation Planning in Future Climate Change Scenarios". Biology. 13 (3): 198. doi:10.3390/biology13030198. ISSN 2079-7737. PMC 10967808. PMID 38534467.
  10. ^ "Hispid hare - Caprolagus hispidus | Specimen". Finnish Biodiversity Info Facility (in Finnish). Retrieved 8 May 2025.
  11. ^ Averianov, Alexander (1996). "On the systematic position of rabbit "Caprolagus" brachypus Young, 1927 (Lagomorpha, Leporidae) from the Villafranchian of China". Tr. Zool. Inst. Ross. Akad. Nauk (in Russian). 270: 148–157.
  12. ^ Bohlin, Birger (1942). "A Revision of the fossil Lagomorpha in the Palaeontological Museum, Upsala" (PDF). Bulletin of The Paleontological Institute of Upsala. 30: 133.
  13. ^ a b c Averianov, Alexander (2001). "Lagomorphs (Mammalia) from the Pleistocene of Eurasia". Paleontological Journal. 35 (2): 191–199.
  14. ^ The NOW Community (2025). "New and Old Worlds Database of Fossil Mammals (NOW)". doi:10.5281/zenodo.4268068.
  15. ^ "Caprolagus". Paleobiology Database. Archived from the original on 26 April 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2025.
  16. ^ Winkler, Alisa J.; Flynn, Lawrence J.; Tomida, Yukimitsu (2011). "Fossil lagomorphs from the Potwar Plateau, northern Pakistan" (PDF). Palaeontologia Electronica. 14 (3).
  17. ^ a b Iraçabal, L.; Barbosa, M. R.; Selvatti, A. P.; Russo, C. A. de Moraes (2024). "Molecular time estimates for the Lagomorpha diversification". PLOS One. 19 (9): e0307380. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0307380. PMC 11379240. PMID 39241029.
  18. ^ a b c d e Bell, D. J.; Oliver, W. L. R.; Ghose, R. K. (1990). "The hispid hare Caprolagus hispidus". In Chapman, J. A.; Flux, J. E. C. (eds.). Rabbits, Hares, and Pikas: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. pp. 128–137. ISBN 978-2831700199.
  19. ^ Ellerman, J. R.; Morrison-Scott, T. C. S. (1966). Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 (2nd ed.). London: British Museum of Natural History. p. 424.
  20. ^ Kumar, Anil (2018), Sivaperuman, Chandrakasan; Venkataraman, Krishnamoorthy (eds.), "Mammals of Arunachal Pradesh, India", Indian Hotspots: Vertebrate Faunal Diversity, Conservation and Management Volume 2, Singapore: Springer, pp. 165–176, doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6983-3_9, ISBN 978-981-10-6983-3, retrieved 6 May 2025
  21. ^ a b Molur, Sanjay; Srinivasulu, C.; Srinivasulu, Bhargavi; Walker, Sally; Nameer, P.O.; Ravikumar, Latha, eds. (2005). Status of South Asian Non-volant Small Mammals (PDF). Zoo Outreach Organisation. pp. 43, 91, 141–142. ISBN 81-88722-11-1.
  22. ^ Thapa, Arjun; K. C., Rabin Bahadur; Paudel, Rajan Prasad; Kadariya, Rabin; G. C., Rima; Khadka, Ranjita; Joshi, Laxmi Raj; Shah, Shyam Kumar; Dahal, Sagar (1 December 2024). "Factors influencing the distribution of the endangered hispid hare in Bardia National Park, Nepal". Mammalian Biology. 104 (6): 725–735. doi:10.1007/s42991-024-00430-6. ISSN 1618-1476.
  23. ^ a b Heldstab, Sandra A. (1 December 2021). "Habitat characteristics and life history explain reproductive seasonality in lagomorphs". Mammalian Biology. 101 (6): 739–757. doi:10.1007/s42991-021-00127-0. ISSN 1618-1476.
  24. ^ a b c Maheswaran, G. (2013). "Ecology and Conservation of Endangered Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus in India". In Singaravelan, N. (ed.). Rare Animals of India. Bentham Science Publishers. pp. 179–203. doi:10.2174/9781608054855113010012. ISBN 978-1-60805-485-5.
  25. ^ Tshewang, Ugyen; Tobias, Michael Charles; Morrison, Jane Gray (2021), Tshewang, Ugyen; Tobias, Michael Charles; Morrison, Jane Gray (eds.), "Conservation Strategy of Threatened and Under-Represented Mammalian Species", Bhutan: Conservation and Environmental Protection in the Himalayas, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 279–302, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57824-4_6, ISBN 978-3-030-57824-4, retrieved 6 May 2025
  26. ^ Aryal, Achyut; Brunton, Dianne; Ji, Weihong; Yadav, Hemanta Kumar; Adhikari, Bikash; Raubenheimer, David (2012). "Diet and Habitat use of Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus in Shuklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, Nepal". Mammal Study. 37 (2): 147–154. doi:10.3106/041.037.0205. ISSN 1343-4152.
  27. ^ a b Nath, Naba K.; Machary, Kamal (26 December 2015). "An ecological assessment of Hispid Hare Caprolagus hispidus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Leporidae) in Manas National Park, Assam, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 7 (15). ISSN 0974-7907. Archived from the original on 7 July 2024.
  28. ^ a b Yadhav, Bhupendra Prasav (2008). "Status, Distribution and Habitat Use of Hispid Hare in Royal Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve, Nepal". Tiger Paper. 22 (3). ISSN 1014-2789.
  29. ^ Tandan, Promod; Dhakal, Bhuwan; Karki, Kabita; Aryal, Achyut (2013). "Tropical grasslands supporting the endangered hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) population in the Bardia National Park, Nepal". Current Science. 105 (5): 691–694. ISSN 0011-3891.
  30. ^ Dhami, Bijaya; Neupane, Bijaya; K.C., Nishan; Maraseni, Tek; Basyal, Chitra Rekha; Joshi, Laxmi Raj; Adhikari, Hari (2023). "Ecological factors associated with hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) habitat use and conservation threats in the Terai Arc Landscape of Nepal". Global Ecology and Conservation. 43: e02437. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02437.
  31. ^ a b Thapa, Arjun; K. C., Rabin Bahadur; Paudel, Rajan Prasad; Kadariya, Rabin; G. C., Rima; Khadka, Ranjita; Joshi, Laxmi Raj; Shah, Shyam Kumar; Dahal, Sagar (1 December 2024). "Factors influencing the distribution of the endangered hispid hare in Bardia National Park, Nepal". Mammalian Biology. 104 (6): 725–735. doi:10.1007/s42991-024-00430-6. ISSN 1618-1476.
  32. ^ Dhami, Bijaya; Neupane, Bijaya; K.C., Nishan; Maraseni, Tek; Basyal, Chitra Rekha; Joshi, Laxmi Raj; Adhikari, Hari (2023). "Ecological factors associated with hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) habitat use and conservation threats in the Terai Arc Landscape of Nepal". Global Ecology and Conservation. 43: e02437. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02437.
  33. ^ Nidup, T. (2018). "Endangered Hispid Hare (Caprolagus hispidus - Pearson 1839) in the Royal Manas National Park, Bhutan" (PDF). Journal of Bhutan Ecological Society (3).
  34. ^ Baral, H.S.; Inskipp, C. (2009). "The Birds of Sukla Phanta Wildlife Reserve, Nepal". Our Nature. 7: 56–81. doi:10.3126/on.v7i1.2554.
  35. ^ Chand, D. B.; Khanal, L.; Chalise, M. K. (2017). "Distribution and Habitat Preference of Hispid Hare (Caprolagus Hispidus) In Shuklaphanta National Park, Nepal". Tribhuvan University Journal. 31 (1–2): 1–16. doi:10.3126/tuj.v31i1-2.25326. ISSN 2091-0916.
  36. ^ Khadka, B.B.; Yadav, B.P.; Aryal, N. & Aryal, A. (2017). "Rediscovery of the hispid hare (Caprolagus hispidus) in Chitwan National Park, Nepal after three decades". Conservation Science. 5 (1): 10–12. doi:10.3126/cs.v5i1.18560.
  37. ^ Tshewang, Ugyen; Tobias, Michael Charles; Morrison, Jane Gray (2021), Tshewang, Ugyen; Tobias, Michael Charles; Morrison, Jane Gray (eds.), "Conservation Strategy of Threatened and Under-Represented Mammalian Species", Bhutan: Conservation and Environmental Protection in the Himalayas, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 279–302, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57824-4_6, ISBN 978-3-030-57824-4, retrieved 6 May 2025
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