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Online encyclopedia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikipedia is an example of an online encyclopedia the content of which is created by volunteer contributors.

An online encyclopedia, also called an Internet encyclopedia, is a digital encyclopedia accessible through the Internet. Some examples include pre-World Wide Web services that offered the Academic American Encyclopedia beginning in 1980,[1] Encyclopedia.com since 1998, Encarta from 2000 to 2009, Wikipedia since 2001, and Encyclopædia Britannica since 2016.

Digitization of existing content

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A scan of the 11th edition of Encyclopedia Britannica at archive.org

In January 1995, Project Gutenberg started to publish the ASCII text of the Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition (1911), but disagreements about the method halted the work after the first volume. For trademark reasons, the text had been published as the Gutenberg Encyclopedia.[2] Since then, Project Gutenberg digitized and proofread the encyclopedia, until the last update in September 2018. Project Gutenberg published volumes in alphabetical order; the most recent publication is Volume 17 Slice 1: "Lord Chamberlain" to "Luqman", published on August 9, 2013.[3] The latest Britannica was digitized by its publishers, and sold first as a CD-ROM,[4] and later as an online service.[5]

In 2001, ASCII text of all 28 volumes was published on Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition[6] by source; a copyright claim was added to the materials included. The website no longer exists.

Other digitization projects have made progress in other titles; one example is Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897) digitized by the Christian Classics Ethereal Library.[7]

The Great Russian Encyclopedia, a successor to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, was released online in 2022,[8] but has since been discontinued.

Other websites provide online encyclopedias, some of which are also available on Wikisource or the Internet Archive. However, some may be more complete others, or may be from different editions.

Online creation of new content

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Another early online encyclopedia was called the Global Encyclopedia. In November 1995, James Rettig, Assistant Dean of University Libraries for Reference and Information Services at College of William & Mary, presented an unfavorable review at the 15th Annual Charleston Conference on library acquisitions and related issues. He said of the Global Encyclopedia:[9]

This is a volunteer effort to compile an encyclopedia and distribute it for free on the World Wide Web. If you have ever yearned to be the author of an encyclopedia article, yearn no longer. Take a minute (or even two or three if you are feeling scholarly) to write an article on a topic of your choosing and [e]mail it off to the unnamed "editors". These editors (to use that title very loosely) have generated a list of approximately 1,300 topics they want to include; to date, perhaps a quarter of them have been treated. ... This so-called encyclopedia gives amateurism a bad name. It is being compiled without standards or guidelines for article structure, content, or reading level. It makes no apparent effort to check the qualifications and authority of the volunteer authors. Its claim that "Submitted articles are fact-checked, corrected for spelling, and then formatted" is at best an exaggeration.[9]

Examples of article entries included Iowa City:

A city of approximately 60,000 people, Iowa City lies in the eastern half of Iowa. It is also the home of the University of Iowa (http://www.uiowa.edu).[9]

Other similar encyclopedia projects included the privately-owned Nupedia, created in March 2000 by the dot-com company Bomis, and GNUpedia, a free content project created in January 2001 under the auspices of the Free Software Foundation.[10][11] Both projects are now defunct.

Wiki-based encyclopedias

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Main articles: Wikipedia and Forks of Wikipedia

Founded by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger in 2001 as a subproject of Bomis' Nupedia, Wikipedia is a free content, multilingual online encyclopedia written and maintained by a community of volunteer contributors, known as Wikipedians, through a model of real-time open collaboration via wiki software.[10] Now operated by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation, Wikipedia is the largest and most-read reference work in history.[12]

Because of Wikipedia's liberal content licensing policy, content forks of Wikipedia can be created without needing permission. A number of forks of Wikipedia exist, created with a variety of different goals, including those created to further political viewpoints. Major examples include online encyclopedias supporting state ideologies such as the Russian Wikipedia fork Ruviki, China's open-content Wikipedia fork Qiuwen Baike, and Baidu Baike, a mostly locally-created Chinese encyclopedia built partly on Wikipedia content.[13][14][15]

A number of small wiki-based encyclopedias have been created to advocate for niche political or religious goals; these include Conservapedia, RationalWiki, and Citizendium.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Roncaglia, Gino (2021). "Encyclopedias and encyclopedism in the era of the Web". JLIS.it. 12 (3): 69–90. doi:10.4403/jlis.it-12757.
  2. ^ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia". Project Gutenberg. 1 January 1995. Archived from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  3. ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, "Lord Chamberlain" to "Luqman", 9 August 2013, archived from the original on 19 December 2023, retrieved 19 December 2023
  4. ^ "Software". The Britannica Store. Britannica Encyclopædia. Archived from the original on 15 January 2019. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  5. ^ "Encyclopedia Britannica | Britannica". britannica.com. Britannica Encyclopædia. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  6. ^ "The 1911 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica". 1911encyclopedia.org. Archived from the original on 27 September 2001. Retrieved 8 August 2005.
  7. ^ "Easton's Bible Dictionary by Easton". Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Archived from the original on 3 August 2003. Retrieved 18 June 2003.
  8. ^ "Russian alternative to Wikipedia to be fully launched by summer of 2022, says publisher". tass.com. 21 November 2019. Archived from the original on 1 December 2023. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  9. ^ a b c "Putting the Squeeze on the Information Firehose: The Need for 'Neteditors and 'Netreviewers". swem.wm.edu. 11 January 2005. Archived from the original on 11 January 2005. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
  10. ^ a b Kock, Ned; Jung, Yusun; Syn, Thant (2016). "Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges" (PDF). International Journal of e-Collaboration. 12 (2). IGI Global: 1–8. doi:10.4018/IJeC.2016040101. ISSN 1548-3681. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2016.
  11. ^ Reagle, Joseph Michael (2010). Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia. MIT Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 9780262014472.
  12. ^ "Wikipedia is 20, and its reputation has never been higher". The Economist. 9 January 2021. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2021.
  13. ^ Cohen, Noam (12 July 2023). "Russian Wikipedia's Top Editor Leaves to Launch a Putin-Friendly Clone". Bloomberg UK.
  14. ^ Harrison, Stephen (26 October 2021). "Why Wikipedia Banned Several Chinese Admins". Slate. ISSN 1091-2339. Retrieved 27 May 2024.
  15. ^ Woo, Eva. "Baidu's Censored Answer to Wikipedia". Businessweek. Archived from the original on 18 March 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
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