Iranian opposition
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The Iranian opposition consists of groups and individuals in Iran who oppose the government of the Islamic Republic since its foundation in 1979. These groups are ideologically diverse, ranging from monarchists to supporters of parliamentary democracy to socialists.[1]
History
[edit]Early opposition
[edit]Following the Iranian Revolution and the end of Pahlavi Iran in 1979, opposition to the new regime soon emerged. During International Women's Day in 1979, massive anti-hijab protests broke out in Tehran over the regime's intention to introduce mandatory hijab veiling for women in public.[2]
In the years after, the Iranian opposition continued to resist the government through various protests, including the 1992 Mashhad protests and 1999 Iranian student protests.[3]
Growing discontent
[edit]Then in 2009, disagreements over the results of the Iranian presidential election led to widespread protests, as protestors criticized the government of electoral fraud.[4] The protests became part of the Iranian Green Movement as part of growing opposition against the Iranian government, described at the time as the "biggest unrest since the 1979 revolution".[5]
At the same time, Iranian women played an increasingly prominent role among the Iranian opposition, as anger continue against mandatory hijabs for women.[6][7] In 2017, a video of a girl waving her hijab around on the streets of Tehran went viral online, prompting similar anti-hijab protests in the following months.[8]
In September 2022, widespread protests erupted across Iran following the death of Mahsa Amini during custody for wearing the hijab inproperly.[9]
In 2022, Reza Pahlavi and other opposition groups formed a partnership council called "Mahsa" to support the future of Iran’s democracy movement in 2022.[10] The government in 2023 charged 107 exiled Mujahideen with treason.[11] Dissidents have formed Iran Human Rights. Despite the Mykonos restaurant assassinations, the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany actively silences exiled Iranian dissidents.[12] Even so, in 2023, the Woman Life Freedom Movement won the Sakharov Prize[13] and imprisoned anti-regime journalist Narges Mohammadi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[14] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Iran condemned the decision.[15]
Major parties and organizations
[edit]- Iran National Council
- National Council of Resistance of Iran
- United Republicans of Iran
- Tudeh Party of Iran
References
[edit]- ^ Sherrill, Clifton (2011). "After Khamenei: Who Will Succeed Iran's Supreme Leader?". Orbis. 55 (4): 631–47. doi:10.1016/j.orbis.2011.07.002.
- ^ "IRAN WOMEN MARCH AGAINST RESTRAINTS ON DRESS AND RIGHTS". New York Times. 11 March 1979. Archived from the original on 7 March 2021.
- ^ "نگاهی به تاریخچۀ جنبش‌های اعتراضیِ دامنه دار در ایرانِ پس از انقلاب" [A look at the history of widespread protest movements in post-revolutionary Iran]. Radio France International. 4 December 2019. Archived from the original on 26 May 2022.
- ^ "Election Battles Turn Into Street Fights in Iran". ABC News. 13 June 2009. Archived from the original on 15 July 2009.
- ^ "Poll results prompt Iran protests". Al Jazeera. 14 June 2009. Archived from the original on 18 June 2009.
- ^ "زنان ایران؛ از کنش‌گری در جنبش های مدنی تا احکام طولانی مدت زندان" [Iranian women: from activism in civil movements to long prison sentences] (in Persian). BBC News. 29 October 2019. Archived from the original on 27 May 2022.
- ^ "چهل سال از صد و چهل سال" [Forty years out of a hundred and forty years] (in Persian). Iran International. 6 March 2018. Archived from the original on 7 August 2020.
- ^ "Iran lawyer raises concern over missing hijab protester". Daily Star. 22 January 2018. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018.
- ^ "Iran denies Mahsa Amini, woman who died in custody, was beaten". Al Jazeera. 19 September 2022. Archived from the original on 23 September 2022.
- ^ نگاهی به منشور همبستگی و سازماندهی برای آزادی (مهسا). Khayan London (in Persian). 13 March 2023.
- ^ "تشکیل پرونده‌‌ای سنگین برای ۱۰۷ نفر از اعضای ارشد منافقین". Etemad Online (in Persian).
- ^ "German Government Silences Iranian Dissidents, Says Masih Alinejad". Iran International. 2023-12-01. Retrieved 2023-12-01.
- ^ "EU honors Iran protest icon Amini with Sakharov Prize – DW – 12/12/2023". Deutsche Welle.
- ^ "Nobel winner Mohammadi to go on new hunger strike as peace prize is awarded". France24. 9 December 2023.
- ^ "Nå blir det klart hvem som får Nobels fredspris 2023" [Now it becomes clear who will receive the Nobel Peace Prize 2023]. www.aftenposten.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). 2023-10-06. Archived from the original on 6 October 2023. Retrieved 2023-10-06.