Iran–Israel War

Iran–Israel War
Part of the Iran–Israel conflict (2024–present) and the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present)
Clockwise from top left: aerial view of Tehran following Israeli airstrikes; damages in Tehran due to the strikes; explosions in Tehran during the war; damaged building in Bat Yam.
Date 13 June 2025 – present (4 days) Location Iran Israel West Bank Iraq Status Ongoing (list of airstrikes)
Belligerents
Israel United States	Iran
Commanders and leaders
Benjamin Netanyahu Isaac Herzog Donald Trump Michael Kurilla	Ali Khamenei Masoud Pezeshkian
Units involved
Israel Defense Forces Israeli Air Force Mossad	Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force  Houthi Yemen (SPC) Houthis Islamic Resistance in Iraq Hamas
Casualties and losses
Per Israel 24 killed 592 injured Per Iran 4 F-35 jets downed	Per Iran: 224 killed 1,277+ injured Per HRANA: 1,098+ casualties (452 killed) Per Israel: 200+ ballistic missile launchers and 120+ SAM launchers destroyed
1 Syrian civilian killed 5 Jordanian civilians injured

The Iran–Israel War is an armed conflict between Iran and Israel that began on 13 June 2025 with Israeli attacks on dozens of targets with the stated aim of stopping the expansion of Iran's nuclear program. Under the codename Operation Rising Lion, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and Mossad damaged key nuclear sites, military installations, and residential areas. Beginning on the evening of 13 June, Iran retaliated by launching ballistic missiles and drones on military sites, intelligence sites, and residential areas. Iran's codename for the attack was Operation True Promise III. The conflict is considered an escalation from previous attacks; Iran and Israel previously traded strikes in April 2024 and October 2024. The war began during a time of crisis in the Middle East that followed the October 7 attacks, including the Gaza war, Israel–Hezbollah conflict, and the Red Sea crisis.

The Israeli attacks killed several of Iran's military leaders, leaders of the Iran Revolutionary Guard Corps, top nuclear scientists, and some 200 civilians, according to the Iranian health ministry and the Human Rights Activists in Iran nonprofit group. Airstrikes destroyed the Natanz nuclear facility and damaged Isfahan's uranium conversion facility, but apparently failed to damage the underground Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant. Israel also hit a missile complex near Tabriz, a missile base in Kermanshah, and IRGC facilities near Tehran and in Piranshahr. The attacks also damaged public infrastructure. The Iranian retaliation included about 100 missiles and about 100 drones, the IDF said. A missile hit the Israeli defence ministry complex in Tel Aviv. Iran's attacks have killed about 24 people, all civilians, according to the Israeli government.

The Israeli strikes were praised by some Iranian opposition groups and by U.S. President Donald Trump, who urged Iran to agree to a nuclear deal promptly. The campaign was condemned by Russia, China, and countries across the Middle East and Africa. The European Union and key European nations condemned Iran as a destabilizing force, reiterated that Iran must never acquire nuclear weapons, and called on Israel and Iran to reduce tensions.

Background

Iran–Israel opposition

Further information: Destruction of Israel in Iranian policy, Iran–Israel proxy conflict, and Iran–Israel relations

Historically Israel and Iran enjoyed a close relationship until the 1979 Islamic Revolution. Since the revolution, Iran's new theocratic government has employed antisemitic and genocidal rhetoric towards Israel and pledged to destroy it. Iranian supreme leader Ruhollah Khomeini and the religious right in Iran view Israel as an "illegitimate occupier of Muslim land" and being part of Western Imperialism. Israel says that the Iranian nuclear program will allow Iran to develop a nuclear weapon and thus Israel believes, poses an existential threat to Israel.

Although Iran and Israel have long had a proxy conflict, 2024 saw the first time both attacked each other openly and directly. On 1 April 2024, an Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus killed several Iranian officers. Iran retaliated with strikes against Israel in April 2024, to which Israel then retaliated the same month with strikes on Iran. In July 2024, Israel assassinated Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh in Iran's capital of Tehran. In October 2024, Iran struck Israel, and Israel struck Iran.

Iranian nuclear program

Further information: Nuclear program of Iran

Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu cited the Iranian nuclear program as the chief reason Israel decided to preemptively strike Iran. Israel regards Iran's nuclear program to be a strategic threat, although Israel possesses nuclear weapons itself. Israel says it has the right to take military action against Iran's nuclear program if it believes it has become non-peaceful. In the mid-2000s, the United States and Israel sabotaged Iranian nuclear facilities as part of Operation Olympic Games. The assassination of five Iranian nuclear scientists in Tehran since 2010 is commonly attributed to Israel.

In 2015, Iran signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), negotiated by President Barack Obama, the United Nations Security Council and Germany to manage Iran's civilian nuclear development at a limited level. In 2018, President Donald Trump, during his first presidency, suspended his country's participation in the deal and resumed economic sanctions on Iran, despite the report by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) that Iran was keeping to the deal. Iran retaliated against Trump's abandonment of the deal by incrementally increasing its uranium enrichment.

Following the assassination of Qasem Soleimani by the US in January 2020, an Iranian general, Iran said it would no longer abide by JCPOA's enrichment restrictions. By 2021, Iran was enriching uranium to 60% purity, similar to weapons-grade uranium. In May 2025, the IAEA reported that Iran had amassed 409 kg of 60% pure uranium, which is higher than required for civilian uses and close to military grade. In response, Iran announced a new nuclear enrichment facility (its third), that would be put under IAEA monitoring. United States Central Command (CENTCOM) commander Michael Kurilla warned on 10 June 2025 that Iran was " 'weeks away' from nuclear weapons". A day before the Israeli strikes occurred, the IAEA found Iran non-compliant with its nuclear obligations for the first time in 20 years. Iran insists it does not seek nuclear weapons and Iranian leader Khamenei delivered a fatwa saying nuclear weapons are unethical.

In April 2025, US President Donald Trump announced negotiations between the United States and Iran regarding Iran's nuclear program. The White House declared that Iran had two months to secure a deal; the two-month deadline expired the day before Israel's strikes.

Iranian ballistic missile program

Along with the Iranian nuclear program, the Iranian ballistic missile program is considered a threat to Israel. In a New York Times article, it was said the Israelis believes Iran will be able to construct 300 ballistic missiles each month and thus threaten Israeli cities.

Axis of Resistance

Further information: Axis of Resistance

The Axis of Resistance is a geopolitical and military strategy devised by Iran in the 1980s in order to deter an attack on Iran and project Iranian power. Over the years, Israel has fought multiple wars with various Iranian proxies. Such wars include wars against Hezbollah such as the 1982 Lebanon war, the 2006 Lebanon war, as well as the various wars and operations against Hamas in the Gaza Strip. On 7 October 2023, Hamas, an Iranian proxy in the Gaza Strip, launched a surprise attack on Israel leading to war between Israel and Hamas and later between Israel and other Iranian proxies such as Hezbollah and the Houthis in Yemen. Over the war, the Iranian proxies were severely weakened. This is said to have weakened Iranian deterrence and increasing Iranian isolation.

The Israeli airstrikes against Iran's nuclear program were carried out by over 200 fighter jets, including multiple F-35I Adir fighters, the Israeli variant of the American F-35 Lightning II stealth strike fighter. The F-35I's were reportedly modified with low-observable conformal fuel tanks to enable them to have the range and endurance to conduct operations over Iran without compromising stealthy characteristics or requiring mid-air refueling. Israeli fighter jets targeted over 100 sites across Iran, including the Natanz enrichment facility and other infrastructure associated with Iran's nuclear program. No nuclear accidents occurred as a result of the airstrikes, as operational nuclear reactors, such as the Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant and the Tehran Research Reactor, were not attacked. Although damaged nuclear centrifuges can release low-level radiation and industrial chemicals that can threaten on-site personnel, they can neither trigger nuclear explosions nor can they cause large-scale contamination of an area.

Immediate prelude

On 12 June 2025, ABC News reported that Israel was considering taking military action against Iran. Hours later, US officials had been told that Israel was "fully ready" for an operation against Iran, according to CBS News. The Trump administration purportedly considered options to support Israel without leading the operation. The US Embassy in Jerusalem restricted the movement of its staffers the following day, though Mike Huckabee, the US ambassador to Israel, said it was not likely that Israel would strike Iran without approval from the Trump administration. Prior to the airstrikes, Israel told the Trump administration it would not strike without first notifying the United States. US President Trump spoke to Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu on the eve of the attacks, and later admitted having known in advance of Israel's planned actions. Officials in the United Kingdom's Foreign Office and Ministry of Defence were also aware of the Israeli intention to strike Iran ahead of time, but it has not been confirmed whether a formal notification was provided by Israel. According to two Israeli officials, the Israeli government asked the Trump administration to join them and help in the prelude of attacks against Iran. Key right-wing figures, including some of Trump's allies, questioned Israel's attacks and warning of a US war with Iran.

In the weeks leading up to Israeli attacks on Iran, the Israeli government faced international pressure over the high risk of famine in Gaza and the killing of civilians. Even Israel's closest allies in Europe had become critical of the starvation in the Gaza Strip, and the EU had announced it would reconsider its free-trade deal with Israel. Political scientist Xavier Abu Eid and journalists Tamara Davison and Kiomars Samadi stated that the attack on Iran provided a distraction from Israel's actions in Gaza. Nesrine Malik said the attack was an attempt by Israel to bring a Europe alienated by Israel's action in the civilian suffering in Gaza back to its side. Israeli relations with Iran were a unifying factor between left-wing and right-wing Israelis. The day before the attack on Iran, Israel destroyed telecommunications infrastructure in Gaza, cutting off communications between Gaza and the rest of the world.

Choice of operation name

According to The Economist as well as former U.S. Middle East policy official Brett McGurk, the name of the operation "Rising Lion" referred to the revival of the Lion and Sun, which was the emblem of Iran and of its flag until the 1979 Islamic revolution. The Jerusalem Post reported that the name of the operation is derived from the biblical Book of Numbers (23:24): "Behold, the people shall rise up as a great lion, and lift up himself as a young lion."

Announcement

Netanyahu announced the launch of Operation Rising Lion, targeting Iran's main enrichment facility in Natanz, its nuclear scientists, and parts of its ballistic missile program. Netanyahu described Iran's nuclear efforts as "a clear and present danger to Israel's very survival", and emphasized that in acting, "we also defend our Arab neighbors" from Iranian aggression. He said the operation would continue "for as many days as it takes".

In a speech announcing the attack, Netanyahu said "For decades, the leaders of Tehran have openly called for Israel's destruction. They have backed up their genocidal rhetoric with a nuclear weapons program". Netanyahu said that Israel attacked because "if not stopped, Iran could produce a nuclear weapon in a very short time." Following the attack, Netanyahu said Israel's war was against the Iranian government and not the Iranian people. Netanyahu convened the security cabinet as the situation unfolded.

Strikes by Israel

Main article: List of airstrikes during the Iran–Israel War § Operation Rising Lion

13 June

Early morning

Impact on buildings in Tehran

Aftermath of the Israeli strikes in Tehran

In the early hours of 13 June 2025, the IDF attacked dozens of Iranian nuclear facilities, military bases and infrastructure installations, and key military commanders, including some targets, Israeli officials said, that were not anticipated by Tehran. By 06:30 IDT, the Israeli Air Force had launched five waves of air strikes, using more than 200 Israeli aircraft to drop more than 330 munitions on about 100 targets.

Meanwhile, the Mossad sabotaged Iran's air defense systems and missile infrastructure. An Israeli official said Mossad had smuggled precision weapons and established a covert drone base near Tehran, which were used to disable air defenses, securing air superiority for Israeli aircraft.

Around 03:00 local time, Israeli Defense Minister Israel Katz declared a nationwide state of emergency, warning of an imminent missile and drone retaliation. Warning sirens were activated across Israel in anticipation of a possible Iranian counterattack, though Iran would launch no ballistic missiles until the following evening. Katz further described Israel's attack on Iran as a "preemptive strike". According to the IDF, the action was prompted by intelligence indicating Iran had amassed enough enriched uranium to produce up to 15 nuclear weapons within days.

Explosions were reported across Tehran, including near military bases and in neighborhoods housing senior commanders. Eyewitnesses described enormous flames and repeated blasts. Fars News Agency, which is linked to the IRGC, reported that multiple homes were struck in Shahrak-e Mahallati, a neighborhood in eastern Tehran where high-ranking Iranian military officers and their families reside. The attack reportedly set on fire the IRGC headquarters in Tehran. Some residential complexes were hit during the attack, including ones that housed Iranian officers and officials. Reportedly, the strength of the explosions caused some buildings to collapse.

Blasts were reported in Natanz, in Isfahan province, where one of Iran's most critical nuclear facilities is located. Iranian state TV confirmed "loud explosions" near the site, which houses two enrichment plants: the large underground Fuel Enrichment Plant (FEP) and the Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plant (PFEP) above ground. Nuclear sites at Khondab and Khorramabad were also targeted.

Afternoon

Israel conducted strikes in Tabriz in the early afternoon, reportedly targeting an area near Tabriz Airport. Shiraz and the Natanz Nuclear Facility were struck by Israel as well. Explosions also occurred at the Hamadan Airbase and the Parchin military base. Two explosions also occurred near the subterranean Fordow Fuel Enrichment Plant, where an Israeli drone was reportedly shot down by Iranian air defenses. The IDF later confirmed striking the Hamadan and Tabriz airbases, asserting that it had "dismantled" the latter airbase and also destroyed dozens of Iranian drones and surface-to-surface missile launchers.

At 18:46 GMT, the IDF confirmed striking the Isfahan Nuclear Technology/Research Center, saying it was involved in the "reconversion of enriched uranium."

Iranian media reported that at least two Israeli fighter jets were downed over Iranian airspace and a female pilot was captured. The IDF denied this.

14 June

In the early morning of 14 June, Iranian media reported two projectiles, an explosion, then a fire, at Tehran's Mehrabad International Airport. It also reported Iranian air defenses engaging Israeli projectiles above Isfahan and exchanging fire with Israeli drones on reconnaissance missions in northwestern Iran. IDF Chief of Staff Eyal Zamir and IAF Commander Tomer Bar declared that "the way to Tehran has been paved." The IDF later said that it bombed an underground facility in western Iran used to store dozens of ballistic and cruise missiles.

Iran confirmed the deaths of General Gholamreza Mehrabi, deputy head of intelligence for the armed forces general staff, and General Mehdi Rabbani, deputy head of operations. Iran also claimed to have downed a total of three Israeli F-35 jets and captured two pilots. Iran's Ministry of Petroleum announced attacks on two oil fields in Bushehr province—the Phase 14 platform of South Pars Gas field and the Fajr Jam gas refinery—where fires halted the production of at least 12 million cubic meters of gas. The Red Crescent Society said Israel had attacked 18 of the 31 provinces of Iran, and that 1,414 RSC personnel were participating in relief efforts.

At 23:11 local time, the IDF announced a new wave of strikes on "military targets" in Tehran. These attacks struck oil and gasoline depots, cut off electricity in the Shahran neighborhood, and hit Iranian Ministry of Defence headquarters and the Organization of Defensive Innovation and Research building.

15 June

A strike was reported on the Ministry of Justice building in Tehran. The IAF said that it bombed a refueling plane at the Mashhad Shahid Hasheminejad International Airport—around 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi) from its territory—in what was possibly the most distant operation in its history.

Israel struck surface-to-surface missiles in Iran as well as military bases. Israel also struck the Iranian foreign ministry. Missiles struck and killed the intelligence chief and the intelligence deputy chief of the IRGC.

Along with the airstrikes five car bombs detonated across Tehran, with explosions taking place next to government and nuclear-related sites. Iran's state-run news agency IRNA, citing informed sources, claimed that the operation was executed by Israel, even though an Israeli official denied any involvement.

The IDF warned Iranian civilians to evacuate from the areas surrounding weapon factories and military bases in Shiraz.

It was reported that Iran had sought mediation from Oman and Qatar to engage with the United States, aiming to halt the strikes and revive the stalled nuclear negotiations. Iran stated that they had arrested two individuals that they claimed were members of Mossad.

16 June

In an interview with Sky News, Israeli president Isaac Herzog stated that Israel had "no other choice" but to attack Iran, and that the Israeli war cabinet was dicussing Iran's supreme leader, Ali Khamenei, amid rumors that U.S. President Donald Trump vetoed an Israeli plan to assassinate Khamenei.

The IDF hit the command center of the Quds Force in Tehran. An Israeli official told the Wall Street Journal that there were indications that the underground nuclear facility in Natanz had "imploded". Iran International reported explosions were heard in the vicinity of the Fordow nuclear facility. IDF strikes were said to have taken place in the vicinity of the Parchin military installations. The IRGC's Ansar al-Mahdi Corps reported that one of its commanders and a soldier was killed in an attack in Ijrud County of Zanjan province. A news agency affiliated with the Iranian judiciary, reported that an alleged agent for Israel, Ismail Fikri, was executed by hanging, the news agency reported that Fikri was in contact with two Mossad officers before his arrest.

The IDF said it have destroyed 120 surface-to-surface missile launchers in Iran and achieved "full air supremacy" in Tehran's airspace. Brigadier-General Effie Defrin said that 30% of Iran's missile launchers have been destroyed. Netanyahu also said that Israel controls the skies of Tehran. He also would not rule out assassinating Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, saying "It's not going to escalate the conflict, it's going to end it." The IDF said it destroyed a weapons convoy between Tehran and Qom.

The Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) reported that Israeli forces struck the Farabi Hospital in Kermanshah, causing significant damage to the hospital and the buildings surrounding it. At least 15 buildings in the Kermanshah missile factory were hit by Israel. Israel bombed the Iranian state broadcaster IRIB during a live broadcast, sending anchors fleeing. It claims that the headquarters of the IRIB was used by the Iranian Armed Forces to promote military operations under civilian cover, which was denied by Iran. At least one IRIB employee was killed in the attack, while the station said its offices were struck by four bombs.

Israel issued evacuation orders to residents of some areas of Tehran. Israel hit Iranian missile launchers in Western Iran. The IDF said one of its drones destroyed two Iranian F-14s. Nour News reported that Iranian forces shot down an F-35 over Tabriz. The IDF hit a building where several senior officials of Iran's intelligence organizations were staying, was targeted, killing Iran's intelligence chief and other key senior officials. Mohammed Kazemi, Hassan Mohaqiq, and Mohammad Khatami were confirmed to have been killed by the airstrike.

17 June

U.S. President Donald Trump called for the complete evacuation of Tehran. He also declared that "we now have complete and total control of the skies over Iran" and called for Iran's "unconditional surrender," while threatening to assassinate Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei. Vice President JD Vance has indicated that the United States may join the war against Iran.

The IDF assassinated Major-General Ali Shademani just days after he was appointed as a commander of Khatam al-Anbiya Headquarters. After replacing Lt. Gen. Gholamali Rashid following his killing, Shademani became the highest ranking Iranian military commander, serving as Iran's "war chief of staff" and heading both the IRGC and the Iranian Armed Forces, according to the IDF.

Israel said that it conducted "several extensive strikes" on military targets in western Iran, targeting missile launchers and UAV storage facilities. The IDF posted a video of their aircraft destroying Iranian F-14A Tomcat fighter jets on the ground. It also showed a video of them destroying a rocket launcher holding three missiles. According to Mehr News Agency, an Israeli rocket hit a checkpoint in Kashan, killing three people and injuring four others. Israeli forces struck a residential building in Tehran, according to IRNA, which also reported that three people were rescued from the rubble by the Red Crescent. Fars News Agency reported that the state-owned Bank Sepah was targeted in a cyberattack. According to reports from Iran International and other news outlets, the hacker group Predatory Sparrow has officially claimed responsibility for the cyberattack on the bank. Sepah Bank is reported to have deep connections to the IRGC and the Iranian Army.

The IAEA said that it is likely that underground of facilities in Natanz were damaged by Israeli attacks. Israeli jets hit Iranian missile launchers in Western Iran.

The Iranian Army claimed to have shot down 18 "hostile aircrafts" including a spy drone. Israel denied the claims.

The IDF announced that it conducted heavy strikes against Iranian ballistic missile launchers in Isfahan using 60 fighter jets, saying that missile sites in western Iran had been evacuated due to earlier attacks. The IDF said that 12 missile storage and launch sites were hit during the attacks.

The US national security council was convened by US President Donald Trump to discuss Iran.

Casualties in Iran

Iranian health authorities reported 224 killed, adding that the majority of the casualties were civilians. US-based organization HRANA reported 408 killed, including 92 military members, 199 civilians and 117 unidentified dead.

Regional sources said that at least 20 senior commanders were killed in the strikes. Confirmed casualties include Iranian Armed Forces Chief of Staff, Major General Mohammad Bagheri, IRGC commander Hossein Salami, IRGC senior commander Gholam Ali Rashid, and IRGC commander Amir Ali Hajizadeh. The IDF said that a strike on an underground command center killed most of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force's leadership after they had convened for a meeting, including IRGC air force commander Amir Ali Hajizadeh as well as the leaders of the IRGC's air defense and drone units. In total, the IDF reported killing at least six senior military commanders—Bagheri, Salami, Ali Rashid, Hajizadeh, IRGC air defense unit commander Davoud Shaykhian, and IRGC drone unit commander Taher Pour. The New York Times reported the death of Quds Force commander Esmail Qaani, although Israel believes that he is still alive. According to Netanyahu, IRGC intelligence chief Mohammad Kazemi and his deputy, Hassan Mohaqeq, were killed.

Nuclear scientists Fereydoon Abbasi and Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi were also killed, according to Iranian state media. Tasnim News Agency later added four more scientists who were killed. Israel named nine nuclear scientists who it said were killed, including successors to Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, the chief of Iran's nuclear program who was assassinated in 2020. Two regional sources reported on 15 June that the death toll of Iranian nuclear scientists rose to 14, including some killed in car bombings.

Civilians, including women and children, were among the casualties identified. Tasnim News Agency reported that over 50 people were injured in Tehran's northern district of Tajrish, including 35 women and children who were taken to Chamran Hospital. The governor of Iran's north-western East Azerbaijan province said 31 people were killed during the first day's strikes in the province, including 30 soldiers and one member of the Iranian Red Crescent Society. France 24 interviewed several people inside Iran who said civilians were among the victims of the Israeli attack. Iranian hospital staff reported that children were killed in the Israeli attacks.

The Iranian army has claimed to have downed three Israeli fighter jets, allegedly killing one pilot and capturing the other. The IDF has repeatedly denied claims of air force casualties or damage. Due to the absence of bomb shelters in Tehran, Iranians were instructed to shelter in underground parking lots.

Iran was reported to have executed Esmail Fekri by hanging on 16 June 2025, after being convicted of passing sensitive intelligence to the Mossad.

Notable deaths

Further information: Assassination of Iranian nuclear scientists and Targeted killing by Israel

Name	Position	Date of death
Mohammad Bagheri	Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran	13 June
Hossein Salami	Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC)	13 June
Gholam Ali Rashid	Commander of the Khatam-al Anbiya Central Headquarters	13 June
Amir Ali Hajizadeh	Commander-in-Chief of IRGC Aerospace Force	13 June
Davoud Sheikhian	Commander of the IRGC Air defenses	13 June
Gholamreza Mehrabi	Deputy Head of Intelligence for the Armed Forces General Staff	13 June
Mehdi Rabbani	Deputy Head of Operations for the Armed Forces General Staff	13 June
Hassan Mohaqeq	Deputy Head of the IRGC's Intelligence Organization	15 June
Pour Taher	Commander of the IRGC UAV Force	13 June
Mohammad Kazemi	Brigadier General of Intelligence Organization of IRGC. He was appointed as the commander of the IRGC's intelligence in 2022.	15 June
Khosrow Hassani	Commander of the air defence system of the IRGC Aerospace Force.	13 June
Ali Shadmani	Commander of the Khatam-al Anbiya Central Headquarters (June 2025)	17 June
Fereydoon Abbasi	Nuclear scientists	13 June
Saeed Borji		14 June
Ahmadreza Zolfaghari Daryani		13 June
Seyyed Amir Hossein Faqhi		14 June
Abdulhamid Minouchehr		13 June
Akbar Motabizadeh		14 June
Mohammad Mehdi Tehranchi		13 June

Strikes by Iran

Main article: List of airstrikes during the Iran–Israel War § Operation True Promise III

After the attack, Iran promised a "harsh response" against Israel. It said that they were going to attack Israeli and US forces stationed in military bases across the Middle East. The US later evacuated some of its soldiers in Iraq and also authorized the evacuation of family members of US soldiers across the region. According to IDF Brigadier General Effie Defrin, roughly more than 100 Shahed drones were launched by Iran and Iraq towards Israel in retaliation. Sirens were activated in Amman, Jordan's capital. Some of the drones were intercepted by the Royal Jordanian Air Force over Jordanian air space and some by the IAF over Saudi Arabia and Syria. Later, various Israeli sources said that an order for Israeli civilians to seek shelter was lifted, suggesting that a majority or all of the drones were destroyed. An intercepted drone fell on a house and wounded three people in Irbid, Jordan.

The Houthis also fired a ballistic missile from Yemen targeting Jerusalem, with it landing in Hebron, West Bank, injuring five Palestinians. At around 9:00 p.m. local time—ten minutes before Iran launched dozens of missiles at Israel—Israeli citizens were given phone alerts warning about an incoming attack. Citizens were authorized to leave their shelters at around 10:10. Tel Aviv was targeted with Iranian missiles following during attack; while some missiles were intercepted by Israel, others were able to hit their targets in Tel Aviv, including an apparent direct hit on The Kirya military headquarters near Begin Road. Iran codenamed its counterattack "Operation True Promise 3", and said that it attacked dozens of targets, including military sites and airbases. The IDF estimated that around 150 ballistic missiles were fired in two waves during the attack. Magen David Adom reported that at least 63 Israelis were injured – one critically, one seriously, eight mildly, and the rest lightly. A civilian woman critically injured later succumbed to her wounds. Seven soldiers were among the injured, receiving light wounds. The Israel Fire and Rescue Services rescued two people from a building struck in Tel Aviv, while the IDF's Home Front Command rescued another civilian from a building in the city. Despite this, there were no reports of significant damage from Iran's retaliatory strikes.

Trump warned Iran against attacking American personnel or infrastructure, saying "If we are attacked in any way, shape or form by Iran, the full strength and might of the US Armed Forces will come down on you at levels never seen before,". Rachel Reeves, British minister of finance told Sky News that Britain may help in Israel's protection.

Western Wall Plaza under evacuation orders on 13 June 2025

Civil defense siren and missile explosions sounds, recorded in Central Israel, 13 June 2025 at 21:15

14 June

On 14 June, at around 1 a.m., Iran launched another barrage consisting of dozens of missiles, most of which were intercepted, according to an IDF spokesperson. Seven people were injured in the attack, one mildly. Two MDA ambulance workers were lightly hurt by broken glass after shrapnel hit their intensive care unit.

There were reports of a fifth missile barrage launched by Iran as Israel, with help of the US, intercepted incoming missiles. The number of injured civilians increased over 60, as several homes were reported heavily damaged. As a result of a direct hit on a building in Rishon LeZion at least two civilians were killed and over 20 others injured, including a 3-month-old baby who was rescued from the debris. The IDF later announced that Iran had fired 200 ballistic missiles since the night of 13 June, with around 25% of them hitting open areas. It asserted that a "small number" of missiles evaded air defenses and struck residential areas in Tel Aviv, Ramat Gan, and Rishon LeZion, causing casualties.

According to reports, several Iranian missiles transited Syrian airspace en route to Israel, with at least two missiles falling in Daraa Governorate (southern Syria), prompting Damascus to halt flights due to regional instability. Reportedly, several Arab states have participated in shooting down Iranian drones, or sharing radar information to help in destroying them.

In the night, Iran fired another barrage of missiles targeting northern Israel, killing five people and injuring at least 23 others. The Home Front Command put out phone alerts at 11 p.m., and citizens were cleared to leave shelters at 11:45. A ballistic missile hit a two-story house in Tamra, killing a woman and wounding 14 others. Four members of a family, including a woman and her two daughters, were killed in a separate missile strike. A fire also broke out near the BAZAN oil refinery in Haifa, where pipes and transmission lines were damaged.

15 June

Aftermath of the Iranian attacks in Bat Yam

On the morning of 15 June, Iran and the Houthis in Yemen launched ballistic missiles simultaneously, which led to impacts on buildings in Bat Yam and Rehovot, a mall in Kiryat Ekron, and in Tel Aviv. The strike in Bat Yam killed nine people, including three aged 8, 10 and 18, and one missing. 61 buildings were damaged according to mayor Tzvika Brot. Around 200 people were injured, according to the MDA, several of which were serious. Five of the civilians killed in Bat Yam were Ukrainian nationals. Israel later declared that it intercepted most of the missiles and that the remainder failed to enter Israeli territory.

The Weizmann Institute of Science, a postdoc scientific research center in Rehovot, was hit by Iran. The Israeli Defense Ministry reported that central Israel was attacked by missiles coming from Yemen, which was later confirmed by the Houthis, stating that they used a number of Palestine 2 ballistic missiles in coordination with the Iranian military. Germany warned that Iran may target Jewish or Israeli communities in Germany, following which Germany increased security around relevant institutions.

Debris from Iranian missiles also hit two sites in the West Bank. At around 11:20 a.m., a rooftop fire was caused by a Shahab-class missile in al-Bireh, a few meters from the home of Mahmoud Abbas, the president of the Palestinian Authority. Three children were wounded by broken glass after debris from a missile intercepted over central Israel landed outside Sa'ir around 90 minutes later.

Later in the day, Iran fired a barrage consisting of several ballistic missiles at Israel, but no impacts or casualties were reported. Iran would later fire a missile at an area in Caesarea, near the family home of Netanyahu. The IDF announced that the missiles were intercepted, with at least 50 rockets having downed.

In the evening, Iran fired several barrages of missiles at Israel, injuring seven people in Haifa and one in Kiryat Gat, while also causing fires and property damage. An additional nine people were treated for panic attacks.

16 June

Iran's attack on Haifa oil refineries on the night of 15 to 16 June 2025

On 16 June, Iran launched another barrage of missiles against Israel. Missile fragments were reported to have caused damage to the U.S. Embassy Branch Office in Tel Aviv. A school in Tel Aviv as well as homes in Bnei Brak, Haifa and Petah Tikva were hit. Eight civilians were killed and over 90 were injured. Israel reported 287 people were hospitalized overnight. An elderly person was found dead beneath debris in Bat Yam. Haifa's oil refinery was among the targets. According to Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft executive vice president Trita Parsi, successive Iranian missile attacks may have eroded Israeli defenses, allowing a larger percentage of missiles to get through than before. Following the attacks, Israel confirmed 24 fatalities to date, the majority of which occurred outside bomb shelters, and had tallied 350 Iranian missiles, clustering around 30–60 at a time.

CNN reported Iran said it will not negotiate with the United States until it finishes its retaliation against Israel.

A drone fired toward the U.S. consulate in Erbil, Iraq, was intercepted. Iran fired ballistic missiles at Petah Tikva again, and 4 people were killed as a result. One person was seriously injured, and 14 were moderately injured, including two children. Two missiles also hit Tel Aviv, destroying a number of buildings.

17 June

In the morning, Iran launched about 20 missiles at Israel, lightly injuring five people. Ynet reported that an Iranian missile struck the city of Herzliya, damaging a eight-storey building and setting an empty bus on fire. Explosions were heard in the Dan district of Tel Aviv and West Jerusalem. The Times of Israel reported Israel shot down 30 Iranian drones during the night between the 16 and 17 June. The IRGC claimed to have hit a military intelligence centre and a Mossad operations planning centre in Israel. An Iranian ballistic missile attack toward northern Israel during the evening was successfully intercepted by Israel.

The IDF said 40% of Iran's ballistic missile launchers have been destroyed. The IDF also said they believe that Iran is not able to mount large missile salvos against Israel because they are unable to coordinate large attacks due to the IDF hunting of missile launchers.

Casualties in Israel

Human losses

On 14 June, Magen David Adom reported that 63 people were injured in the Iranian ballistic missile strike – one in critical condition, another in serious condition, and eight with moderate injuries, while the rest suffered minor wounds. One fatality was confirmed. In Tel Aviv, rescue teams pulled two individuals alive from a collapsed building. Later in the day Walla News reported three Israelis were killed and 172 injured. Three Jordanian civilians were injured.

Iranian missile impacting in Ramat Gan, 14 June

On 14 June, local media outlets reported that five Israelis were killed across northern Israel by Iranian missiles.

On 15 June, it was reported that nine Israeli civilians were killed, nearly 200 were wounded and one remained missing after a missile strike in central Bat Yam. An attack on Rehovot left 42 wounded.

On 16 June 2025, following Iranian ballistic missile attacks on Haifa and Tel Aviv, the death toll was reported to be eight, with approximately 100 individuals injured. On the same day, CNN reported casualties in Israel of 24 people killed and 592 wounded, with 10 of them in serious condition.

Material damage

A modern residential building in central Tel Aviv sustained serious damage. Fires broke out in multiple apartments, and smoke was seen rising from the structure. An adjacent building suffered major external damage, including shattered windows and twisted metal hanging from the facade. In Ramat Gan, several cars were found burned and three homes visibly damaged. In Tel Aviv, the Israeli defence ministry complex was damaged due to the impact of an Iranian missile.

According to municipal authorities, nine buildings were completely destroyed in Ramat Gan, while hundreds of others sustained varying levels of damage. Approximately 100 residents were displaced from their homes due to the missile barrage.

Aftermath

Tasnim News Agency reported that Iranian authorities suspended flights at Imam Khomeini International Airport, although the facility itself was not directly affected by the attacks. Return flights were perforce canceled for pilgrims in Saudi Arabia. CNN reported that Iranians as of 15 June are fleeing major cities in Iran.

Flights were also suspended from Israel's airports and both Iraq and Jordan closed their airspace. Israel declared a state of special emergency, shut down its airspace, closed schools and banned large social gatherings. Israel also called up tens of thousands of IDF reservists in preparation for an Iranian retaliation. The IDF announced that all of its pilots involved in the strikes returned unharmed.

The Community Security Trust issued warnings to the Jewish communities in the United Kingdom and France. Jewish Community Protection Service asked French Jews to be "extremely vigilant". The Jerusalem Post reported the Anti-Defamation League was monitoring the situation within the United States. The NYPD said they are increasing security at Jewish sites across New York City. New York governor Kathy Hochul said that the state is closely monitoring the situation, increasing security at sensitive sites and cybersecurity operations. New York City mayor Eric Adams and Police Commissioner Jessica Tisch said that they are deploying officers to Israeli embassies for protection, with Tisch saying: "That heightened deployment continued today and will continue for the next several days".

On 15 June, the US embassy in Iraq warned Americans may be targeted in attacks. The State Department issued a Level 4 Travel Advisory for Iraq.

On 17 June, CNN reported that India has evacuated its students from Tehran through the Armenia–Iran border.

Economy

The strikes against Iran caused oil prices to increase by 7% on 13 June, later increasing to 11%, making them the highest in a month. The US dollar grew, bitcoin dropped to $103,000, and gold prices rose by over 1%. The Global Futures stock market fell; Dow futures lost 600 points. Stocks of various international airline companies significantly decreased after the attack. Stocks of Lufthansa dropped by 5%, while stocks of Air France, KLM and EasyJet fell by 3–4%. Reportedly, airlines stopped their operations over the airspace of Israel, Iran, Iraq and Jordan, diverting some flights and canceling others. The New York Times reported that Iranians were waiting in lines for fuel and stocking up on basic food items.

Despite the onset of the strikes, Israeli stock indexes (TA35, TA90) rose on the first day of trading during the conflict. On 16 June, the Israeli shekel spiked +3.6%, reaching its highest level since 9 October 2023.

Diplomacy

The United Nations Security Council meeting on 13 June concluded with statements from Iran's and Israel's respective ambassadors to the UN. The Iranian ambassador Amir-Saeid Iravani stated that Israel's attacks constituted a declaration of war, accusing Israel of premeditated aggression and of a direct violation of the UN Charter. The Israeli ambassador Danny Danon presented the attacks as "self-preservation for the state of Israel", asserted that they were prompted by a failure of diplomacy, and declared that he had come to seek "recognition that the international community has failed to stop Iran's nuclear programme". Following the attack, diplomatic talks about nuclear energy between US and Iran which were scheduled to take place in Oman were indefinitely suspended.

On 15 June, Cypriot President Nikos Christodoulides announced he received a message from Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian meant for the Israeli government, which Christodoulides will discuss in a scheduled phone call with Benjamin Netanyahu. That same day, Israeli media reported that Iran had approached the governments of Qatar and Oman to contact the United States in order to request a cessation of Israeli attacks. President Trump announced that "many calls and meetings" were underway to broker a ceasefire, which was expected to take hold shortly, adding he anticipated a deal "soon". On 16 June, the Iranian foreign ministry reported that the Islamic Consultative Assembly, the nation's parliament, had begun drafting a proposal to exit the Non-Proliferation Treaty, while insisting that Iran did not intend to pursue nuclear weapons. Several foreign ministers of European countries told Iran to return to diplomacy and "avoid escalation".

Aftermath in Israel

Following the Israeli strikes on Iran, Israel declared a state of maximum alert, with the IDF urging civilians to remain in shelters in anticipation of further attacks. Public gatherings were prohibited, schools were closed, and flights at Israel's main airport were canceled as precautionary measures.

Iran has threatened to target American, British, and French bases and vessels in the region if they assist Israel in countering its strikes.

Impact on civil infrastructure

A residential building in Tehran damaged during an attack, 13 June 2025

After the initial attack, widespread internet outages were reported across major Iranian cities, including Tehran, Isfahan, and Shiraz. These blackouts were attributed to infrastructure damage and government-imposed restrictions aimed at controlling the spread of information.

In response to the shutdown, Elon Musk's SpaceX reactivated its Starlink satellite internet service for Iran. According to reports, the move was intended to provide Iranian civilians with uncensored access to the internet during the conflict. Starlink terminals, which had been clandestinely smuggled into the country since late 2022, were reportedly used by journalists, activists, and tech-savvy citizens to bypass state censorship.

Responses

Iran

Government

The spokesman of the Iranian Armed Forces, Abolfazl Shekarchi, vowed to retaliate against Israel and the United States. Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei released a statement following the strikes, calling the attacks a "crime" and warned that the "Zionist regime prepared for itself a bitter and painful fate". The Iranian Foreign Ministry stated that Iran has the "legal and legitimate" right to respond to Israeli attacks under the UN Charter, also stating that the US will also be responsible for the "dangerous effects and consequences of the Zionist regime's adventure". The IRGC stated that it is ready to respond even after the death of its chief, Hossein Salami. Ahmad Vahidi was appointed as a temporary IRGC commander until Ali Khamenei appointed Major General Mohammad Pakpour. MP Alaeddin Boroujerdi said that "Iran will not participate in the sixth round of nuclear talks with the United States on [15 June] and until further notice." Former President Mohammad Khatami called for condemnation of this "criminal act" and said that the UN should be at the "forefront" in the effort "to prevent further tragedies by seriously and comprehensively" condemning Israel. Iran warned the United States, United Kingdom, and France that any assistance to Israel will result in their regional bases and ships being targeted, and one of the Iranian missiles has caused damage to the US consulate in Tel Aviv. On 13 June, the head of the Islamic Consultative Assembly's Councils Committee declared that "the Zionist regime and the United States should know that they will receive a swift, decisive, and shattering response." The following day, Mohammad Reza Bahonar, a member of the Expediency Council, called for targeting U.S. positions in the region, accusing Washington of deceit and urging it to reconsider its support for Israel. Iran's communications ministry announced nationwide internet restrictions.

Iranian public

According to The Washington Post state suppression and the unwillingness of Iranians to speak to the international media makes it "difficult to gauge public sentiment in Iran." Economic hardship, political repression, and global isolation have caused Iranians to become "deeply pessimistic" for domestic reform. Some Iranians interviewed by the Post said they felt satisfaction at the deaths of senior government figures, using the Eid al-Ghadir to "express their glee." Other Iranians held sentiments that "the news appeared more frightening to those outside the country; Iranians they said, had been through far worse." Some held demonstrations in favour of the government and against Israel. NPR quoted a woman saying: "When I heard the news, I lost my control and was shouting, thanking Netanyahu for killing these criminals." Others shared that they had begun celebrating with family members, calling the news the first source of national relief in years. Many openly chanted "Death to Khamenei" and circulated videos critical of the regime. Some social media users proposed symbolic targets, including the state-run Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting and Mojtaba Khamenei, the Supreme Leader's son, known for his role in suppressing past protests.

However, some Iranians expressed concern about escalation, and pro-government demonstrations were also reported. Protesters in Qom and Tehran called for retaliation. Protesters waved the flags of Iran and Palestine and carried portraits of slain IRGC general Qasem Soleimani. In Tehran, demonstrators held photographs of slain commanders and scientists. One woman said: "We won't relent until the complete destruction of Israel. ... It's not a question of revenge. Israel must be wiped off the page of time forever." Locals, including a taxi driver and a teacher interviewed by the Associated Press, expressed pride in Iran's missile response, stating: "We will go after them to punish them". In downtown Tehran, a woman expressed satisfaction with Iran's attack, connecting it to Israel's ongoing war against Hamas in the Gaza Strip. Others expressed feeling fearful of the current situation: "We are killed a thousand times with stress, especially for people like myself who have kids".

According to The Economist, Iranians on social media celebrated the death of Iranian generals with "barbequed meat emojis" who are considered by young Iranians as "enemies of the people". Some Iranians celebrated the Israeli attacks, wearing Israeli flags. The Economist also reported that the Iranians are celebrated online the death of Amir Ali Hajizadeh who is seen as responsible for the deaths of Iranian students on a flight downed by Iran in 2020.

Iranian diaspora

Exiled opposition figures Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran, activist Masih Alinejad, Dutch-Iranian legal scholar Afshin Ellian, Dutch, Swedish, and Canadian politicians Ulysse Ellian, Alireza Akhondi, and Goldie Ghamari, and actress Nazanin Boniadi, expressed support for an overthrow of the Iranian regime amidst the fighting with Israel, with some also supporting the Israeli strikes.

The US-based National Iranian American Council condemned Israel's attack, writing that it "lacked legal justification under international law" and "unnecessarily endangered the lives of many innocent people".

Israel

In a televised 13 June address, Netanyahu said, "We are at a decisive moment in Israel's history" and "We are defending the free world from the terrorism and barbarism that Iran fosters and exports across the globe." He thanked Trump for his support and said the attack was an immediate operational necessity to roll back the threat of uranium enrichment. He said the attacks would continue for "as long as is needed to complete the task of fending off the threat of annihilation against us." and that Israel's war was against the Iranian form of government and not against the Iranian people.

Netanyahu convened the security cabinet as the situation unfolded. Israeli government officials said Iran already possessed enough enriched uranium for 15 nuclear bombs.

IDF Chief of Staff Eyal Zamir stated in a televised address that the Israeli Army is "mobilizing tens of thousands of soldiers and preparing across all borders," as he warned that "anyone who tries to challenge us will pay a heavy price" and that "it was at point of no return".

Opposition Yesh Atid leader Yair Lapid offered his "full support" for the operations against Iran.

Israel's Defense Minister Israel Katz said Iran has crossed red lines by targeting civilians, and added that they will pay very heavy prices for that. Katz warned that "Tehran will burn" if Iran continues to fire missiles at Israel. Tel Aviv canceled its annual Pride Parade, which typically attracts tens of thousands of participants.

Israeli communication with Iranians

Iranian security forces have initiated a broad crackdown on individuals accused of sharing content considered "supportive of Israel". On 13 June, police in Hormozgan Province announced the detention of 14 people accused of disrupting "public opinion and spread rumors in cyberspace." Despite these efforts, many Iranians used various tools to bypass restrictions and share footage of missile strikes, slogans, and protest imagery and to access Israeli messaging online. Within 24 hours of the strikes, Persian-language posts by Israel's Foreign Ministry received nearly 20 million views, 14 million from Instagram alone. A video address by Netanyahu surpassed 1.4 million views, and a series of 23 posts on X accumulated 4.5 million views. In his address, Netanyahu told the Iranian people: "Israel's fight is not with you... Our fight is with our common enemy: the murderous regime that both oppresses you and impoverishes you." This messaging was amplified by diaspora voices and some users within Iran, who began naming domestic targets they hoped would be struck, including state broadcasters and high-ranking officials. According to Israeli officials, the majority of engagement came from inside Iran. Israeli officials described the numbers as "unprecedented", stating: "The Iranian public is signaling that it wants to listen, talk to us and make its voice heard."

United States

Trump praised the Israeli strikes as "excellent" and "very successful," and warned that Iran must "make a deal now" over its nuclear program or face "even more destructive and deadly military action." He said there had already been "great death and destruction" and cautioned that future strikes would be "even more brutal." Trump criticized Iran for refusing multiple chances to reach an agreement, saying he told them to "just do it," but they "just couldn't get it done." He pledged continued military support for Israel, stating, "Israel has a lot of it, with much more to come – and they know how to use it." He suggested that the attacks were coordinated with the talks he was conducting: "we gave Iran 60 days to make a deal and today is 61, right?".

Secretary of State Marco Rubio said that Israel acted independently, stating the U.S. was not involved. He said that Israel informed the U.S. it viewed the attack as an act of self-defense. Rubio warned: "Iran should not target US interests or personnel" and also said the administration was taking all necessary steps and maintaining communication with regional partners. The US moved military forces closer to the Middle East. On 16 June, it was reported that the US was moving forces to the Middle East over the Atlantic Ocean, including at least 31 air tankers to Europe; an unusually large number. On 17 June, reports claimed the aircraft carrier, USS Nimitz, was on the way to the Middle East. There is, however, a significant divide within the Republican Party on whether the United States should get involved in such a war overseas.

On 17 June, US president Donald Trump stated that a "real end" was better than a ceasefire. He then demanded unconditional surrender by Iran. Trump also threatened Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei saying that he is an "easy target" and could assassinate him at any moment. The threat came two days after it was reported that Trump allegedly vetoed a plan by Israel to assassinate the ayatollah.

Germany

The chancellor of Germany, Friedrich Merz said in an interview to a German radio station on 17 June 2025, regarding the Israeli attack "That is the dirty work that Israel does for us all." Merz said that the Iranian government had "brought death and destruction to the world", he also spoke positively of Israeli motivations saying "I can only say I have the greatest respect for the fact that the Israeli army and the Israeli government had the courage to do this". Merz said Israel lacked the weaponry needed to finish the job. Merz also said that if negotiations failed the total destruction of Iran's nuclear program "would have to be on the agenda."

International organizations

UN Secretary-General António Guterres urged both sides to show maximum restraint. His spokesperson Farhan Haq stated that "the Secretary-General condemns any military escalation in the Middle East". NATO called it crucial for Israel's allies to help de-escalate tensions. Rafael Grossi, head of the International Atomic Energy Agency commented that "nuclear facilities must never be attacked, regardless of the context or circumstances, as it could harm both people and the environment. Such attacks have serious implications for nuclear safety, security and safeguards, as well as regional and international peace and security."

International reactions

Foreign nations Afghanistan: The Taliban condemned the attack while expressing concern about Israel's ongoing campaign in Gaza. Algeria: Algeria denounced the attacks and urged the international community, especially the UN Security Council, to take full responsibility for defending global peace and security and ending Israeli policies that jeopardize regional security and stability. Argentina: President Javier Milei backed Israel's military actions against Iran, saying that "Israel accepts that other countries exist, but Iran doesn't accept that Israel exist." Milei condemned the Iranian counter-attack on Israel, expressing support for Israel's previous military actions and saying that "[We] are fighting against evil." Armenia: The Foreign Ministry condemned the "unilateral attack against Iran [that] endanger[s] the peaceful efforts as well as overall regional stability & global peace." Australia: Prime Minister Anthony Albanese stated that although he is aware of the "threat that Iran becoming a nuclear state would represent to peace and security in the region", he cautioned against greater escalation, where he called for US-led dialogue to discontinue further destabilization in the region. Foreign minister Penny Wong said that she was "alarmed" by the rising tensions between Israel and Iran, while also stating that "This risks further destabilising a region that is already volatile." Azerbaijan: The Foreign Ministry conveyed its profound concern over the attacks and urged all sides to settle their issues amicably and in conformity with international legal norms and principles. Bahrain: Bahrain denounced the attacks and warned of the serious consequences for regional stability and security. It demanded restraint, de-escalation, and a lowering of tensions. Bangladesh: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs has strongly condemned Israel's military attack on Iran, calling it a violation of international law and a threat to global peace. The country urged all sides to show restraint and stressed that "diplomacy and mutual respect remain the only viable path to lasting peace." Belarus: Belarus expressed serious alarm over the attacks. It claimed that using force in the war might have unpredicted worldwide repercussions, endanger regional stability and security, and spark a humanitarian crisis. Belgium: Foreign Minister Maxime Prévot expressed his concern about any action that contributes to additional instability in the region and said that the Israeli assault on Iran and the Iranian response represent a hazardous turning point. Bolivia: President Luis Arce denounced the attacks and cautioned about the unpredictable repercussions of these incidents. Arce wished for a speedy return to peace and conveyed his "deep solidarity with the brotherly people and the Government of Iran (...)". Brazil: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement expressing its "firm condemnation" of the Israeli strikes, calling them a "clear violation" of Iranian sovereignty and of international law. Bulgaria: The Foreign Ministry declared that it was closely monitoring the situation with great concern. It urged everyone to be extremely restrained and to defuse the situation right away. Canada: Prime Minister Mark Carney called for "maximum restraint" while reaffirming "Israel's right to defend itself and ensure its security." Chile: The Foreign Ministry stated that the Chilean government is deeply concerned about the recent escalation of violence between Israel and Iran, which resulted from the former's preemptive strike against Iranian military installations, a crisis that jeopardizes regional and international peace and stability. China: Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lin Jian called for "ways conducive to regional peace and stability." China's ambassador to the UN, Fu Cong, condemned the strikes. China's embassy in Iran described the situation as "severe and complex," advising its citizens to stay alert and avoid sensitive or crowded locations as did its embassy in Tel Aviv. Colombia: The Foreign Ministry stated that the Colombian government has called for moderation, respect for diplomatic channels, and the use of multilateral institutions to assist prevent the conflict from escalating and to allow progress toward a peaceful and long-term solution in the region. Croatia: The Foreign Ministry issued a statement expressing significant worry over the Middle East's escalating security situation. Cuba: President and Communist Party First Secretary Miguel Díaz-Canel vehemently denounced the attacks, demanded a halt to the violence, and urged adherence to international law. Cyprus: President Nikos Christodoulides stated that Cyprus "is not involved in any way, and its role, as always, is stabilizing and humanitarian." He hoped that no additional escalation in the region would occur because it "does not help in any situation whatsoever". Czech Republic: Foreign Minister Jan Lipavský called the strikes a "reasonable reaction" to Iran's threat of a nuclear bomb and support for Hamas and Hezbollah. He said he has "a great deal of understanding for ... military action aimed at preventing the production of a nuclear bomb," adding that "Iran has long failed to fulfill its obligations to the international community, is building up its nuclear program and, at the same time, uses rhetoric aimed at destroying the state of Israel". Egypt: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs declared that Egypt is closely monitoring the current situation. It condemned the strikes, claiming they would worsen the situation and spark a wider regional conflict with unheard-of repercussions for stability and security in the area. Finland: Foreign Minister Elina Valtonen expressed grave concern over the situation, saying the cycle of military escalation must be stopped. France: President Emmanuel Macron called for "maximum restraint" while reaffirming "Israel's right to defend itself and ensure its security." Interior Minister Bruno Retailleau, has directed local authorities to increase vigilance across the country, particularly at places of worship, festive gatherings, and sites linked to Israeli and American interests. Georgia: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed grave worry about the rising threat to regional and international security posed by the developing tensions between Iran and Israel. It made clear how crucial diplomatic efforts are to achieving de-escalation and maintaining stability. Germany: Chancellor Friedrich Merz urged both Israel and Iran to "refrain from steps that could lead to a further escalation and destabilize the whole region." He confirmed that Netanyahu had informed him of the operation in a phone call and stated that Germany is prepared to use "all available diplomatic means" to help de-escalate the conflict. Merz also stressed that "the aim must remain that Iran not develop any nuclear weapons", and reaffirmed Israel's "right to protect its existence and the security of its citizens." He added that German security services will step up protection for Jewish and Israeli sites domestically. Greece: Prime Minister Kyriakos Mitsotakis emphasized how urgently the area needs to de-escalate. He stressed that diplomacy is the only realistic way to move forward while accepting that Iran must not get a nuclear capability. He also cautioned against creating new fronts in the Middle East conflict. Guatemala: The Guatemalan government released a statement expressing serious concern about the attacks. It underlined that this circumstance only serves to intensify a conflict that has the potential to go beyond the area and take on global proportions. Guyana: Representative to the UN Carolyn Rodrigues condemned Israel's attacks on Iran as "against the United Nations Charter" and strongly urged both Israel and Iran to refrain from escalating the conflict. India: Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal said India was "closely monitoring the evolving situation, including reports related to attacks on nuclear sites." Indonesia: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs strongly condemned Israel's large-scale strike on Tehran, warning that the attack could heighten regional tensions. Spokesman Rolliansyah Soemirat stated that all countries are obligated to resolve disputes peacefully and in line with international law. Iraq: The Iraqi government lamented the failure of diplomatic efforts amid the US–Iran negotiations and denounced Israel's use of force against Iran as a "flagrant violation of international law and the United Nations Charter", and called on the UNSC to convene immediately. Additionally, Iraq urged the United States to stop Israel from violating Iraqi airspace while attacking Iran, citing bilateral defense agreements between the two countries. Prime Minister Mohammed Shia al-Sudani spoke with Iranian President Pezeshkian and expressed the country's solidarity with Iran "both people and government" and stated that Iraq is committed to peace. Ireland: Tánaiste Simon Harris called the attacks as "extraordinarily dangerous" and could not have been more terrible. In a televised speech, he also urged all parties to "step back from the brink" and stated that there must be an immediate "de-escalation" in the area. Italy: Foreign Minister Antonio Tajani said during meetings with his Iranian counterpart Abbas Araghchi that he wants Iran to avoid a military escalation in the confrontation with Israel, which would be exceedingly harmful for the entire area. Japan: Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshimasa Hayashi said that the government would "continue all-out diplomatic efforts to prevent the situation from worsening further," and would "take every possible measure" to protect Japanese expatriates. Jordan: Jordan denounced the strikes as a flagrant breach of international law and the UN Charter, as well as a violation of a United Nations member state's sovereignty. Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Sufian Qudah cautioned that the incident jeopardizes regional security and stability and heightens regional tensions. Kenya: Foreign Affairs Principal Secretary Korir Sing'oei called on Iran and Israel to use moderation and look for a peaceful solution to the current problem that led to the current escalation in accordance with the UN Charter. Kuwait: Kuwait denounced the attacks, calling them a threat to regional security, a flagrant violation of Iranian sovereignty, and a breach of all international rules. Kyrgyzstan: The Foreign Ministry expressed deep concern over the escalation of tensions between Israel and Iran. It urged both parties to use their utmost caution and to abstain from any acts that would worsen the situation in the area in order to find a peaceful solution to the current one. Lebanon: President Joseph Aoun issued a statement that read the attacks "targeted not only the Iranian people, but also all international efforts to maintain stability in the Middle East and neighboring countries" and "undermine ongoing mediation initiatives that had made significant progress toward achieving realistic and just solutions to avert the threat of war in the region." He also called for "swift and effective action to prevent Israel from advancing its objectives, which he described as increasingly transparent and highly dangerous if allowed to persist." Libya: The Government of National Unity strongly criticized the strikes, calling them a "blatant violation" of Iranian sovereignty. It emphasized its complete support for diplomatic activities aimed at de-escalating tensions and stressed that such acts undercut ongoing efforts to maintain stability in the region. Luxembourg: Foreign Minister Xavier Bettel criticized the timing of the airstrikes, saying they came at a time "when the USA and Iran are negotiating over the latter's nuclear program," and emphasized that disagreements should be settled diplomatically. Malaysia: Malaysia denounced the attacks, stating that they were a major threat to global peace and security and a blatant breach of international law, particularly the UN Charter. It further stated that every effort must be done to stop the situation from getting worse because doing so could destabilize the area and have far-reaching effects on the entire world. Maldives: President Mohamed Muizzu condemned the strikes and stressed that such aggression violates international law. Mauritania: Mauritania strongly condemned and denounced the attacks, considering them a violation of Iranian sovereignty and an attack towards the Charter of the United Nations. Mauritania also called on the international community to exert pressure to stop these attacks and to work to contain the escalation, stressing that the crises facing the region can only be resolved by political and peaceful solutions. Mexico: The Secretariat of Foreign Affairs voiced a strong condemnation of the strikes, stating that they pose a major threat to the civilian population and regional stability. It also highlighted Mexico's peaceful vocation and underlined that its foreign policy is grounded in its constitutional foundations. Nepal: Nepal voiced serious concerns about the latest increase of confrontations. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs advised both Iran and Israel to avoid further escalation and instead engage in conversation through diplomatic channels to promote peace and regional stability. Netherlands: The Dutch cabinet expressed concern for the attacks, with Prime Minister Dick Schoof calling it "alarming" and encouraging everyone involved to "maintain calm and refrain from further attacks and reprisals". New Zealand: Prime Minister Christopher Luxon said the strikes were "a huge concern", while Foreign Minister Winston Peters called for de-escalation. Nicaragua: Co-president Rosario Murillo condemned the attacks as unfortunate events. She stressed that "it is a cowardly attack" and that "it violates all laws and norms of coexistence as well as international treaties". Nigeria: Nigeria denounced the attacks, stating that they have severely increased Middle East tensions and pose a threat to international peace and stability. Foreign Ministry spokesperson Kimiebi Ebienfa conveyed Nigeria's profound worry and asked all sides to use extreme caution for the sake of regional and international peace. Norway: Foreign Minister Espen Barth Eide criticized the attacks, saying they violate international law, exacerbate regional tensions, and endanger global security. Oman: Oman blamed Israel for the attacks and its consequences. Pakistan: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs condemned Israel's attack and affirmed Iran's right to self-defence under Article 51 of the UN Charter. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif also said that he condemns the attacks and supports Iran's right for self-defence, he called on United Nations to take "urgent steps" to prevent any further escalations. Deputy prime minister and foreign minister Ishaq Dar reiterated Sharif's statement. Paraguay: The Foreign Ministry issued a statement urging regional peace while reaffirming its strong support for Israel and its right to self-defense. Peru: The Peruvian government voiced profound worry over the attacks, which imperil international peace and violate international law. It urged all sides to refrain from more escalation, which might have unanticipated effects on regional stability and global security. Philippines: The Department of Foreign Affairs voiced "grave concern" on the attacks. Foreign Affairs Spokesperson Maria Teresita Daza urged involved countries to deescalate and seek peace. New warnings were released by the Philippine embassies in Iran, Iraq, and Israel, asking Filipinos to stay vigilant and stay out of public areas. Poland: Interior Minister Tomasz Siemoniak said Poland was monitoring Israel's military action in cooperation with its allies "primarily from the standpoint of Poland's security interests and Polish citizens residing in the Middle East". Minister of National Defence Władysław Kosiniak-Kamysz did not foresee any action by the Polish troop contingents in Lebanon and Turkey. Prime Minister Donald Tusk referred to the attacks to justify scaling up domestic arms production. Portugal: Presidential candidate Luís Marques Mendes urged Europe to take decisive action to prevent such attacks, which he described as "a completely gratuitous, profoundly unnecessary, and above all, very dangerous intervention in a very sensitive area of the world". Qatar: Qatar strongly condemned the Israeli strike on Iran, stating that it was a blatant infringement of Iran's security and sovereignty as well as a blatant violation of international law. It reaffirmed its unwavering stance against all forms of violence and urged moderation in order to prevent escalation, which would broaden the conflict's scope and jeopardize regional peace and stability. Russia: Presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov said: "Russia is concerned by and condemns the sharp escalation in tensions". President Vladimir Putin held talks with both Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu, condemning the Israeli strikes and offering mediation between the two countries. Saudi Arabia: The Foreign Ministry condemned the "heinous" attacks, calling it a violation of international laws and norms. Serbia: President Aleksandar Vučić expressed concern that the attacks may lead to economic instability, political volatility, and global unease. "All I want is for this to be over as quickly as possible," he added. Singapore: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a statement expressing great worry about the region's escalating tensions. It called on all parties to the confrontation between Iran and Israel to use moderation and to defuse the situation. Slovenia: President Nataša Pirc Musar blamed Israel for "escalating" the situation. Deputy ambassador to the UN, Ondina Blokar Drobič, voiced her profound concern about the Israeli strike on Iran and the country's response during a Security Council meeting on Friday. South Africa: The Department of International Relations and Cooperation stated that South Africa is deeply concerned about the attacks, which raise serious concerns under international law, including the principles of sovereignty, territorial integrity, and civilian protection enshrined in the UN Charter and international humanitarian law. Additionally, it called for the immediate escalation of diplomatic efforts to defuse tensions and advance stability in the Middle East and asks all parties to exercise the utmost moderation. South Korea: A Foreign Ministry spokesperson stated that the government expressed its deep worry over the attacks and denounced any actions that worsened the situation. It called on all involved parties to use the utmost caution and reduce regional tensions. Spain: The Spanish government denounced the attacks and called on the parties to exercise restraint and put an end to the violence right away. It reaffirmed Spain's dedication to Middle Eastern stability and its intention to keep collaborating with its allies to bring about enduring peace in the area. Sri Lanka: The Sri Lankan government called on both countries to put diplomacy and communication first in order to defuse the growing tensions between Iran and Israel. Sweden: Foreign Minister Maria Malmer Stenergard stated, "It is a very serious situation in a region that is already tense and unstable and we are now following the rapid development very closely and like many others, we are now urging all parties to de-escalate." Switzerland: Federal Counciller Ignazio Cassis remarked that Switzerland is profoundly worried about the attacks, and urged all sides to use extreme caution and abstain from any behavior that would exacerbate tensions. Syria: Syria under the transitional government of Ahmed al-Sharaa has remained silent since the outbreak of the conflict. It has not condemned Israel or Iran. Tajikistan: The Foreign Ministry criticized Israel's military operations against Iran and expressed grave concern over the situation's escalation. It underlined that the only legitimate means of resolving any disputes and problems in the area is through conversation and negotiations. Thailand: Foreign Ministry spokesperson Nikorndej Balankura voiced Thailand's deep concerns about the growing scope and consequences of the conflict. "Thailand urges all parties to exercise maximum restraint to prevent further deterioration of the situation, which would inevitably harm innocent civilians," he stated. Tunisia: Tunisia vehemently denounced the attacks and the egregious assault on its security and sovereignty, which violated the UN Charter and all international rules and standards and threatened the foundations of peace, security, and stability not just in the region but globally. Turkey: The Foreign Ministry condemned the attacks "in the strongest possible terms" saying that "Israel does not want issues to be resolved through diplomatic means." Ukraine: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed alarm over the attacks, warning that the continuance of hostilities could have a negative impact on international security and global financial stability, particularly in the oil markets. It reminded that the Iranian government arms Moscow to murder Ukrainians and backs Russia in its war against Ukraine. Furthermore, Ukraine advised its citizens to leave Israel and Iran. United Arab Emirates: The United Arab Emirates denounced the strikes, expressing great worry about the current escalation and its implications for regional security and stability. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs emphasized in a statement the significance of using the highest level of self-control and discernment to reduce risks and stop the conflict from getting worse. United Kingdom: Prime Minister Keir Starmer urged "all parties to step back" and "return to diplomacy." Foreign Secretary David Lammy called the attacks a "very dangerous moment." Finance minister Rachel Reeves is said to have suggested that the UK will assist in Israel's protection, but according to reports, the UK has no plans to defend Israel from retaliation by Iran. Later the same day, Starmer said the UK has "long held concerns" about Iran's nuclear programme, and that he "absolutely recognize[s] Israel's right to self-defence." At the same time, he stressed the need for "de-escalation." Starmer reiterated those messages during a phone call with Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu. On 14 June, the UK began relocating fighter jets to the Middle East as a "contingency" measure, according to PM Starmer, who also hinted it could involve defensive support for Israel. On 15 June, the UK began advising against all travel to Israel. Conservative leader of the opposition Kemi Badenoch declined to condemn the attacks, emphasizing that "Iran is an enemy of the UK" and had attempted terrorist attacks "on UK soil." She added, "If Israel is stopping Iran from getting nuclear weapons they should not be condemned for that." Reform UK leader Nigel Farage supported the Israeli strikes, calling them a response to "the total failure of the deal struck a decade ago." He said the Iranian regime is close to developing nuclear weapons and aims to "wipe Israel and its people off the map," asking, "who can blame Israel for trying to stop this?" He added that the Iranian people "deserve better than the current brutal regime," indicating his support for the Iranian opposition. Speaking on behalf of the Green Party, MP Ellie Chowns expressed alarm at Israel's "targeted assassinations and widespread bombing of Iran" and denounced Israel as "a rogue state operating outside international law". She demanded that the government clarify whether it knew of the attacks in advance, and cease all military support of Israel, while calling for "a multilateral diplomatic process to look to address Iran's growing nuclear threat". United States: President Donald Trump praised the Israeli strikes as "excellent" and "very successful," and warned that Iran must "make a deal now" over its nuclear program or face "even more destructive and deadly military action." He said there had already been "great death and destruction" and cautioned that future strikes would be "even more brutal." Trump criticized Iran for refusing multiple chances to reach an agreement, saying he told them to "just do it," but they "just couldn't get it done." He pledged continued military support for Israel, stating, "Israel has a lot of it, with much more to come – and they know how to use it." He suggested that the attacks were coordinated with the talks he was conducting: "we gave Iran 60 days to make a deal and today is 61, right?". Trump authorized US forces to assist in intercepting the initial Iranian missile barrage. The US warned Iran against attacking American interests or personnel, emphasizing it would respond militarily if such attacks occurred. Secretary of State Marco Rubio said that Israel acted independently, stating the U.S. was not involved. He said that Israel informed the U.S. it viewed the attack as an act of self-defense. Rubio warned: "Iran should not target US interests or personnel" and also said the administration was taking all necessary steps and maintaining communication with regional partners. Senator Jim Risch warned Iran not to attack the US, saying: "Iran would be foolish to attack the United States." Senator Jack Reed said: "Israel's alarming decision to launch airstrikes on Iran is a reckless escalation that risks igniting regional violence". Senator Rand Paul urged President Trump not to get involved in any war between other countries. US representative at the UN McCoy Pitt admitted that the US had had prior knowledge of the attack and had received Israel's justification of "necessary ... self-defence", stating that "Every sovereign nation has the right to defend itself, and Israel is no exception". Following the attack, US forces moved closer to the Middle East. Uruguay: The Ministry of Foreign Relations expressed concern about the military escalation, which threatens to exacerbate an already delicate regional situation. Uzbekistan: The Foreign Ministry published a statement expressing "serious concern" about the strikes. It urged all sides to use the utmost caution, stop all military operations right away, and turn to diplomatic and political means of resolution. Vatican City: Pope Leo XIV urged the countries to engage in discussion and urged Iranian and Israeli authorities to act with "reason." "Great concern" was how he described his monitoring of the situation. Venezuela: The Venezuelan government strongly condemned the strikes calling it a violation of international law and expressed its backing of its Middle Eastern ally. President Nicolás Maduro has condemned the attacks describing it as a "criminal assault" that "violates international law and the United Nations Charter", he further said "No to war, no to fascism, no to neo-Nazi Zionism" and accuses France, Germany, Britain and the US of supporting "the 21st-century Hitler" against the "noble and peaceful Iranian people". Vietnam: Foreign Ministry spokesperson Pham Thu Hang stated that Vietnam is deeply concerned about the attacks and strongly condemns dangerous acts of escalation, the use of force, and violations of international law, the United Nations Charter, and national sovereignty. She noted the need to advocate for the creation of favorable conditions for continued peace talks in order to promote regional and global security, safety, peace, and stability.

Protests

On 14 June, several pro-Palestine demonstrators marched through the streets in London and gathered in Parliament Square waving Palestinian and Iranian flags as well as chanted "stop bombing Iran". Protestors demanded an end of the bombing in Iran and Gaza and urged the government to halt military support to Israel.

Some supporters of Trump in the United States have criticized Trump's support for Israeli strikes against Iran, and the possible involvement of the United States in the war has caused a split in the MAGA movement.

Analysis

Iranian preparedness

Iranian leaders anticipated the possibility of hostilities if nuclear negotiations with the United States stalled, but miscalculated the timing of any such engagement, The New York Times reported, citing officials close to the leaders who said Iran had not expected an Israeli offensive before the next scheduled round of talks in Oman, and therefore dismissed warning signs as psychological operations aimed at securing diplomatic leverage. This misjudgment led to a failure to implement defensive protocols that had been previously discussed. High-ranking military personnel, including senior commanders of the IRGC, ignored directives to disperse or shelter, resulting in the deaths of key figures during targeted strikes on military facilities, most notably in Tehran. The Wall Street Journal's editorial board also pointed to Iran underestimating Trump and Netanyahu. The paper's editors said the Iranian regime thought it could continue to play the Americans and "pay no price" for continued stalling.

Legality

The International Commission of Jurists released a statement saying "Israel's attack on Iran violates international law, threatening peace and security" and calling on "Iran and Israel to comply with their non-proliferation obligations and ensure IAEA's access to all their nuclear facilities". Marko Milanović, Kevin Jon Heller and Sergey Vasiliev, all scholars of international law, have described these attacks as a crime of aggression. The Turkish government also commented that the Israeli action "constitutes a blatant violation of international law". In 2012, there were differing positions regarding a potential attack against Iran over its nuclear programme, which are summarised by law professor Andrew Garwood-Gowers, who concluded that "from an international law standpoint, a unilateral military strike against Iran would be illegal". Writing in the European Journal of International Law, Marko Milanovic, Professor of Public International Law in the UK, stated, "To conclude, even if the broadest possible (legally plausible) understanding of anticipatory self-defence was taken as a correct, Israel's use of force against Iran would be illegal. This is because there is little evidence that Iran has irrevocably committed itself to attacking Israel with a nuclear weapon, once it develops this capability". The Israeli Ambassador to the UN commented that "This was an act of national preservation. It was one we undertook alone, not because we wanted to, but because we were left no other option". Pezeshkian, has been supportive of talks with the United States to revive the agreement Iran reached with the US and other world powers in 2015.

Further analyses

The Jerusalem Post suggested Iran's possible retaliation could entail proxy attacks, ballistic missiles and drones, naval and "asymmetric" threats, attacks on targets based outside the country, conventional armed forces or diplomatic attacks.

According to Foreign Policy, most of the American-allied countries have failed to recognize the danger posed by the Iranian regime which seeks to "leverage American gullibility and caution to Tehran's advantage". Israel, according to the paper, decided to resolve the Iranian threat, deemed "existential" by Israelis and strike the "head of the snake" and end the Iranian threat.

Mohammad Eslami, a researcher at the University of Tehran and head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran, suggested that a retaliatory attack was supported by most of Iran's domestic political parties, a near unanimity not seen since the Iran–Iraq War.

According to the Atlantic Council's Daniel B. Shapiro, the attacks by Israel laid bare the weakness of Iran in the aftermath of the 7 October attacks, claiming that Israel has achieved full penetration of Iran and has demonstrated capabilities to strike at targets across much of the country. "Iran has never looked weaker, and its ability to respond meaningfully will be tested", he concluded.

Hamish de Bretton-Gordon of The Telegraph described Israel's offensive as a "preemptive, precise, and combined strike" that has "absolutely hammered" Iran and may shatter its nuclear ambitions. He praised the operation's scale and sophistication, calling it "an attack on senior military and political decision-makers" with a level of intensity "not seen in living memory".

Military analyst Richard Kemp argued that Israel "had no choice but to attack," describing Iran as a "desperate" regime that has long pursued nuclear weapons and supported global terrorism. With diplomacy exhausted, Kemp warned that failing to act would have meant allowing "a regime that has repeatedly proven its capacity for unlimited violence" to acquire nuclear arms. He urged continued support for Israel to "finish the job," cautioning that any renewed negotiations would be a mistake, as Iran "would not honour" any deal.

Writing for Al Jazeera English, Imad El-Anis, an international relations expert on the Middle East, pointed to Israel's capability of smuggling drones into Iran and to operate in Iranian airspace signals a marked shift in the balance of power. According to El-Anis, Israel exploitation of these weaknesses is unprecedented in the history of the conflict between the two nations. Al Jazeera's senior political analyst Marwan Bishara argued that Israel was obliterating the recent pragmatic turn in Iran's foreign policy and suggested that Netanyahu had pursued the narrative of Iran as an "existential threat" to Israel since his first cabinet position in the early 1990s.

US diplomat and former Department of State official Thomas M. Countryman called Donald Trump's apparent use of Israeli attacks as a negotiating strategy with Iran "profoundly misguided" and alleged that Netanyahu was hoping for Iran to target American positions in the Middle East and thereby provoke the United States to enter the conflict. According to US nuclear expert Jim Walsh, Israel's attacks could produce the opposite effect to the stated intention in forcing Tehran to pursue nuclear weapons.

In his analysis, Charles Moore, Baron Moore of Etchingham argues that Israel's strikes reflect a hard-learned lesson from the 7 October Hamas attacks: never again be caught off guard. He describes Iran as posing a "targeted, active existential threat" to Israel, unlike the more abstract dangers faced by most nations. Backing Netanyahu's decision, Moore writes that "Israel knew very well how to respond", and suggests that the Prime Minister may be emerging as "their Churchill". While controversial at home, Netanyahu enjoys broad consensus in Israel on the threat posed by Iran, a threat Moore says the West fails to fully grasp. Hamid Gholamzadeh, director of Tehran's Diplo House think tank, Ali Akbar Darani, a researcher at the Center for Strategic Studies in Tehran and Abas Aslani, a senior researcher at the Center for Middle East Strategic Studies suggested that Israeli attacks on Iranian energy and other sites have failed to create domestic unrest and the possibility of a regime change and instead united the population even the ones that opposed the ruling government with Darani stating; "I have rarely seen such national unity".

On 14 June Muhanad Seloom of the Doha Institute for Graduate Studies suggested that, while "bruised severely", Iran was unwilling to risk a wider conflict with the U.S. and its European allies, saying its limited response to date was "below the threshold" of all-out war and indicated a willingness to reenter nuclear negotiations; he also noted that Israeli airstrikes had not completely destroyed Iranian nuclear facilities. A few days later, National Iranian American Council president Jamal Abdi concurred, noting that, while refraining from striking U.S. forces, Iran has refused to abandon the Non-Proliferation Treaty, evict inspectors, or blockade the Strait of Hormuz.

In an interview with BBC Persian, political analyst Mojtaba Najafi criticized the lack of national unity in the face of external threats. He argued that the Iranian establishment's suppression of public expression had weakened internal cohesion, stating, "One of the reasons Israel dared to attack was Iran's internal problems. ... Unresolved crises and deep anger have distorted the meaning of nationhood in Iran, allowing a foreign force to attack without fear."

On 16 June, The Economist wrote that the Iranian regime was facing internal discontent and external pressure. It reported that some Iranians had celebrated the assassination of key military leaders. It argued that Israel's campaign had exposed the "failure of the regime's military strategy" and raised hopes for an uprising or coup.

See also

• 2024 Iran–Israel conflict
• Begin Doctrine
• Destruction of Israel in Iranian policy
• Timeline of the nuclear program of Iran
• Iran's disclosure of confidential IAEA documents
• September 1980 Iraqi airstrikes on Iran
• War of the cities

External links

• Media related to Iran–Israel War at Wikimedia Commons