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Ngari Prefecture

Coordinates: 32°29′N 80°06′E / 32.49°N 80.10°E / 32.49; 80.10
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Ngari Prefecture
阿里地区 · མངའ་རིས་ས་ཁུལ།
Ali Prefecture
Prefecture
Lake Manasarovar and Mount Naimona'nyi
Lake Manasarovar and Mount Naimona'nyi
Location of Ngari Prefecture within China
Location of Ngari Prefecture within China
CountryPeople's Republic of China
Autonomous regionTibet
Prefecture seatShiquanhe, Gar County
Area
 • Total
304,683 km2 (117,639 sq mi)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total
123,281
 • Density0.40/km2 (1.0/sq mi)
GDP
 • TotalCN¥ 9.14 billion[2]
US$ 1.25 billion
 • Per capitaCN¥ 74,000
US$ 10,000
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
ISO 3166 codeCN-XJ-25
WebsiteNgari (Ali) Prefecture Administrative Office
This article contains Tibetan script. Without proper rendering support, you may see very small fonts, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Tibetan characters.

Ngari Prefecture (Tibetan: མངའ་རིས་ས་ཁུལ།, Wylie: mnga' ris sa khul, ZYPY: ngari sakü) or Ali Prefecture (simplified Chinese: 阿里地区; traditional Chinese: 阿里地區; pinyin: Ālǐ Dìqū) is a prefecture of China's Tibet Autonomous Region covering Western Tibet, whose traditional name is Ngari Khorsum. Its administrative centre and largest settlement is the town of Shiquanhe. It is one of the least densely populated areas in the world, with 0.4 people per square kilometer (1.0 per square mile).

History

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Painting of Avalokitesvara and a fisherman in a storm, Tholing Monastery, 11th century

In ancient times, Ngari was known as Zhangzhung. The Zhangzhung kingdom extended over much of western Tibet, until its conquest by the Tibetan Empire under Songtsen Gampo. Zhangzhung sites, such as its capital Khyung-lung dngul-mkhar, are traditionally believed to be closely associated with the development of Bon, the indigenous Tibetan religion. According to Bon tradition, the religion first spread to Zhangzhung from the semi-mythical lands of Olmo Lungring and Tagzig. Thereafter, Bon doctrines were transmitted to central Tibet. Archaeological evidence demonstrated a highly distinctive cultural tradition in the prehistoric era.[3]

In the mid-7th century, the Tibetan Empire annexed Zhangzhung and expanded its system of administrative divisions known as Tongde to western Tibet. Tibetan militias were deployed in newly established military garrisons, as Classical Tibetan became widely used across the region.[4]

The name "Ngari" (mnga' ris), meaning "domain",[5] arose during the Tibetan Era of Fragmentation. The Tibetan Empire fell to a civil war between rival heirs of the Yarlung dynasty in the 840s. In 925, Kyide Nyimagon, a descendant of the last emperor, founded the kingdom of Ngari Khorsum ("three divisions of Ngari"). At the time, his kingdom encompassed both present-day Ngari and Ladakh. After Kyide Nyimagon's death, the kingdom was divided into three, namely Purang-Guge, Maryul (later known as Ladakh) and Zanskar.[6] Guge was the early center of the Second Diffusion of Buddhism into Tibet. In 988, the Guge king Songne abdicated to become a monk and took the name Yeshe-Ö. He founded the Tholing Monastery, which became the center of Tibetan Buddhist translation. At Tholing, the translator Rinchen Zangpo started the New Tantra Tradition School and initiated a major period of monastery building. In 1072, Purang and Guge were further split as two separate kingdoms. Purang was closely tied to the kingdom of Yatse, which was founded in the Himalayan regions to the south.[7] The Kagyu sect became active in Guge in the late 12th century and Mount Kailash came to be a major pilgrimage destination, especially among followers of Milarepa.[5]

Ruins of Tsaparang, the capital of Guge

Under Mongol rule, the Mangyul Gungthang kingdom rose to dominance from Lower Ngari. Backed by the Sakyapa, it defeated Purang/Yatse in 1252–1253, received direct recognition from the Mongols and held much power over Ngari. Gungtang suffered as the Yuan dynasty fell, while Purang changed hands multiple times towards the end of the 14th century. Around the same time, the Purang/Yatse polity collapsed and came under Guge rule.[5][8]

Ngari entered a long period of decline starting in the late 14th century, possibly due to reduced precipitation over the region. No new monastery was constructed in Ngari's core region after 1500.[9] The Gelug spread from central Tibet into Ngari from the 15th century onward, and gained the support of the Guge kings. Sectarian conflicts intensified between the Gelug and the Kagyu, which enjoyed the support of Ladakh. During this period, Ladakh steadily expanded and eventually managed to completely conquer Guge in 1630.[10]

In the 1680s, as Ladakh allied with Bhutan, which adhered to the Drukpa Kagyu sect, in the latter's disputes with Tibet, the Ganden Podrang government of Tibet launched an expedition into Ngari.[10][11] Led by general Ganden Tsewang, the force of Tibetan and Mongol cavalry was victorious at Purang, Rutog and the Ladakhi capital Leh, thus bringing Ngari under the control of central Tibet.[11]

The Ganden Podrang appointed governors known as Garpöns to administer Ngari, who headquartered in Gartok. The region was divided into four Dzongs (Purang, Tsaparang, Daba and Rutog) and six Pöns. The former were headed by appointed officials while the latter were granted to local noble families. The name "Ngari Khorsum" was reinterpreted to mean Purang, Guge and Rutog, reflecting a much reduced extent of Ngari.[12] In 1841, the Dogras invaded Ngari after having successfully conquered Baltistan and Ladakh. After more than a year of fighting in both Ngari and Ladakh, the war ended with the Treaty of Chushul, which restored the status quo.[13]

In 1951, the Chinese People's Liberation Army entered Gartok. The Garpön government was disbanded in 1959 and the Ngari Prefecture was established a year later. In 1963, Zhongba County, formerly part of Ngari, was transferred to the Shigatse Prefecture. From 1970 to 1979, Ngari was administered by the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. The prefecture was returned to the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1980. However, the Xinjiang Military District retained its jurisdiction over military affairs in Ngari.[14][15]

The prefecture has close cultural links with Ladakh, the Kinnaur and Lahaul and Spiti districts of the bordering Indian state of Himachal Pradesh,[16] as well as the Mustang district of Nepal.[5]

Geography and climate

[edit]
Chiu Monastery by Lake Manasarovar, with Mount Kailash in the background

Four major mountain ranges stretch across Ngari, namely the Himalayas, the Gangdise, the Karakoram, and the Kunlun. Ngari can be divided into three geographical regions, with the elevation increasing from south to north. Northern Ngari forms part of the arid, mostly uninhabited Changtang plateau, where many saline lakes can be found among the high-altitude endorheic basins. The central parts of Ngari consist of wide valleys of rivers such as the Sengge Zangbo (Indus). In the south, rivers flowing towards the Himalayas cut deep gorges through the landscape.[17]

Ngari is best known for Mount Kailash and Lake Manasarovar. Four major rivers originate from the area around the holy mountain and lake. The Sengge Zangbo ("Lion River"), which originates to the north of Mount Kailash, is the source of the Indus. The Langqen Zangbo ("Elephant River") flows westward through the core of the historical kingdom of Guge, and becomes the Sutlej, a major tributary of the Indus. The Damqog Zangbo ("Horse River") forms the upper reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo (Brahmaputra) in the east. The Mabja Zangbo ("Peacock River") runs south from Purang, and is known as the Karnali after crossing the Himalayas.[18]

Mount Kailash is 6,714 m (22,028 ft) above sea level and is a main peak of the Gangdise range (also called the Kailash Range), part of the Transhimalayas. The holy mountain and lake are associated with number of religions: Buddhism, Hinduism, and Bon, among others, attracting numerous domestic and international religious pilgrims and tourists. Surrounding Mount Kailash are four ancient and famous monasteries: Zhabura, Chiu Gompa, Zheri and Zhozhub. Manasarovar lies 4,588 m (15,052 ft) above sea level, covers an area of 412 km2 (159 sq mi) and reaches a maximum depth of 70 m (230 ft).

Ngari has a cold desert climate (Köppen climate classification: BWk), with strong dry-winter subarctic climate tendencies (Köppen climate classification: Dwc).


Climate data for Shiquanhe, elevation 4,279 m (14,039 ft), (1991–2020 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5) 		9.5
(49.1) 		14.5
(58.1) 		15.7
(60.3) 		20.5
(68.9) 		25.2
(77.4) 		32.1
(89.8) 		26.4
(79.5) 		23.7
(74.7) 		16.7
(62.1) 		12.7
(54.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		32.1
(89.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −4.0
(24.8) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		2.7
(36.9) 		8.1
(46.6) 		13.0
(55.4) 		18.5
(65.3) 		22.0
(71.6) 		20.8
(69.4) 		16.8
(62.2) 		8.8
(47.8) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		9.0
(48.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −11.7
(10.9) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		0.9
(33.6) 		5.7
(42.3) 		11.3
(52.3) 		15.0
(59.0) 		14.2
(57.6) 		9.9
(49.8) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		1.6
(34.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −19.3
(−2.7) 		−16.6
(2.1) 		−12.3
(9.9) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−2.0
(28.4) 		4.1
(39.4) 		8.5
(47.3) 		8.1
(46.6) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−7.0
(19.4) 		−13.0
(8.6) 		−17.1
(1.2) 		−5.9
(21.4)
Record low °C (°F) −36.7
(−34.1) 		−30.2
(−22.4) 		−25.3
(−13.5) 		−17.9
(−0.2) 		−11.2
(11.8) 		−6.6
(20.1) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−17.0
(1.4) 		−23.5
(−10.3) 		−32.9
(−27.2) 		−36.7
(−34.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1.6
(0.06) 		1.7
(0.07) 		1.1
(0.04) 		1.3
(0.05) 		2.9
(0.11) 		5.8
(0.23) 		22.9
(0.90) 		25.3
(1.00) 		5.5
(0.22) 		1.7
(0.07) 		0.2
(0.01) 		0.6
(0.02) 		70.6
(2.78)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 1.8 2.0 1.3 0.9 2.0 2.8 7.0 8.7 3.1 0.7 0.4 0.6 31.3
Average snowy days 3.9 4.3 3.6 3.5 4.8 2.1 0.1 0.3 1.0 1.4 1.0 1.6 27.6
Average relative humidity (%) 34 33 29 27 28 30 37 42 34 24 24 26 31
Mean monthly sunshine hours 250.1 241.3 299.1 304.9 332.8 333.6 309.9 289.9 299.7 311.1 274.7 262.6 3,509.7
Percentage possible sunshine 78 77 80 78 77 78 72 71 82 90 88 85 80
Source: China Meteorological Administration[19][20][21] all-time extreme temperature[22]


Subdivisions

[edit]

Ngari Prefecture is subdivided into seven counties.

# Name Chinese (S) Hanyu Pinyin Tibetan Wylie Tibetan pinyin Population (2020 Census)[1] Area (km2) Density (/km2)
1 Gar County 噶尔县 Gá'ěr Xiàn སྒར་རྫོང་། sgar rdzong Gar Zong 31,052 17,669 1.75
2 Burang County 普兰县 Pǔlán Xiàn སྤུ་ཧྲེང་རྫོང་། spu hreng rdzong Burang Zong 12,242 12,539 0.98
3 Zanda County 札达县 Zhádá Xiàn རྩ་མདའ་རྫོང་། rtsa mda' rdzong Zanda Zong 8,454 18,083 0.47
4 Rutog County 日土县 Rìtǔ Xiàn རུ་ཐོག་རྫོང་། ru thog rdzong Rutog Zong 11,167 77,096 0.15
5 Gê'gyai County 革吉县 Géjí Xiàn དགེ་རྒྱས་རྫོང་། dge rgyas rdzong Gê'gyai Zong 18,012 46,117 0.39
6 Gêrzê County 改则县 Gǎizé Xiàn སྒེར་རྩེ་རྫོང་། sger rtse rdzong Gêrzê Zong 25,327 135,025 0.19
7 Coqên County 措勤县 Cuòqín Xiàn མཚོ་ཆེན་རྫོང་། mtsho chen rdzong Coqên Zong 17,027 22,980 0.74

Transportation

[edit]
A road in Zanda County

The paved Xinjiang-Tibet Highway (新藏公路, G219) is the main transportation line through Ngari. The 2,143-kilometre (1,332 mi) long highway runs from Kargilik, Xinjiang to Lhatse County in central Tibet, where it meets the China–Nepal Highway.[23] The section between Kargilik and Gartok was completed in 1957. At the time, it was the only gravel road into Ngari and the highest road in the world.[24] The highway was subsequently extended eastward to Purang and Lhatse. Most of the road's Ngari section is located in uninhabited land at an average altitude of more than 4,500 metres (14,800 ft).[23] More than 1,000 soldiers of the People's Liberation Army died during the highway's construction due to altitude sickness and avalanches.[24] The Xinjiang-Tibet Highway was completely paved from 2010 to 2012.[25] In the present day, the majority of passengers and goods from Ngari are transported through the Xinjiang-Tibet Highway to China's railway network in southern Xinjiang.[23]

Ngari Gunsa Airport began operations on July 1, 2010, becoming the fourth civil airport in Tibet (shortening the trip to Lhasa to one-and-a-half hours from three or four days by car) after Lhasa Gonggar Airport, Qamdo Bamda Airport and Nyingchi Mainling Airport.[26]

See also

[edit]

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "阿里地区第七次全国人口普查 主要数据公报". 阿里地区行政公署 [Ngari Prefecture Administrative Office]. 10 June 2021.
  2. ^ "GDP: Ngari, Tibet". CEIC Data.
  3. ^ Bellezza, John Vincent (2008). Zhang Zhung: Foundations of Civilization in Tibet. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. p. 245.
  4. ^ Ryavec, Karl E. (2015). A Historical Atlas of Tibet. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 49.
  5. ^ a b c d Jackson, David P. (1976). "The Early History of Lo (Mustang) and Ngari" (PDF). INAS. 4 (1): 39–56.
  6. ^ Ryavec, Karl E. (2015). A Historical Atlas of Tibet. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 62.
  7. ^ Ryavec, Karl E. (2015). A Historical Atlas of Tibet. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 73–74.
  8. ^ Ryavec, Karl E. (2015). A Historical Atlas of Tibet. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 97–98.
  9. ^ Ryavec, Karl E. (2015). A Historical Atlas of Tibet. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 16.
  10. ^ a b Ryavec, Karl E. (2015). A Historical Atlas of Tibet. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 120–121.
  11. ^ a b Guge, Tsering Gyalpo (2003). 阿里史话 [The History of Ngari] (in Chinese). Lhasa: Tibet People's Press. pp. 28–35.
  12. ^ Guge, Tsering Gyalpo (2003). 阿里史话 [The History of Ngari] (in Chinese). Lhasa: Tibet People's Press. pp. 35–37.
  13. ^ Guge, Tsering Gyalpo (2003). 阿里史话 [The History of Ngari] (in Chinese). Lhasa: Tibet People's Press. pp. 50–55.
  14. ^ "阿里概况 [Overview of Ngari]". 阿里地区行政公署 [Ngari Prefecture Administrative Office].
  15. ^ Guge, Tsering Gyalpo (2003). 阿里史话 [The History of Ngari] (in Chinese). Lhasa: Tibet People's Press. pp. 59–60.
  16. ^ "Kinnaur-Ngari Corridor: An Argument for The Revival of The Western Himalayan Silk Route - Himachal Watcher". 21 November 2019. Retrieved 2020-08-01.
  17. ^ "自然地理 [Natural Geography]". 阿里地区行政公署 [Ngari Prefecture Administrative Office].
  18. ^ Guge, Tsering Gyalpo (2003). 阿里史话 [The History of Ngari] (in Chinese). Lhasa: Tibet People's Press. pp. 6–9.
  19. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  20. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
  21. ^ "55228: Shiquanhe (China)". ogimet.com. OGIMET. 27 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  22. ^ "Extreme Temperatures Around the World". Retrieved 2024-10-06.
  23. ^ a b c "新藏公路简介 [Overview of Xinjiang-Tibet Highway]". 西藏自治区交通运输厅 [Tibet Autonomous Region Department of Transportation].
  24. ^ a b "新中国档案：世界海拔最高公路新藏公路建成通车". Xinhua. 3 September 2009.
  25. ^ "新藏公路新疆段全线"换装" 预计8月底通车". 亚心网. 18 July 2012.
  26. ^ Tibet's fourth civil airport opens

Further reading

[edit]
  • Bellezza, John Vincent: Zhang Zhung. Foundations of Civilization in Tibet. A Historical and Ethnoarchaeological Study of the Monuments, Rock Art, Texts, and Oral Tradition of the Ancient Tibetan Upland. Denkschriften der phil.-hist. Klasse 368. Beitraege zur Kultur- und Geistesgeschichte Asiens 61, Verlag der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien 2008.
  • Ngari Prefecture Annals Editing Office (《阿里地区志》编辑室). 2009. Ngari Prefecture Annals. (in Chinese) (English language Table of Contents: pp. 1585-1600)
  • Zeisler, Bettina. (2010). "East of the Moon and West of the Sun? Approaches to a Land with Many Names, North of Ancient India and South of Khotan." In: The Tibet Journal, Special issue. Autumn 2009 vol XXXIV n. 3-Summer 2010 vol XXXV n. 2. "The Earth Ox Papers", edited by Roberto Vitali, pp. 371–463.
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32°29′N 80°06′E / 32.49°N 80.10°E / 32.49; 80.10

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