Trentepohlia (alga)
Trentepohlia is a genus of filamentous chlorophyte green algae in the family Trentepohliaceae, living free on terrestrial supports such as tree trunks and wet rocks or symbiotically in lichens.[2] The filaments of Trentepohlia often have a strong orange colour (photograph at right) caused by the presence of large quantities of carotenoid pigments which mask the green of the chlorophyll.
Nomenclature
[edit]Organisms belonging to the genus Trentepohlia were first described by Linnaeus in 1759; he named his species Byssus aureus (currently known as Trentepohlia aurea).[3] The genus was circumscribed by Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius in Fl. Crypt. Erlang. on page 351 in 1817. The genus name of Trentepohlia is in honour of Johann Friedrich Trentepohl (1748–1806), who was a German clergyman and botanist. He worked as a lecturer and Pastor in various places in Wesermarsch.[4] Martius' name was conserved in favor of the moss genus Trentepohlia and the Brassicaceae genus Trentepohlia both published by Albrecht Wilhelm Roth; the names were published earlier, in 1794 and 1800 respectively.[5]
Description
[edit]Trentepohlia consists of branched filaments of cells; the filament occurs in two systems, a prostrate and an erect system. Both prostrate and erect systems are variously branched; the branching is typically alternate or irregular, rarely opposite. Occasionally, the erect system of filaments may be reduced. The ends of filaments may be somewhat attenuated, and end in a cellulose cap or a cylindrical, unicellular hair.[6] Cells are cylindrical, barrel-shaped or spherical, one to five times longer than broad, with thin or thick and lamellate cell walls. Within each cell there are multiple, discoid chloroplasts or a single band-shaped chloroplast; chloroplasts lack pyrenoids. The chloroplast is typically obscured by carotenoid pigments, giving the cells an orange or red color.[6]
Reproduction
[edit]The life cycle of Trentepohlia is poorly known.[3] It is known to reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction is via zoospores, which are quadriflagellate and produced in terminal sporangia. Sexual reproduction is by biflagellate gametes which are produced in spherical or urn-shaped gametangia. The gametangia are located either at the ends of filaments (terminal) or in at the sides or middle of filaments (lateral, intercalary).[6]
Trentepohlia is generally hypothesized to undergo an alternation of generations. In this scheme, it alternates between haploid gametophytes which produce biflagellate isogamous gametes, and diploid sporophytes which undergo meiosis to form quadriflagellate zoospores. However, it has also been reported that biflagellate gametes are able to germinate into new organisms without fusing sexually.[3]
Habitat and ecology
[edit]Trentepohlia is a subaerial alga, and is commonly found in humid climates. It typically occurs on moist rocks, wood, tree trunks, and leaves. It is easily distinguished due to the orange, felt-like growths.[6] Patches of Trentepohlia often obscure posts and inscriptions; this is an economic nuisance as it becomes necessary to paint over them.[3] Trentepohlia abietina has been reported growing on spiders in Queensland, Australia.[7]
Trentepohlia species form close associations with fungal hyphae, and can form what is known as a "protolichen".[6] They are widespread true phycobionts in lichens, such as the "secret writing" crustose lichen genera Graphis, Graphina, Gyalecta and Opegrapha.[8][9] With global warming, European lichens with Trentepohlia as phycobionts have increased in recent decades. [10]
Diversity
[edit]Trentepohlia contains about 40 species, and is present on almost all continents.[11] It is mostly diverse and common in tropical and subtropical areas[12] but several species also occur in temperate environments including Britain and Ireland.[13]
Species of Trentepohlia have traditionally been distinguished based on morphological characters, such as the branching pattern, size and shape of cells, morphology and arrangement of reproductive structures, presence of hairs, and substratum. However, the morphology of Trentepohlia is highly variable and often dependent on the external environment. It is not uncommon to find different morphological character states of Trentepohlia in the same individual; additionally, some individuals may be intermediate in morphology and thus not assignable to a single species. In addition, the genus (and several species within it) are known to be polyphyletic. Thus, the genus as a whole is in need of taxonomic revision.[14]
Gallery
[edit]-
Trentepohlia aurea, Tauberland, Germany -
Trentepohlia aurea var. polycarpa grows prolifically on Monterey Cypress trees at Point Lobos, California -
Illustration
.jpg?lang=en)
References
[edit]- ^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2018. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=X34e5de6b47fb6fc9 ; searched on 28 June 2018.
- ^ See the NCBI webpage on Trentepohlia. Data extracted from the "NCBI taxonomy resources". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
- ^ a b c d Rindi, Fabio; Guiry, Michael D. (2002). "Diversity, life history, and ecology of Trentepohlia and Printzina (Trentepohliales, Chlorophyta) in urban habitats in western Ireland". Journal of Phycology. 38 (1): 39–54. Bibcode:2002JPcgy..38...39R. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01193.x.
- ^ Burkhardt, Lotte (2022). Eine Enzyklopädie zu eponymischen Pflanzennamen [Encyclopedia of eponymic plant names] (pdf) (in German). Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2022. ISBN 978-3-946292-41-8. S2CID 246307410. Retrieved January 27, 2022.
- ^ Bicudo, Carlos E. M.; Menezes, Mariângela (2006). Gêneros de Algas de Águas Continentais do Brasil: chave para identificação e descrições (2 ed.). RiMa Editora. p. 508. ISBN 857656064X.
- ^ a b c d e Shubert, Elliot; Gärtner, Georg (2014). "Chapter 7. Nonmotile Coccoid and Colonial Green Algae". In Wehr, John D.; Sheath, Robert G.; Kociolek, J. Patrick (eds.). Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification (2 ed.). Elsevier Inc. ISBN 978-0-12-385876-4.
- ^ Škaloud, Pavel; Rindi, Fabio; Boedeker, Christian; Leliaert, Frederik (2018). Chlorophyta: Ulvophyceae. Süßwasserflora von Mitteleuropa. Vol. 13. Berlin, Germany: Springer Spektrum. pp. i–x, 1–289. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-55495-1. ISBN 978-3-662-55494-4.
- ^ F.S. Dobson (2000) Lichens, an illustrated guide to the British and Irish species. Richmond publishing Co. ISBN 0-85546-094-6
- ^ T. Friedl and B. Büdel (1996) Photobionts, in Nash, T.H. (ed.) Lichen biology, pp.8-23, Cambridge University Press.
- ^ Aptroot, A.; Van Herk, C.M. (2007). "Further evidence of the effects of global warming on lichens, particularly those with Trentepohlia phycobionts". Environmental Pollution. 146 (2): 293–298. Bibcode:2007EPoll.146..293A. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.018. PMID 16697507.
- ^ Aboal, Marina; Egidos, Ana; Marín, José; Asencio, Antonia (2002). "Trentepohlia jolithus (L.) Wallroth 1833 (Chlorophyta, Ulvophyceae) in subaerial habitats from southeastern Spain". Archiv für Hydrobiologie. Algological Studies. 107: 153–162.
- ^ van den Hoek, C.; Mann, D.G.; Jahns, H.M. (1995). Algae: an introduction to phycology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521316873.
- ^ John, D.M.; Whitton, B.A.; Brook, A.J., eds. (2002). The freshwater algal flora of the British Isles. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521193757.
- ^ Rindi, Fabio; Lam, Daryl W.; López-Bautista, Juan M. (2009). "Phylogenetic relationships and species circumscription in Trentepohlia and Printzina (Trentepohliales, Chlorophyta)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 52 (2): 329–339. Bibcode:2009MolPE..52..329R. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.01.009. PMID 19489121.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Trentepohlia at Wikimedia Commons