Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning
56°14′30″N 37°00′50″E / 56.241578°N 37.013825°E
820th Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning[1][2] | |
|---|---|
Главный центр предупреждения о ракетном нападении | |
| Part of Russian Space Forces[1] | |
| Solnechnogorsk-7 | |
| Site information | |
| Owner | Russian Aerospace Forces |
| Controlled by | Russian Space Forces |
| Location | |
| Coordinates | 56°14′29″N 37°00′50″E / 56.241389°N 37.013889°E |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1971[3] |
| Garrison information | |
| Current commander | Major general Suchkov S.V. |
![820th Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning[1][2] is located in Moscow Oblast](/wiki/File:Russia_Moscow_oblast_location_map.svg?lang=en)
The 820th Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning (Russian: Главный центр предупреждения о ракетном нападении (Гцпрн), romanized: GTsPRN[4]) is the Russian Space Forces early warning network against ballistic missile attack. It has headquarters in the village of Timonovo [5] near Solnechnogorsk outside Moscow and is part of the Russian Space Forces of the Aerospace Forces.[6] The centre consists of a network of early warning radar stations which transmit their data to the control centre near Solnechnogorsk. Other information comes from the early warning Oko and EKS satellites as well as the Don-2N missile defence radar.[7] Information from the centre could be used for a launch on warning nuclear missile attack[8] or to engage the A-135 anti-ballistic missile system.
The Main Centre
[edit]The centre is the control centre for the radar network. Here signals from every station are received and, if necessary, a message can be sent to the presidential 'nuclear briefcase' for authorisation to use nuclear weapons.[5] There is a communications centre which has a number of backup channels to communicate with each radar station. If a ballistic missile attack is discovered the duty commander reports this to the central command post of the General Staff.[5] At the same time the duty engineer reports it to the commander of the Aerospace Defence Forces, for redundancy.[5]
Information comes from the radar network, early warning satellites and the space surveillance network SKKP. The centre also discovers and monitors space objects through the use of radar which are fed into the SKKP network.[5]
Warning network
[edit]
The Russian missile warning system originates in the Soviet Union and is often known by its Soviet initials SPRN (СПРН),[1] from Russian: Система предупреждения о ракетном нападении, romanized: Sistema preduprezhdeniya o raketnom napadenii 'Missile attack warning system'. It started on 15 February 1971 as two Dnestr-M radars at Olenegorsk and Skrunda with a command post in Solnechnogorsk. It expanded by the addition of Dnestr-M radars in Mishelevka and Balkhash in 1973, a Dnepr radar in Sevastopol in 1975 and another in Mukachevo in 1977. The Daugava radar, a Daryal receiver, started operations in 1975 at Olenegorsk. In 1978 an upgraded warning system called Крокус (Krokus) was introduced.[3][9]
In 1982 the Oko early warning satellite system became operational. It was joined in 1984 by the first Daryal radar in Pechora and in 1985 by the Daryal in Gabala.[3][9]
The 1972 Anti-ballistic missile treaty requires that early warning radar stations are located on the periphery of national territory and face outwards. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 this resulted in many of the stations ending up in newly independent states. The radar station at Skrunda, now in Latvia, closed in 1998. Other stations now overseas were Sevastopol and Mukachevo (both in Ukraine), Balkhash (Kazakhstan) and Gabala (Azerbaijan).[3][5][9][10]
The Volga radar at Baranavichy in Belarus came online in 2003 and the two Ukrainian radars closed in 2009.[3][11] In the mid-2000s Russia started the roll out of the next generation of early warning radar, the Voronezh. The first station in Lekhtusi near St Petersburg went on combat duty in 2012.[12] Other stations in Kaliningrad and Armavir were made operational in the following years.[13][14] In 2012, the Gabala Radar Station in Azerbaijan was dismantled following failure to renegotiate its continued use.[15] The Russian military has expressed a desire to replace or replicate all overseas radars with domestic stations as overseas ones cannot be relied upon in times of tension and war.[16] New stations were commissioned in locations such as Barnaul, Orsk, Orenburg and Yeniseysk.[14]
On 4 October 2019, Sergei Boyev, director general of Vympel NPO, a major weapons manufacturer in Russia, confirmed to Russia's state-run media that the company was working on "modelling" the system for China.[17] Russia hopes to integrate China's early warning system with Russia's. This will provide China with increased detection range from North pole as well as the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.[18]
Organisational structure
[edit]In 1998 SPRN became part of the missile and space defence organisation ракетно-космической обороны (RKO) together with SKKP and the anti-missile troops.[5] In 2001 these services became part of the newly founded Space Troops, and were incorporated as the 3rd Independent Missile and Space Defense Army.[1]
The Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning was formed on 1 December 2009 and since December 2011 it had been part of the Space Command of the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces, together with facilities such as the 821st Main Space Intelligence Centre and 153rd Titov Main Space Testing Centre.[1]
As of May 2025 Main Center consists of the following active units:
| Number | Unit emblem | Picture | Unit Name | Location | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
|
Unit 26302. 820th Main Center of the Missile Attack Warning system | Solnechnogorsk-7 | Divisional HQ. Main Center commands and controls all other units. | |
| 2 | Unit 12556. 514th Command Post of the Missile Attack Warning system | Solnechnogorsk-7 | A control center that receives, processes and analyzes information about ballistic missile launches from all other units and determines the start of an enemy missile attack | ||
| 3 | 
|
Unit 17204. 1383rd Reserve Command Post of the Missile Attack Warning system | Kolomna-1 | Reserve Command Post of the Missile Attack Warning system | |
| 4 | 
|
Unit 03340. 916th Separate Radio Engineering Node | Serpuhov-15 | Western control center for US-KS, US-KMO and EKS "Kupol" satellites | |
| 5 | 
|
|
Unit 20117. 1127th Separate Radio Engineering Node | Pivan-1? Gaiter-9? | Eastern control center for US-KS, US-KMO and EKS "Kupol" satellites |
| 6 | 
|
|
Unit 16605. 57th Separate Radio Engineering Node | Olenegorsk-1 | Dnestr-M Early warning radar, being replaced by Voronezh |
| 7 | 
|
|
Unit 96876. 376th Separate Radio Engineering Node | Pechora-8 | Daryal Early warning radar |
| 8 | 
|
|
Unit 03522. 474th Separate Radio Engineering Node | Klyetsk-2 | Volga Early warning radar |
| 9 | 
|
|
Unit 73845. 571st Separate Radio Engineering Node | Lekhtusi | Voronezh-M Early warning radar |
| 10 | 
|
Unit 41003. 818th Separate Radio Engineering Node | Armavir-18 | Voronezh-DM Early warning radar | |
| 11 | 
|
|
Unit 42988. ? Separate Radio Engineering Node | "Pionersky" | Voronezh-DM Early warning radar |
| 12 | 
|
Unit 03908. 36th Separate Radio Engineering Node | Usolye-Sibirskoye-7 | Voronezh-VP Early warning radar. Previously Dnestr, Dnestr-M and Dnepr radars. | |
| 13 | 
|
Unit 84685. ? Separate Radio Engineering Node | Yeniseysk | Voronezh-DM Early warning radar | |
| 14 | 
|
Unit 84686. 314th Separate Radio Engineering Node[19] | Barnaul | Voronezh-DM Early warning radar | |
| 15 | 
|
Unit 84194. 541st Separate Radio Engineering Node | Orsk | Voronezh-M Early warning radar | |
| 16 | 
|
Unit 84197. ? Separate Radio Engineering Node | Vorkuta | Voronezh-SM-M Early warning radar |
There are a number of Radar sites that are out of Use:
| Number | Unit emblem | Picture | Unit Name | Location | Dates of
Operation |
Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | No unit emblem exists | 
|
Unit 18951.129th
Separate Radio Engineering Node |
Skrunda-1 | 15 February 1971 - 31 August 1998 | Former site with Dnestr-M radar and Daryal type radar (unfinished). |
| 2 | 
|
|
Unit 16601. 49th
Separate Radio Engineering Node |
Balkhash-9 | 1971 - 1 June 2020 | Former site with Dnepr, Dnestr, Dnestr-M radars and Daryal type radar (unfinished). |
| 3 | No unit emblem exists | 
|
Unit 03864. 808th
Separate Radio Engineering Node |
Sevastopol | 16 January 1979 - 26 February 2009 | Former site with Dnepr radar. As of 2025 new Voronezh radar being built on Site. |
| 4 | No unit emblem exists | 
|
Unit 30767. 1056th
Separate Radio Engineering Node |
Mukachevo-12 | 16 January 1979 - 26 February 2009 | Former site with Dnepr radar and Daryal type radar (unfinished) |
| 5 | 
|
|
Unit 30765. 428th
Separate Radio Engineering Node |
Gabala-2 | 19 February 1985 - 9 December 2012 | Former site with Daryal radar |
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e Stukalin, Alexander (May 2012). "Russian Air and Space Defense Troops: Gaping Holes". Moscow Defense Brief. 2012 (2). Archived from the original on 2012-07-04. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
- ^ Holm, Michael (2011). "3rd independent Missile Attack Early Warning Army of Special Designation". Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991. Archived from the original on 2015-10-07. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
- ^ a b c d e Marinin, I (2011). Отечественной СПРН – 40 лет [Patriotic SPRN - 40 years] (in Russian). Novosti Kosmonavtiki. Archived from the original on May 20, 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
- ^ Войска воздушно-космической обороны (in Russian). Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. n.d. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g Marinin, I (2011). Отечественной СПРН – 40 лет [Patriotic SPRN - 40 years]. Novosti Kosmonavtiki (in Russian) (339): 44–46. ISSN 1561-1078. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-06-22.(subscription required)
- ^ "Structure". Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. n.d. Archived from the original on 7 December 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
- ^ Podvig, Pavel (2012-04-12). "Early Warning". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Archived from the original on 2013-01-12. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
- ^ Podvig, Pavel (1994). "The Operational Status of the Russian Space-Based Early Warning System" (PDF). Science and Global Security. 4 (3): 363–384. doi:10.1080/08929889408426407. ISSN 0892-9882.[permanent dead link]
- ^ a b c Podvig, Pavel (2002). "History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System" (PDF). Science and Global Security. 10: 21–60. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.692.6127. doi:10.1080/08929880212328. ISSN 0892-9882. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-15.
- ^ Karpenko, A (1999). "ABM AND SPACE DEFENSE". Nevsky Bastion. 4: 2–47. Archived from the original on 2013-01-28. Retrieved 2012-06-20.
- ^ "Russia Won't Rent Ukrainian Radar". Kommersant. 2008-01-16. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- ^ Podvig, Pavel (2012-02-11). "Radar in Lekhtusi begins combat duty". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Archived from the original on 2013-04-20. Retrieved 2012-04-13.
- ^ Podvig, Pavel (2011-11-29). "Voronezh-DM radar near Kaliningrad is operational". Russian strategic nuclear forces. Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2012-01-09.
- ^ a b "Early warning". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Dec 13, 2007. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2012 – via russianforces.org.
- ^ "Независимое военное обозрение. Габалу завлекают в турбизнес". Archived from the original on 2013-10-10. Retrieved 2013-11-18.
- ^ Marinin, I; Kuznetsov, A (February 2007). "The First Voronezh on Experimental Combat Duty". Novosti Kosmonavtiki (2): 64–65. Archived from the original on 19 December 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2012.(subscription required)
- ^ Russia is helping China build a new missile attack warning system, Putin says, Daria Litvinova, CBS News, 2019-10-04
- ^ "Russia is helping China build a new missile attack warning system, Putin says". CBS News.
- ^ "Особый воинский ритуал в Барнауле - вручение боевого знамени нового образца 314 отдельному радиотехническому центру космических войск Воздушно-космических сил России". Алтайский край, официальный сайт Правительства. Retrieved 15 June 2025.