Salamanca Formation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Salamanca Formation
Stratigraphic range: latest Maastrichtian-Danian
(Tiupampan-Peligran)
~66.0–61.6 Ma
Unit ofRío Chico Group
UnderliesPeñas Coloradas Formation
(Río Chico Group)
OverliesLago Colhué Huapí Formation
(Chubut Group)
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, mudstone
OtherLimestone
Location
Country Argentina
ExtentGolfo San Jorge Basin
Type section
RegionChubut and Santa Cruz Provinces
CountryArgentina

Location of the Salamanca Formation within Argentina

The Salamanca Formation is a geologic formation in the Golfo San Jorge Basin of central Patagonia that yields well-preserved, well-dated fossils from the early Paleocene. Studies of these fossils are providing new data on plant and animal diversity following the end-Cretaceous extinction event.[1][2]

The Salamanca Formation crops out in the San Jorge Basin in southern Chubut and northern Santa Cruz provinces, Argentina, overlying the Cretaceous Chubut Group and is part of the Paleocene and Eocene Río Chico Group.[3][4][5][6] The formation yields abundant plant remains[7][8][9][10][11][12] as well as fossils of invertebrates, marine macrofaunas,[13] reptiles,[14][15][16][17][18] and mammals.[2][19][20][21][22][23][24][4][3] The formation consists primarily of estuarine to shallow marine deposits.[25][26]

Palynological analysis of the Salamanca Formation shows low floral diversity after the end-Cretaceous mass extinction, followed by a rapid recovery. 50% of all pollen types are angiosperms, whereas gymnosperms accounted for only ~13% of total richness; however, Classopollis pollen, representing the extinct conifer family Cheirolepidiaceae, is the most abundant palynomorph.[3] Wood assemblages from the Salamanca Formation. are dominated by conifers, but the presence of fossil angiosperm woods indicate that they were also part of the canopy.[8][9] The co-occurrence of palms, dicot woods with indistinct growth rings, and alligatorids,[15][16][17][18] indicates temperature remained above freezing year-round. The results of leaf physiognomic analyses indicate that the climate in the San Jorge Basin during the early Paleocene was warm subtropical.[27][28][29][30]

Paleoflora[edit]

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Agathis[31] A. immortalis Leaves, twigs, pollen cones, ovuliferous complexes, pollen, seeds A conifer belonging to Araucariaceae. Oldest known species of Agathis[31]
Akania[10] A. sp. Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant of the family Akaniaceae
Azolla[32] A. keuja Palacio de los Loros A fern belonging to the family Salviniaceae
Banaraphyllum[10] B. ovatum Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant
Cissites[10] C. patagonicum Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to Vitaceae, related to the modern genus Cissus
Classopollis[3] C. sp. Palacio de los Loros Pollen belonging to the extinct conifer family Cheirolepidiaceae
Cunoniantha[33] C. bicarpellata A flowering plant belonging to the family Cunoniaceae
Dryophyllum[10] D. australis Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant
Fagophyllum[10] F. duseni Palacio de los Loros Leaves, related to Fagaceae
Kirketapel[34] K. salamanquensis A scale-leaved conifer belonging to the family Podocarpaceae.
Lacinipetalum[35] L. spectabilum Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Cunoniaceae
Laurophyllum[10] L. chubutensis

L. piatnitzkyi

Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Lauraceae
Lygodium[10] Sp. A fern belonging to the Schizaeales, another indeterminate distinct fern is also present
Myrica[10] M. premira Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Myricaceae
Nothofagus[10] sp. Leaves
Notiantha[1] N. grandensis Rancho Grande Flowers A flowering plant belonging to the family Rhamnaceae
Palaeophytocrene[36] P. ga Estancia Las Violetas A fruit A floweing plant belonging to the family Icacinaceae
Paracacioxylon[8] P frenguellii Palacio de los Loros Wood A flowering plant belonging to the family Mimosoideae
Paranymphaea[10] P aristolochiaformis Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Nymphaeaceae
Sterculia[10][37] S. acuminataloba Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Malvaceae
Stephania[38] S. psittaca Palacio de los Loros A flowering plant belonging to the family Menispermaceae
Suessenia[1] S. grandensis Rancho Grande Leaves A flowering plant belonging to the family Rhamnaceae
Wilkinsoniphyllum[38] W. menispermoides Palacio de los Loros Leaves A flowering plant belonging to the family Menispermaceae
Tripylocarpa[39] T. aestuaria Seed A flowering plant belonging to the palm tribe Cocoseae
Volkheimerites[40] V. labyrinthus Flowering plant pollen of uncertain placement
Fabaceae[10]
Sapindaceae[10]
Urticaceae[10]
Rosaceae[10]
Podocarpaceae[10] Leaves and cones

Paleofauna[edit]

Fish[edit]

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Xiphactinus[41] X. sp. A member of the Ichthyodectiformes.

Amphibians[edit]

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Calyptocephalella[42] C. sabrosa Punta Peligro A frog belonging to the family Calyptocephalellidae.
Gigantobatrachus[43] G. casamiquelai Punta Peligro A frog

Reptiles[edit]

Testudines[edit]

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Hydromedusa[44] H. casamayorensis Punta Peligro A member of the family Chelidae.
Najadochelys[45] N. patagonica Punta Peligro
Peligrochelys[46][47] P. walshae Punta Peligro A member of Meiolaniformes
Salamanchelys[48] S. palaeocenica Punta Peligro A member of the family Chelidae.
Trionyx T. argentina Punta Peligro A member of the family Trionychidae
Yaminuechelys[45] Y. maior Punta Peligro A member of the family Chelidae.

Crocodylomorphs[edit]

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Eocaiman[15][16] E. palaeocenicus Punta Peligro A caimanine alligatorid.
Necrosuchus[18] N. ionensis Estancia Las Violetas
Protocaiman[17] P. peligrensis Punta Peligro

Lepidosaurs[edit]

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Kawasphenodon[49] K. peligrensis Punta Peligro A sphenodontian

Mammals[edit]

Monotremes[edit]

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Monotrematum[50][51] M. sudamericanum Punta Peligro Teeth from the upper and lower jaws[52] A monotreme

Allotheres[edit]

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Sudamerica[53] S. ameghinoi Punta Peligro A gondwanathere

Meridiolestidans[edit]

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Peligrotherium[2][54] P. tropicalis Punta Peligro A member of the clade Mesungulatoidea.

Meridiungulates[edit]

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Escribania[21][23] E. chubutensis

E. talonicuspsis

Punta Peligro A member of the family Didolodontidae.
Raulvaccia[21] R. peligrensis Punta Peligro A member of the family Didolodontidae.
Requisia[24] R. vidmari Punta Peligro A member of the family Notonychopidae.

Metatherians[edit]

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Derorhynchus[55] D. aff. minutus Punta Peligro A metatherian of uncertain affinities
Didelphopsis[55] Indeterminate
?Sparassodonta[55] Indeterminate Astragalus
Polydolopimorphia[55] Indeterminate Two taxa, one of which is a member of Bonapartheriidae
Metatheria[55] Indeterminate Right petrosal (MPEF-PV 2235)

Invertebrates[edit]

After[56] unless otherwise noted

Name Species Material Notes Image
Acesta A bivalve belonging to Limidae
Arca A bivalve belonging to Arcidae
?Astarte A bivalve belonging to Astartidae
Aporrhaidae Indeterminate Gastropod
Austrophaera A bivalve
Barbatia A bivalve belonging to Arcidae
Bathytormus A bivalve belonging to Crassatellidae
Buccinidae Four distinct genera Gastropod
Cancellariidae Indeterminate A gastropod
Calyptraeidae Indeterminate Gastropod
Cardites A bivalve belonging to Carditidae
Cavoscala A gastropod belonging to Epitoniidae
Claibornicardia A bivalve belonging to Carditidae
Costacopluma[57] C. salamanca A crab belonging to the family Retroplumidae
Crenilabium A gastropod belonging to Acteonidae
Cubitostrea A bivalve belonging to Ostreidae
Cucullaea Bivalve
Darwinices A gastropod belonging to Naticidae
?Dosinia A bivalve belonging to Veneridae
Fusinus A gastropod belonging to Fasciolariidae
Fyfea A gastropod
Globisininae Indeterminate Gastropods belonging to the family Naticidae
Glycymerita A bivalve belonging to Glycymerididae
Gryphaostrea A bivalve
Gyroscala A gastropod belonging to Epitoniidae
Harpidae Nov. Gen. A gastropod
Heteroterma A gastropod belonging to Tudiclidae
?Larma A bivalve belonging to Veneridae
Ledina A bivalve belonging to Nuculanidae
Leionucula A bivalve belonging to Nuculidae
Lucinidae Indeterminate Bivalve
Marwickia A bivalve belonging to Veneridae
Microfulgur A gastropod belonging to Fasciolariidae
Neilo A bivalve belonging to Malletiidae
Nucula A bivalve belonging to Nuculidae
Panopea A bivalve belonging to Hiatellidae
Patellogastropoda Indeterminate Gastropod
Perissodonta A gastropod belonging to Struthiolariidae
Phacoides A bivalve belonging to Lucinidae
Pinna A bivalve belonging to Pinnidae
Priscaphander A gastropod belonging to Scaphandridae
Priscophicus A gastropod belonging to Ficidae
Pseudomaura A gastropod
Pteromyrtea A bivalve belonging to Lucinidae
Pseudotylostoma A gastropod
Pycnodonte A bivalve belonging to Gryphaeidae
Ringiculidae Indeterminate A gastropod
Rocalaria A gastropod belonging to Fasciolariidae
Rotundicardia A bivalve belonging to Carditidae
Sacella A bivalve belonging to Nuculanidae
Spineilo A bivalve belonging to Malletiidae
Struthioptera A gastropod belonging to Aporrhaidae
Sulcobuccinum A gastropod belonging to Pseudolividae
Taioma A gastropod belonging to Fasciolariidae
Talochlamys A bivalve belonging to Pectinidae
Tejonia A gastropod belonging to Naticidae
Titomaya[58] T. longobucca & T. chalcedonica A bivalve belonging to Venerida
Tornatellaea A gastropod belonging to Acteonidae
Turritellidae Nov. gen. A gastropod
Venericardia A bivalve belonging to Carditidae
Volutidae Indeterminate Gastropod
Yoldia A bivalve belonging to Yoldiidae
?Zemacies A gastropod belonging to Borsoniidae

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Jud, Nathan A.; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter (2017-05-10). "Flowering after disaster: Early Danian buckthorn (Rhamnaceae) flowers and leaves from Patagonia". PLOS ONE. 12 (5): e0176164. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1276164J. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0176164. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5425202. PMID 28489895. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
  2. ^ a b c Gelfo, Javier N.; Pascual, Rosendo (2001-09-28). "Peligrotherium tropicalis (Mammalia Dryolestida) from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, a survival from a Mesozoic Gondwanan radiation". Geodiversitas. 23 (3): 369–379.
  3. ^ a b c d Clyde, W. C.; Wilf, P.; Iglesias, A.; Slingerland, R. L.; Barnum, T.; Bijl, P. K.; Bralower, T. J.; Brinkhuis, H.; Comer, E. E.; Huber, B. T.; Ibanez-Mejia, M.; Jicha, B. R.; Krause, J. M.; Schueth, J. D.; Singer, B. S. (2014-01-21). "New age constraints for the Salamanca Formation and lower Rio Chico Group in the western San Jorge Basin, Patagonia, Argentina: Implications for Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction recovery and land mammal age correlations". Geological Society of America Bulletin. 126 (3–4): 289–306. Bibcode:2014GSAB..126..289C. doi:10.1130/b30915.1. hdl:11336/80135. ISSN 0016-7606. S2CID 129962470.
  4. ^ a b Comer, Emily E.; Slingerland, Rudy L.; Krause, Javier Marcelo; Iglesias, Ari; Clyde, William; Raigemborn, María Sol; Wilf, Peter (2015-01-07). "Sedimentary facies and depositional environments of diverse early paleocene floras, north-central San Jorge basin, Patagonia, Argentina". PALAIOS. 30 (7): 553–573. Bibcode:2015Palai..30..553C. doi:10.2110/palo.2014.064. hdl:11336/41736. ISSN 0883-1351. S2CID 128861934.
  5. ^ Raigemborn, María Sol; Krause, Javier M.; Bellosi, Eduardo; Matheos, Sergio D. (2010). "Redefinición estratigráfica del grupo Río Chico (Paleógeno Inferior), en el norte de la cuenca del golfo San Jorge, Chubut". Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina. 67 (2): 239–256. ISSN 0004-4822.
  6. ^ Legarreta, Leonardo; Uliana, Miguel A. (1994). "Asociaciones de fósiles y hiatos en el Supracretácico-Neógeno de Patagonia: una perspectiva estratigráfico-secuencial" (in Spanish). 31 (3): 257–281. ISSN 1851-8044. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ Archangelsky, Sergio; Zamaloa, María del Carmen (1986). "Nuevas descripciones palinológicas de las formaciones Salamanca y Bororó, Paleoceno de Chubut (República Argentina)". Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 23 (1–2): 35–46. ISSN 1851-8044.
  8. ^ a b c Brea, Mariana; Matheos, Sergio; Zamuner, Alba; Ganuza, Daniel (2005). "Análisis de los anillos de crecimiento del bosque fósil de Víctor Szlápelis, Terciario inferior del Chubut, Argentina" (in Spanish). 42 (2): 407–418. ISSN 1851-8044. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. ^ a b Brea, Mariana; Zamuner, Alba B.; Matheos, Sergio D.; Iglesias, Ari; Zucol, Alejandro F. (2008-12-01). "Fossil wood of the Mimosoideae from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 32 (4): 427–441. doi:10.1080/03115510802417695. ISSN 0311-5518. S2CID 129239121.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter; Johnson, Kirk R.; Zamuner, Alba B.; Cúneo, N. Rubén; Matheos, Sergio D.; Singer, Bradley S. (2007). "A Paleocene lowland macroflora from Patagonia reveals significantly greater richness than North American analogs". Geology. 35 (10): 947. Bibcode:2007Geo....35..947I. doi:10.1130/g23889a.1. ISSN 0091-7613.
  11. ^ Futey, Mary K.; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Zamaloa, Maria C.; Cúneo, Rubén; Cladera, Gerardo (2012-09-01). "Arecaceae Fossil Fruits from the Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina". The Botanical Review. 78 (3): 205–234. doi:10.1007/s12229-012-9100-9. hdl:11336/192124. ISSN 1874-9372. S2CID 27134579.
  12. ^ Donovan, Michael P.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter; Labandeira, Conrad C.; Cúneo, N. Rubén (2016-11-07). "Rapid recovery of Patagonian plant–insect associations after the end-Cretaceous extinction". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (1): 12. doi:10.1038/s41559-016-0012. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 28812553. S2CID 17127206.
  13. ^ Feldmann, Rodney M.; Rodriguez, M. Fernanda; Martinez, Gabriela A.; Aguirre-Urreta, María (1997-05-20). "Costacopluma salamanca new species (Decapoda, Retroplumidae) from the Salamanca Formation (Danian) of Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Paleontology. 71 (1): 125–130. doi:10.1017/S0022336000039019. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 132377899.
  14. ^ Parma, Sara Graciela; Casadío, Silvio (2016-05-20). "Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene echinoids from northern Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Paleontology. 79 (6): 1072–1087. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[1072:UCEFNP]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 130003911.
  15. ^ a b c Bona, Paula (2007). "Una nueva especie de Eocaiman Simpson (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae) del Paleoceno Inferior de Patagonia". Ameghiniana. 44 (2): 435–445. ISSN 0002-7014.
  16. ^ a b c Bona, Paula; Barrios, Francisco; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Blanco, M. Victoria Fernandez (2022-05-26). "The Taxonomic Status of Notocaiman stromeri (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea) and the Early Diversity of South American Caimanines". Ameghiniana. 59 (3): 210–220. doi:10.5710/AMGH.27.02.2022.3470. ISSN 0002-7014. S2CID 247273365.
  17. ^ a b c Bona, Paula; Ezcurra, Martín D.; Barrios, Francisco; Blanco, María V. Fernandez (2018-08-29). "A new Palaeocene crocodylian from southern Argentina sheds light on the early history of caimanines". Proc. R. Soc. B. 285 (1885): 20180843. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.0843. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 6125902. PMID 30135152.
  18. ^ a b c Brochu, C.A. (2012). "Phylogenetic relationships of Necrosuchus ionensis Simpson, 1937 and the early history of caimanines". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 163: S228–S256. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00716.x.
  19. ^ Pascual, Rosendo; Archer, Michael; Jaureguizar, Edgardo Ortiz; Prado, José L.; Godthelp, Henk; Hand, Suzanne J. (1992-04-23). "First discovery of monotremes in South America". Nature. 356 (6371): 704–706. Bibcode:1992Natur.356..704P. doi:10.1038/356704a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4350045.
  20. ^ Forasiepi, Analía M.; Martinelli, Agustín G. (2003). "Femur of a monotreme (Mammalia, Monotremata) from the Early Paleocene Salamanca Formation of Patagonia, Argentina" (in Spanish). 40 (4): 625–630. ISSN 1851-8044. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  21. ^ a b c Gelfo, Javier N. (2007-09-12). "The 'condylarth' Raulvaccia peligrensis (Mammalia: Didolodontidae) from the Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (3): 651–660. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[651:TCRPMD]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 129224057.
  22. ^ Sterli, Juliana; de la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Umazano, Aldo M. (2015-04-01). "New remains and new insights on the Gondwanan meiolaniform turtle Chubutemys copelloi from the Lower Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina". Gondwana Research. 27 (3): 978–994. Bibcode:2015GondR..27..978S. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2013.08.016. hdl:11336/19701. ISSN 1342-937X.
  23. ^ a b Gelfo, Javier N.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Edgardo; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2008-02-21). "New remains and species of the 'condylarth' genus Escribania (Mammalia: Didolodontidae) from the Palaeocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 98 (2): 127–138. doi:10.1017/S1755691007006081. ISSN 1755-6929. S2CID 86564613.
  24. ^ a b Bonaparte, J. F.; Morales, J. (1997-12-30). "Un primitivo Notonychopidae (Litopterna) del Paleoceno inferior de Punta Peligro, Chubut, Argentina". Estudios Geológicos (in Spanish). 53 (5–6): 263–274. doi:10.3989/egeol.97535-6232. hdl:10261/22692. ISSN 1988-3250.
  25. ^ Li, Xiangchuan; Wang, Haofei; Leng, Qin; Xiao, Liang; Guo, Junfeng; He, Wenlong (2014-10-21). "Paliurus (Paliureae, Rhamnaceae) from the Miocene of East China and its Macrofossil-based Phylogenetic and Phytogeographical History". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition. 88 (5): 1364–1377. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.12304. S2CID 129463506.
  26. ^ Wheeler, Elisabeth A.; Meyer, Herbert W. (2012-01-01). "A New (Hovenia) and an old (Chadronoxylon) Fossil Wood from the Late Eocene Florissant Formation, Colorado, U.S.A." IAWA Journal. 33 (3): 309–318. doi:10.1163/22941932-90000096. ISSN 0928-1541.
  27. ^ Hinojosa, Luis Felipe; Pérez, Fernanda; Gaxiola, Aurora; Sandoval, Isabel (2011). "Historical and phylogenetic constraints on the incidence of entire leaf margins: insights from a new South American model: South American leaf margin analysis". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 20 (3): 380–390. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00595.x.
  28. ^ Peppe, Daniel J.; Royer, Dana L.; Cariglino, Bárbara; Oliver, Sofia Y.; Newman, Sharon; Leight, Elias; Enikolopov, Grisha; Fernandez‐Burgos, Margo; Herrera, Fabiany; Adams, Jonathan M.; Correa, Edwin; Currano, Ellen D.; Erickson, J. Mark; Hinojosa, Luis Felipe; Hoganson, John W. (2011). "Sensitivity of leaf size and shape to climate: global patterns and paleoclimatic applications". New Phytologist. 190 (3): 724–739. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03615.x. hdl:11336/97698. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 21294735.
  29. ^ Barreda, Viviana D.; Cúneo, Nestor R.; Wilf, Peter; Currano, Ellen D.; Scasso, Roberto A.; Brinkhuis, Henk (2012-12-17). "Cretaceous/Paleogene Floral Turnover in Patagonia: Drop in Diversity, Low Extinction, and a Classopollis Spike". PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e52455. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...752455B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052455. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3524134. PMID 23285049.
  30. ^ Brea, Mariana (2008-01-01). "Estudio preliminar de microfósiles silíceos de la Formación Salamanca (Paleoceno inferior), Chubut, Argentina". Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata.: 149–156.
  31. ^ a b Escapa, Ignacio H.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter; Catalano, Santiago A.; Caraballo‐Ortiz, Marcos A.; Rubén Cúneo, N. (August 2018). "Agathis trees of Patagonia's Cretaceous‐Paleogene death landscapes and their evolutionary significance". American Journal of Botany. 105 (8): 1345–1368. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1127. hdl:11336/87592. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 30074620. S2CID 51908977.
  32. ^ Hermsen, Elizabeth J.; Jud, Nathan A.; De Benedetti, Facundo; Gandolfo, Maria A. (2019-09-01). "Azolla Sporophytes and Spores from the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 180 (7): 737–754. doi:10.1086/704377. ISSN 1058-5893.
  33. ^ Jud, Nathan A; Gandolfo, Maria A (2021-02-09). "Fossil evidence from South America for the diversification of Cunoniaceae by the earliest Palaeocene". Annals of Botany. 127 (3): 305–315. doi:10.1093/aob/mcaa154. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 7872129. PMID 32860407.
  34. ^ Andruchow-Colombo, Ana; Escapa, Ignacio H.; Carpenter, Raymond J.; Hill, Robert S.; Iglesias, Ari; Abarzua, Ana M.; Wilf, Peter (2019-01-02). "Oldest record of the scale-leaved clade of Podocarpaceae, early Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 43 (1): 127–145. doi:10.1080/03115518.2018.1517222. ISSN 0311-5518. S2CID 133852107.
  35. ^ Jud, Nathan A; Gandolfo, Maria A; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter (2018-01-04). "Fossil flowers from the early Palaeocene of Patagonia, Argentina, with affinity to Schizomerieae (Cunoniaceae)". Annals of Botany. 121 (3): 431–442. doi:10.1093/aob/mcx173. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 5838809. PMID 29309506.
  36. ^ Poore, Colton; Jud, Nathan A.; Gandolfo, Maria A. (2023-07-11). "Fossil fruits from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina reveal west Gondwanan history of Icacinaceae". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 317: 104940. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2023.104940. ISSN 0034-6667. S2CID 259872297.
  37. ^ Stiles, Elena; Wilf, Peter; Iglesias, Ari; Gandolfo, María A.; Cúneo, N. Rubén (2020-11-01). "Cretaceous–Paleogene plant extinction and recovery in Patagonia". Paleobiology. 46 (4): 445–469. doi:10.1017/pab.2020.45. ISSN 0094-8373.
  38. ^ a b Jud, Nathan A.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter; Gandolfo, Maria A. (2018). "Fossil moonseeds from the Paleogene of West Gondwana (Patagonia, Argentina)". American Journal of Botany. 105 (5): 927–942. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1092. hdl:11336/183708. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 29882954.
  39. ^ Futey, Mary K.; Gandolfo, Maria A.; Zamaloa, Maria C.; Cúneo, Rubén; Cladera, Gerardo (September 2012). "Arecaceae Fossil Fruits from the Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina". The Botanical Review. 78 (3): 205–234. doi:10.1007/s12229-012-9100-9. hdl:11336/192124. ISSN 0006-8101. S2CID 27134579.
  40. ^ Narváez, Paula Liliana; Mego, Natalia; Silva Nieto, Diego Gonzalo; Prámparo, Mercedes Beatriz; Cabaleri, Nora Graciela (2022-02-04). "The angiosperm pollen Volkheimerites labyrinthus gen. et sp. nov. from the earliest Paleogene (Danian) of Patagonia, Argentina". Palynology. 46 (4): 1–13. doi:10.1080/01916122.2021.2023681. ISSN 0191-6122. S2CID 245584967.
  41. ^ De Pasqua, Julieta J.; Agnolin, Federico L.; Bogan, Sergio (2020). "First record of the ichthyodectiform fish Xiphactinus (Teleostei) from Patagonia, Argentina". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 44 (2): 327–331. doi:10.1080/03115518.2019.1702221. S2CID 216170146.
  42. ^ Muzzopappa, Paula; Martinelli, Agustín G.; Garderes, Juan P.; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2020). Cavin, Lionel (ed.). "Exceptional avian pellet from the Paleocene of Patagonia and description of its content: a new species of calyptocephalellid (Neobatrachia) anuran". Papers in Palaeontology. 7 (2): 1133–1146. doi:10.1002/spp2.1333. ISSN 2056-2799. S2CID 225393003.
  43. ^ Agnolin, F. (2012). "A new Calyptocephalellidae (Anura, Neobatrachia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Patagonia, Argentina, with comments on its systematic position". Biology, Environmental Science, Geography. S2CID 83378034.
  44. ^ Gelfo, Javier N.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Edgardo; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2008). "New remains and species of the 'condylarth' genus Escribania (Mammalia: Didolodontidae) from the Palaeocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 98 (2): 127–138. doi:10.1017/S1755691007006081. ISSN 1755-6929. S2CID 86564613.
  45. ^ a b Bona, Paula; De La Fuente, Marcelo S. (2005-09-30). "Phylogenetic and paleobiogeographic implications of Yaminuechelys maior (Staesche, 1929) new comb., a large long-necked chelid turtle from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (3): 569–582. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0569:PAPIOY]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634. S2CID 85927149.
  46. ^ Sterli, Juliana; de la Fuente, Marcelo S. (2013-10-01). "New evidence from the Palaeocene of Patagonia (Argentina) on the evolution and palaeo-biogeography of Meiolaniformes (Testudinata, new taxon name)". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 11 (7): 835–852. doi:10.1080/14772019.2012.708674. hdl:11336/3254. ISSN 1477-2019. S2CID 83804365.
  47. ^ Sterli, Juliana; Vlachos, Evangelos; Krause, Marcelo; Puerta, Pablo; Oriozabala, Carolina (2021-06-25). "Contribution to the diversity of the fossil record of turtles (Testudinidata) from Chubut province (Argentina) and its significance in understanding the evolution of turtles in southern South America". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina. 21 (1): 118–160. doi:10.5710/PEAPA.26.02.2021.338. ISSN 2469-0228.
  48. ^ Bona, Paula (2006-12-15). "Paleocene (Danian) chelid turtles from Patagonia, Argentina: taxonomic and biogeographic implications". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 241 (3): 303–323. doi:10.1127/njgpa/241/2006/303. ISSN 0077-7749.
  49. ^ Apesteguía, Sebastián; Gómez, Raúl O.; Rougier, Guillermo W. (2014-10-07). "The youngest South American rhynchocephalian, a survivor of the K/Pg extinction". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 281 (1792): 20140811. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.0811. PMC 4150314. PMID 25143041.
  50. ^ Pascual, R.; Archer, M.; Jaureguizar, E.O.; Prado, J.L.; Godthelp, H.; Hand, S.J. (1992). "First discovery of monotremes in South America". Nature. 356 (6371): 704–706. Bibcode:1992Natur.356..704P. doi:10.1038/356704a0. S2CID 4350045.
  51. ^ R. Pascual, M. Archer, E. O. Jaureguizar, J. L. Prado, H. Godthelp and S. J. Hand. 1992. The first non-Australian monotreme: an early Paleocene South American platypus (Monotremata, Ornithorhynchidae). Platypus and Echidnas. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales 1-14
  52. ^ Pascual, R.; Goin, F.J.; Balarino, L.; Sauthier, D.E.U. (2002). "New data on the Paleocene monotreme Monotrematum sudamericanum, and the convergent evolution of triangulate molars" (PDF). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 47 (3): 487–492. Retrieved 2020-01-21.
  53. ^ Pascual, Rosendo; Goin, Francisco J.; Krause, David W.; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Edgardo; Carlini, Alfredo A. (1999-06-14). "The first gnathic remains of Sudamerica: implications for gondwanathere relationships". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (2): 373–382. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011148. ISSN 0272-4634.
  54. ^ Harper, Tony; Adkins, Caleb; Rougier, Guillermo (2022). "Reconstructed masticatory biomechanics of Peligrotherium tropicalis, a non-therian mammal from the Paleocene of Argentina". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 67. doi:10.4202/app.00912.2021. ISSN 0567-7920. S2CID 247881626.
  55. ^ a b c d e Forasiepi, A. M.; Rougier, G. W. (2009). "Additional data on early Paleocene metatherians (Mammalia) from Punta Peligro (Salamanca Formation, Argentina): comments based on petrosal morphology". Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research. 47 (4): 391–398. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2008.00519.x.
  56. ^ del Río, Claudia Julia; Martínez, Sergio Agustín (January 2015). "Paleobiogeography of the Danian molluscan assemblages of Patagonia (Argentina)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 417: 274–292. Bibcode:2015PPP...417..274D. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.10.006. hdl:11336/19077.
  57. ^ Feldmann, Rodney M.; Rodriguez, M. Fernanda; Martinez, Gabriela A.; Aguirre-Urreta, María (January 1997). "Costacopluma salamanca new species (Decapoda, Retroplumidae) from the Salamanca Formation (Danian) of Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Paleontology. 71 (1): 125–130. doi:10.1017/S0022336000039019. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 132377899.
  58. ^ Alvarez, Maximiliano J.; Del Río, Claudia J. (2021-04-30). "A New Veneroid Genus (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of the Danian of Patagonia (Chubut Province, Argentina)". Ameghiniana. 58 (2). doi:10.5710/AMGH.04.01.2021.3377. ISSN 0002-7014. S2CID 234152656.