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Satya Gupta

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Major
Satya Gupta
সত্য গুপ্ত
Satya Bhusan Gupta
Born18 July 1902
Noakhali, Bengal, British Raj
Died19 January 1966 (aged 63)
Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, Independent India
Alma materDhaka Collegiate School, University of Dhaka
Known forassociate of Subhas Chandra Bose, founding member of Bengal Volunteers and participation in Indian independence movement
Parents
  • Pyaremohan Gupta (father)
  • Subhasini Devi (mother)

Satya Bhusan Gupta also known as Major Satya Gupta (Bengali: সত্য গুপ্ত) (18 July 1902 – 19 January 1966) was a Bengali revolutionary and political activist from Dhaka, undivided Bengal. Associated early with the "Mukti sangha", he later worked closely with Subhas Chandra Bose, serving as a Major in the Congress volunteer corps during the 1928 Calcutta session.[1][2][3] He participated in the formation of Bengal Volunteers, a coalition of Bengal's secret revolutionary societies that planned and coordinated the assassination of highly notorious British officials. Gupta was repeatedly imprisoned by the British Raj between 1930 and 1946 for his political activities. After independence, he engaged in refugee welfare work and spent his final years in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, where he died in 1966.[4][5][6]

Early life

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Satya Gupta was born on 18 July 1902 in Feni, Noakhali District, undivided Bengal in present-day Bangladesh, into a prosperous Brahmo family originally from Dhaka. His ancestral home was located in Bikrampur, a region historically known for its cultural and intellectual heritage. His father, Pyaremohan Gupta, served as a police officer, and his mother was Subhasini Devi. The couple had eleven children—six sons and five daughters—with Satya being the third among the sons. During his formative years, Gupta was influenced by the progressive environment of his family and had the opportunity to come into contact with Rabindranath Tagore during his time at Shantiniketan.[7][8][9]

In 1919, Gupta passed the matriculation examination from Dhaka Collegiate School with a first division. Although he enrolled in the Intermediate Arts (I.A.) course, he chose not to appear for the final examination in 1921, reportedly following the advice of nationalist leader Ashwini Kumar Dutta.[10][11]

Education and revolutionary involvement

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In 1919, Satya Gupta passed the matriculation examination from Dhaka Collegiate School with first division. Although he enrolled in the Intermediate Arts (I.A.) course, he did not appear for the final examination in 1921, reportedly following the advice of nationalist leader Ashwini Kumar Dutta.

During his adolescence, Gupta became associated with the revolutionary group Mukti sangha, a clandestine organization founded by Hemchandra Ghosh in Dhaka. After his release from prison in late 1920, Ghosh adopted a more cautious approach to expanding the group, emphasising quality, secrecy, and commitment among its members while avoiding individuals under police surveillance. In Ghosh’s absence, the activities of Mukti sangha in Dhaka were discreetly coordinated by Pramatha Chowdhury, also known as Tenu Babu, who maintained the organisation’s operations without attracting direct confrontation from authorities.[12][13]

Gupta completed his Master of Arts (M.A.) degree from the University of Dhaka in 1926. The following year, in 1927, he relocated to Kolkata under the guidance of his revolutionary associates, where he came into contact with prominent nationalist leaders Subhas Chandra Bose and Sarat Chandra Bose.[14][15]

Political life

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Involvement with Muktisangha

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Satya Gupta’s involvement in revolutionary activities began around 1917–1918, when he became associated with Muktisangha, a secret organisation founded by Hemchandra Ghosh in Dhaka. The group aimed to prepare young Indians for armed struggle against British rule. Alongside Gupta, several young nationalists joined the organization, including Rasamoy Sur, Bhavesh Nandi, Prafulla Dutta, Manindra Kishore Roy, Suren Nag, Prafulla Mukhopadhyay, Dharani Bhattacharya, Suresh Chakraborty, Anath Aditya, Tarani Chakraborty, Sushil Kushari, and Bhupendra Kishore Rakshit Roy. Under their collective involvement, Mukti sangha evolved into a significant force within Bengal’s underground revolutionary movement.[16][17][18][19][20]

Ideological influence

[edit]

From his college days, Gupta came under the influence of Hemchandra Ghosh and adopted an increasingly militant nationalist outlook. Drawing from both family values and philosophical teachings, he aligned himself with Swami Vivekananda’s ideals, particularly the belief that spiritual truth (Brahma) and armed struggle (“the bullet”) could both serve the cause of national liberation. This philosophy guided his growing commitment to revolutionary action.[21][22][23][24]

Formation of the Bengal Volunteers

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In 1928, during the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress, the Bengal Volunteers (B.V.) was established as a disciplined organisation of nationalist youth committed to direct action. Gupta, by then widely referred to as “Major,” was appointed as a leading figure within the group. Subhas Chandra Bose served as the General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the organisation. The failure of Mahatma Gandhi’s non-violent Non-cooperation movement had led many young activists to seek more radical alternatives. In Bengal, secret groups like the B.V. began adopting military tactics, forming voluntary militias to resist British Raj.[25][26][27][28]

Vision and Legacy

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According to Gupta’s writings, the Bengal Volunteers emerged as a convergence point of revolutionary fervour and Subhas Chandra Bose’s uncompromising nationalism. Gupta emphasised the need for self-sacrifice and the purging of personal ambition in service of the nation. He wrote, “Through self-sacrifice and the uprooting of selfish motives, the youth of the nation would offer their hearts and heads, like Chhinnamasta, for the collective good of the nation.” This ideal of fearless renunciation became a defining feature of Bengal’s revolutionary underground from 1928 until independence in 1947.[29][30][31]

Expansion and militarisation of the Bengal Volunteers

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Collaboration with Prominent Revolutionaries

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Within the leadership structure of the Bengal Volunteers, Hemchandra Ghosh worked closely with Subhas Bose, who served as the General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the organisation. The revolutionary milieu of Bengal at the time was also shaped by influential groups such as Jugantar and Anushilan Samiti. Jatindra Nath Das, a prominent revolutionary aligned with Anushilan Samiti and influenced by Sachin Sanyal and Rash Behari Bose, played a key role in strengthening youth mobilisation efforts. Alongside leaders such as Srish Pal, Haridas Dutta, and Satya Ranjan Bakshi, Hemchandra Ghosh worked to transform the Bengal Volunteers into a disciplined, action-oriented institution.[32]

Preparations for the 1928 Calcutta Congress Session

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In the lead-up to the Indian National Congress session held in Calcutta in 1928, efforts were intensified to organise nationalist youth under a paramilitary framework. Hemchandra Ghosh and Jatindra Nath Das collaborated to establish a militia wing within the Bengal Volunteers. Military-style drills were conducted regularly in parks, open fields, and public spaces across Kolkata. Major Jatindra Nath Das and Major Satya Gupta took on the task of training these young volunteers at Park Circus and Maidan , instilling discipline, coordination, and a spirit of sacrifice.[33][34][35]

Public Reception and Sacrifice

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The Congress session was marked by large-scale route marches, parade formations, and public displays of volunteer discipline, which captured national attention. Despite Mahatma Gandhi reportedly referring to these displays as a “children’s pantomime,” the efforts of the Bengal Volunteers were widely admired for their precision and nationalist fervour. A concurrent national exhibition held during the session served to highlight their organizational capabilities further.[36][37][38]

According to Gupta’s later writings, the volunteer training was intensive and physically demanding. He recounted the unfortunate death of Anil Roy Chowdhury, a committed volunteer who died of sunstroke during the training exercises, illustrating the extreme dedication and risks undertaken by the youth involved in the movement.[39][40][41]

Major Satya Gupta during Bengal volunteers formation

Broader impact

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Formation of a Nationwide Militia Model

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According to Satya Gupta’s writings, the disciplined resistance demonstrated by the Bengal Volunteers during the 1928 Calcutta Congress session marked a significant evolution in India’s anti-imperialist movement. He viewed this organisational model as a new “weapon” against colonial rule. Inspired by the Bengal Volunteers’ example, similar volunteer organisations began forming in other parts of the country, including the Punjab Volunteers, Delhi Volunteers, Bombay People’s Battalion, and the Northwest Frontier Red Shirts. These units emphasised discipline, patriotism, and public mobilisation, contributing to the growing national resistance.[42][43]

Sedition Trials and Political Repression

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Gupta noted that in the following years, several leaders of the Bengal Volunteers were prosecuted under sedition laws in the Alipore Special Court. The British administration viewed their connection with Bhagat Singh, their organisation of Jatindranath Das Day, and the nationwide observance of All-India Political Prisoners’ Day as subversive activities after the death of Jatindra in jail. These charges led to intensified surveillance and crackdowns on the movement’s leaders.[44][45][46]

Reminiscences by Amalendu Ghosh

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The revolutionary legacy of Satya Gupta was also documented by contemporaries such as Amalendu Ghosh. In his memoirs, Ghosh recalled that on 29 August 1930—while he was a student at Dhaka Collegiate School—classes were abruptly dismissed, and students were told to return home immediately. It was later revealed that Inspector General of Police P.E. Lowman and Police Superintendent Mr. Hodson had been shot.[47][48]

Ghosh’s uncle, Bhupendra Kishore Rakshit Roy, a leader in the Bengal Volunteers, operated out of the “Benu” office in Kolkata and became a person of interest in the ensuing police investigation. Ghosh himself participated in Bengal Volunteers’ parades in Dhaka, wearing a khaki uniform with a brass badge under the leadership of Subhas Chandra Bose. He recalled Major Satya Gupta’s inspiring presence during public drills held at Bangla Bazar National College and Wari Raja’s Bagh. Describing Gupta as “a symbol of boundless energy and youth,” Ghosh emphasized the electrifying effect his leadership had on young volunteers, echoing the Vedic exhortation Charaiveti, Charaiveti—“keep moving forward.”[49][50][51]

Mentorship of Benoy, Badal, and Dinesh

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Satya Gupta played a significant role in the early training and ideological shaping of Benoy Basu, Badal Gupta, and Dinesh Gupta—three prominent revolutionaries later known for their participation in the 1930 Writers' Building attack. As all three hailed from Dhaka, Gupta’s native region, they came under his direct influence during their formative years. His guidance in both militant training and political orientation contributed to their development as key operatives within Bengal’s armed revolutionary movement. Gupta’s role in mentoring this trio further underscored his importance in the broader network of underground nationalist activity during the late 1920s and early 1930s.[52][53][54]

Arrest and imprisonment

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Connection to the Lowman Assassination

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Satya Gupta was arrested on 29 August 1930, just days after the assassination of Lowman, a British police officer.[55][56] The arrest followed the identification of his subordinate, Major Benoy Basu, as the principal orchestrator of the assassination.[57] At the time, Basu was a final-year medical student and a key parade leader within the Bengal Volunteers. Already under police surveillance, Basu’s revolutionary activities drew increased scrutiny to Gupta’s leadership.[58][59][60][61]

Writers' Building Attack and Political Detention

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On 8 December 1930, within 5 months after the Lowman incident, Benoy Basu, along with Captain Dinesh Gupta and Lieutenant Badal Gupta, carried out the famous attack on the Writers' Building in Kolkata.[62] During the operation, they killed Colonel N.S. Simpson, the Inspector General of Prisons, and injured two Indian Civil Service officers, Toynbee and Nelson. The act became a landmark moment in Bengal's revolutionary history.[63][64][65]

Gupta, while imprisoned, learned of the attack through reports. Later, when recounting the episode, he insisted the names of the three assailants always be stated as “Benoy-Badal-Dinesh,”[66] reflecting both the order of their roles and the need to preserve the memory of each revolutionary.[67] He argued that while Benoy’s leadership and Dinesh’s eventual execution would ensure their place in history, Badal—who had also carried out his task with equal courage but died by cyanide—risked being forgotten.[68] His insistence on this order was driven by a desire to preserve collective memory and revolutionary integrity.[69][70][71][72]

Years in Prison (1930–1938)

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Following the Writers' Building attack, Gupta was classified as a political prisoner and remained imprisoned from 1931 to 1938. He was incarcerated in several colonial jails, including Alipore jail, Buxar, Mianwali (in present-day Pakistan), and Yerawada in Pune. For a significant period, he was held in the Hijli Detention Camp, where he was detained alongside fellow revolutionaries such as Bhupendra Kishore Rakshit Roy.[73][74] It was during this period that Amalendu Ghosh carried a letter from Gupta to Subhas Chandra Bose at his Elgin Road residence in Kolkata. As per Ghosh’s account, Bose tore the letter after reading it and responded verbally, assuring Gupta that progress was being made despite difficult circumstances.[75][76][77]

Continued Association with Subhas Chandra Bose

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Following his release in 1938, Gupta continued to maintain close ties with Subhas Bose and became one of his trusted associates. After Bose's escape from India on 16 January 1941, Gupta was again placed under detention and remained a political prisoner until 1946.[78][79] He remained an ardent supporter of Bose’s ideology, closely observing major developments such as the Gandhi–Bose ideological rift, the formation of the Forward Bloc, and Bose's efforts to establish the Indian National Army.[80][81]

Until his final years, Major Satya Gupta remained deeply devoted to the ideals of Subhas Chandra Bose. Those close to him noted that he often spoke of Netaji’s presence as a guiding force in his life.[82]

Post-independence activities and social service

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After his release from prison in 1946, Satya Gupta shifted his focus toward rural development and social service. He settled in Bagu village, located in the present-day North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal. There, he became actively involved in the " Bagu Saptagram Palli Niketan ", a local rural welfare organisation, serving as its president. The secretary of the organization was fellow revolutionary Nikunja Sen. Gupta's post-independence years were marked by a quiet commitment to grassroots development and the upliftment of rural communities.[83][84]

Major Satya Gupta in his old age.

Involvement with the Shaulmari Ashram and the Netaji controversy

[edit]

During the 1950s and early 1960s, Satya Gupta was associated with the Shaulmari Ashram, a hermitage that gained national attention due to speculation that its reclusive spiritual head, Saradananda, was in fact Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose living incognito. Gupta, along with other followers of Netaji, played an active role in the Azad Hind campaign's legacy and Homefront efforts—many of which remained undocumented or obscure.

As a dedicated admirer of Bose, Gupta claimed to have met Netaji at the Shaulmari Ashram. He later took formal monastic vows and adopted the name Aranyak Satyamuni, dedicating himself to public outreach in support of Bose’s ideology. He travelled extensively across India, delivering speeches and building anticipation for Netaji’s alleged reappearance.[85]

In February 1962, Gupta publicly declared that he had no doubt the ascetic Saradananda was, in fact, Netaji. His statement drew significant attention due to his own stature as a senior member of the Bengal Volunteers and a long-time Bose associate. However, this claim was met with sharp criticism.[86][87]

Gurbaksh Gope, the assistant administrator and public relations officer of the Shaulmari Ashram, issued an official denial on 27 February 1962. He categorically stated:

"The Founder of the Ashram, Shrimat Saradanandji, is neither Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose nor has he any relationship with Netaji or his family."

A follow-up statement aimed at Satya Gupta and media outlets added:

“Mystery may be in the minds of such people, but not within the bounds of the Ashram.”

Despite the denials, Gupta continued to stand by his belief. His role in the Shaulmari episode remains a controversial chapter in the broader discourse surrounding Bose’s legacy and post-1945 theories.[88][89][90]

Personal devotion to Subhas Chandra Bose

[edit]

Satya Gupta’s reverence for Subhas Chandra Bose remained unwavering throughout his life. He considered Bose not only a political leader but a spiritual guide and personal master. Illustrating the intensity of his devotion, Gupta was known to remark[91]:

“Subhas is my master, and I am his dog.”

This statement, though stark, reflected the profound sense of loyalty and submission Gupta felt toward Bose’s ideals and leadership. This loyalty transcended politics and took on a spiritual dimension. Drawing upon the Svargarohana Parva of the Mahabharata, Gupta once likened himself to the loyal dog that followed Yudhishthira on his final journey to the Himalayas, after the Pandavas renounced their kingdom. Just as the dog remained with Yudhishthira until the very gates of heaven—when all others had fallen—Gupta saw himself as the eternal companion to Subhas Chandra Bose.[92] His life after independence—marked by asceticism, rural service, and public advocacy for Netaji’s return—was deeply influenced by this singular allegiance.[93]

Death and legacy

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Major Satya Gupta died under mysterious and reportedly unnatural circumstances on January 19, 1966, in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, at the age of 64. His body was transported to Kolkata and cremated on January 22 at Keoratola crematorium, a cremation ground where many of Bengal's prominent figures were cremated.[94][95]

Gupta's death marked the end of a life dedicated to India’s struggle for independence and to the ideals of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, whom he revered with deep, personal devotion. His loyalty to Bose extended well beyond the political realm and assumed a near-spiritual dimension. When involved in the controversy surrounding the Shaulmari Ashram, Gupta publicly identified the reclusive Swami Saradananda as Bose, stating with conviction[96]:

“He is Netaji.”

When asked how he could be so sure, he reportedly replied:

“A dog never mistakes its master.”

This oft-quoted remark exemplified the depth of Gupta's lifelong allegiance. Even after India’s independence, he remained a staunch believer in Bose’s legacy, working to keep his memory alive through public addresses, grassroots mobilisation, and monastic dedication.

Today, Major Satya Gupta is remembered as a fierce revolutionary, a disciplined organiser, and one of the most loyal followers of Subhas Chandra Bose, whose life and death remain closely intertwined with the ideals of patriotism and sacrifice.[97]

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  88. ^ "Revealing Facts about India's Freedom Struggle by Rajnikant Puranik". 2017.
  89. ^ "Ichapur Barta Edited by Biplab Ghosh". 22 October 2017.
  90. ^ "Struggle". Bengal Volunteers. Retrieved 26 May 2025.
  91. ^ Ghosh, Binay (1948). Banglar Nabajagriti Ed. 1st.
  92. ^ https://indianculture.gov.in/digital-district-repository/district-repository/mahabharata-and-struggle-indian-freedom
  93. ^ "Banhi Biplab". 1980.
  94. ^ "Dwitiyo Biplab". 1935.
  95. ^ "Pharasi Biplab". 1955.
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Bibliography

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  • Hemendranath Dasgupta, Bharater Biplab Kahini, II & III, Calcutta, 1948;
  • Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, III, Calcutta 1963;
  • Ganganarayan Chandra, Abismaraniya, Calcutta, 1966.
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