Shkije
Shkije, shkje, shqa, or shkla(n) is an Albanian ethnonym (exonym) used to denote non-Albanians. Derived from the Latin ethnonym "Sclaveni", it is among the oldest ethnonyms used in the Albanian language.[1] In modern Montenegro, Kosovo, Serbia and Macedonia, shkije, shkje, shkavell and similar terms acquired a pejorative connotation.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
From around mid-20th century onwards, to denote Slavs Albanian lexicographers have preferred the Modern Albanian ethnonym sllav, pl. sllavë(t), which is an internationalism that has penetrated and taken hold in use over time.[7]
Name
[edit]Attestation
[edit]The ethnonym was firstly documented by the Old Albanian author Pjetër Bogdani in 1685, while the name Shkienia "Schiavonia" was documented by the Old Albanian author Frang Bardhi in 1635. However, the ethnonym has been used since the earliest contacts of Albanians and South Slavs from around the 6th century CE onwards.[8]
Etymology
[edit]It is derived from the Latin term "Sclaveni",[9] which contained the traditional meaning of “the neighbouring foreigner”.[10] Ethnonyms with the same origin are also found in Romance langugaes of the Balkans, such as Dalmatian and Eastern Romance languages[11] (c.f. Șchei, used by Romanians to name Slavs, in particular Bulgarians).
Usage
[edit]It is used in the Gheg dialect of Albanian to refer to Southern Slavs such as Serbs, Macedonians, Montenegrins, to a lesser extent Croats and Bosniaks, and also simply non-Albanians such as Greeks and Italians.[12] The Arvanites in Greece use the version shkla to refer to the Greek population,[13][14][15] while the Arbëreshë in Italy, a substantial part of which originates from the Arvanites, use the words shklan and shklerisht which mean "that does not speak Arbëreshë", or "that speaks an incomprehensible language", referring to the Latin languages.[14]
It was widely used in the Albanian literature as well, i.e. Sami Frasheri in his works[16] and Gjergj Fishta (1871–1940), notably in Lahuta e Malcís (1937).[12]
During the Yugoslav Wars, Albanian newspapers often called Serbs "Shkja".[17]
Word forms
[edit]| Indefinite Singular | Indefinite Plural | Definite Singular | Definite Plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | një shka (a serb male)/një shkinë(female) | shkije (serbs)/shkina | shkau (the serb)/shkina | shkijet/shkinat (the serbs) |
| Accusative | një shka/një shkinë | shkije/shkina | shkaun/shkinën | shkijet/shkinat |
| Genitive | i/e/të/së një shkau/shkine | i/e/të/së shkijeve/shkinave | i/e/të/së shkaut/shkinës | i/e/të/së shkijeve/shkinave |
| Dative | një shkau/një shkine | shkijeve/shkinave | shkaut/shkinës | shkijeve/shkinave |
| Ablative | (prej) një shkau/një shkine | (prej) shkijesh/shkinash | (prej) shkaut/shkinës | (prej) shkijeve/shkinave |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b Demiraj 2010, p. 231.
- ^ Petersen, Roger D. (2011-09-30). Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict. Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-139-50330-3.
- ^ "Racist' Newspaper Riles U.N. In Kosovo". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
- ^ "Pacaku: Hate speech hampers Roma integration". Prishtina Insight. 2016-09-13. Retrieved 2021-07-19.
- ^ Gjoshi, Raba (2014). In the name of freedom of expression. Pristina: Youth Initiative for Human Rights – Kosovo. p. 5.
- ^ "Advokat na TV upotrebio pogrdan naziv za Srbe - "škije"". B92.net (in Serbian). Retrieved 2021-07-19.
- ^ Demiraj 2010, pp. 231–232.
- ^ Demiraj 2010, p. 242.
- ^ Stavro Skendi (1980). Balkan Cultural Studies. East European Monographs. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-914710-66-0.
Shkje is the plural of Shkja, which in Albanian means both Slav and Orthodox Christian. Its derivation is: L. sclavus > Alb. shklavus > shkla > shkja
- ^ Pipa, Arshi (1989). The politics of language in socialist Albania. East European Monographs. p. 178. "North Albanian call Slavs shqé (sg. shqá <shkjá <shklá, from sclavus), whereas to Greco-Albanians shklerisht means ‘in the Greek language.’ Hamp observes that “obviously the meaning is traditionally ‘the neighbouring foreigner,’ as with Welsh, Vlah, etc.”"
- ^ Demiraj 2010, p. 239.
- ^ a b Gjergj Fishta; Robert Elsie; Janice Mathie-Heck (2005). The Highland Lute. I.B.Tauris. p. 459. ISBN 978-1-84511-118-2.
- ^ Arshi Pipa (1978), Albanian literature: social perspective, Albanische Forschungen, R. Trofenik, pp. 55–56, ISBN 9783878281061, OCLC 5281689,
Since « Shkla- vun » is the albanization of Venetian « Schiavone », it would seem that the setting is Maina. This region, stretching alongside Mount Taygetus and extending into the sea...
- ^ a b Gjergji Shuka (2015), Tridhjetë Këngë Dhe Legjenda Ballkanike: Studim Mbi Origjinën Historike [Thirty songs and Balkanic legends: Study over the historical origin], Naimi, p. 78, ISBN 9789928109866, OCLC 928752657,
translated
Among Albanians of Greece, where our song originates, the word "shkla" is used to identify the Greek neighbors; among the Arbëreshë of Italy - who frequently trace their origin to the today's western Greece - the words "shklan" and "shklerisht" mean: "who does not speak Arberisht" or "who speaks an incomprehensible language", referring, of course, to Latin language. - ^ Tsitsipis, Lukas (1981). Language change and language death in Albanian speech communities in Greece: A sociolinguistic study. (Thesis). University of Wisconsin. pp. 100-101. "The term /evjeni̇́stika/ meaning “polite”, used by the young speaker to refer to Greek, is offered as synonymous to /shkljiri̇́shtika/ one of the various morphological shapes of the Arvanitika word /shkljeri̇́shtë/ which refers to “the Greek language”. Thus, Greek is equated with the more refined, soft, and polite talk. The concept of politeness is occasionally extended from the language to its speakers who are the representatives of the urban culture. In conversations in Kiriaki, I heard the word /shklji̇́ra/ (fem.) referring to a city women who exhibits polite and fancy behavior according to the local view. As I stated in the introduction to this dissertation, most of the occurrences of the term /shkljeri̇́shtë/ are not socially marked, and simply refer to the Greek language. But a few are so marked and these are the ones that reflect the speakers’ attitudes. The term /shkljeri̇́shtë/ is ambiguous. This ambiguity offers a valuable clue to the gradual shift in attitudes. It points to the more prestigious Greek language and culture, and also has a derogatory sense. In my data only the first meaning of the socially marked senses of the word occurs."; pp. 101-102. "The second meaning is offered by Kazazis in his description of the Arvanitika community of Sofikó, in the Peloponnese (1976:48): . . . two older people from Sofiko told me independently that, to the not-so-remote past, it was those who spoke Greek with their fellow-Arvanites who were ridiculed. Even today, if an older inhabitant of Sofiko were to speak predominantly in Greek with his fellow villagers of the same age, he would be called i shkljerishtúarë, literally “Hellenized” but used here as a derogatory term denoting affectation. One of those two informants, a woman, said that, until about 1950, it was a shame for a girl in Sofiko to speak Greek with her peers, for that was considered as “putting on airs.” In Spata, /shkljeri̇́shtë/ is used only to refer to “the Greek language” although speakers are aware of the other meanings of the word."
- ^ "...Po me të qënë që sot flasinë serbisht, quhenë Shqeh e jo Shqipëtarë; se gjuha ësht, e para shënj e të çquarit të kombevet."
- ^ Balkan War Report: Bulletin of the Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Institute for War & Peace Reporting. 1997.
For example, Serb and Macedonian newspapers frequently refer to Albanians as "Shiptars", while Albanian papers call Serbs "Shkja". Both terms are perceived as insulting by the peoples concerned.
Bibliography
[edit]- Demiraj, Bardhyl (2010). "Kur etnikët tregojnë: SHQA-u ndër shqiptarë" [What Denominations Indicate: SHQA-U Amongst Albanians]. Studime (in Albanian) (16–17). ASHAK: 231–249.